Astrobiologi: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Biokimia]] mungkin telah dimulai tak lama setelah [[Ledakan Dahsyat|Big Bang]], [[Umur alam semesta|13,8 miliar tahun yang lalu]], selama zaman yang laik huni ketika [[Alam semesta|semesta]] baru berusia 10-17 juta tahun.<ref name="IJA-2014Oktober">{{Cite journal|last=Loeb|first=Abraham|author-link=Abraham Loeb|date=Oktober 2014|title=The Habitable Epoch of the Early Universe|journal=[[International Journal of Astrobiology]]|volume=13|issue=4|pages=337–339|arxiv=1312.0613|bibcode=2014IJAsB..13..337L|doi=10.1017/S1473550414000196}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141202">{{Cite news|last=Dreifus|first=Claudia|author-link=Claudia Dreifus|title=Much-Discussed Views That Go Way Back – Avi Loeb Ponders the Early Universe, Nature and Life|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/02/science/avi-loeb-ponders-the-early-universe-nature-and-life.html|date=2 Desember 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 Desember 2014|archive-date=2014-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203010758/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/02/science/avi-loeb-ponders-the-early-universe-nature-and-life.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Menurut hipotesis [[panspermia]], kehidupan mikroskopis — didistribusikan oleh [[meteoroid]], [[asteroid]], dan benda [[Benda Kecil Tata Surya|kecil Tata Surya lainnya]] — mungkin ada di seluruh alam semesta.<ref name="USRA-2010">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/abscicon2010/pdf/5224.pdf|title=Panspermia: A Promising Field of Research|last=Rampelotto|first=P.H.|date=2010|website=Astrobiology Science Conference|access-date=3 Desember 2014|archive-date=2016-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327005016/http://www.lpi.usra.edu//meetings/abscicon2010/pdf/5224.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/07/harvard-study-suggests-asteroids-might-play-key-role-in-spreading-life/|title=Harvard study suggests asteroids might play key role in spreading life|last=Reuell|first=Peter|date=2019-07-08|website=Harvard Gazette|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425185406/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/07/harvard-study-suggests-asteroids-might-play-key-role-in-spreading-life/|archive-date=2020-04-25|access-date=2019-09-29|dead-url=no}}</ref> Menurut penelitian yang diterbitkan pada Agustus 2015, galaksi yang sangat besar mungkin lebih menguntungkan bagi penciptaan dan pengembangan [[Kelaikhunian planet|planet yang dapat dihuni]] daripada galaksi yang lebih kecil seperti [[Bima Sakti]].<ref name="SP-20150821">{{Cite web|url=http://www.space.com/30335-giant-galaxies-habitable-planets.html|title=Giant Galaxies Mei Be Better Cradles for Habitable Planets|last=Choi|first=Charles Q.|date=21 Agustus 2015|website=[[Space.com]]|access-date=24 Agustus 2015|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162636/https://www.space.com/30335-giant-galaxies-habitable-planets.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Meskipun demikian, Bumi adalah satu-satunya tempat di alam semesta yang diketahui manusia sebagai tempat kehidupan.<ref name="NASA-1990">{{Cite journal|last=Graham|first=Robert W.|date=Februari 1990|title=NASA Technical Memorandum 102363 – Extraterrestrial Life in the Universe|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900013148_1990013148.pdf|journal=[[NASA]]|access-date=7 Juli 2014|archive-date=2020-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020212545/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900013148_1990013148.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Astrobiology-2008">{{Cite book|title=From Fossils to Astrobiology: Records of Life on Earth and the Search for Extraterrestrial Biosignatures|last=Altermann|first=Wladyslaw|date=2008|isbn=978-1-4020-8836-0|editor-last=Seckbach, Joseph|volume=12|page=xvii|chapter=From Fossils to Astrobiology – A Roadmap to Fata Morgana?|editor-last2=Walsh, Maud}}</ref> Perkiraan [[zona laik huni]] di sekitar bintang lain,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Complete Course in Astrobiology|url=https://archive.org/details/completecoursein0000unse_g0p2|last=Horneck|first=Gerda|last2=Petra Rettberg|date=2007|publisher=Wiley-VCH|isbn=978-3-527-40660-9}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20131118">{{Cite news|last=Davies|author-link=Paul Davies|first=Paul|title=Are We Alone in the Universe?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/opinion/are-we-alone-in-the-universe.html|date=18 November 2013|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=20 November 2013|archive-date=2019-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527010946/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/opinion/are-we-alone-in-the-universe.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> kadang-kadang disebut sebagai "[[Zona laik huni|zona Goldilocks]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/sun_and_planets/earth|title=BBC Solar System - Earth orbits in the Goldilocks zone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728211353/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/sun_and_planets/earth|archive-date=28 Juli 2018|access-date=2018-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2016-02-22/goldilocks-zones-habitable-zone-astrobiology-exoplanets/6907836|title=What is the Goldilocks Zone and why does it matter in the search for ET?|last=Gary|first=Stuart|date=22 Februari 2016|work=ABC News|access-date=2018-03-27|archive-date=2018-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323195654/http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2016-02-22/goldilocks-zones-habitable-zone-astrobiology-exoplanets/6907836|dead-url=no}}</ref> bersamaan dengan penemuan ratusan [[Planet luar tata surya|planet ekstrasurya]] dan wawasan baru mengenai habitat ekstrem. di sini di Bumi, sarankan bahwa mungkin ada lebih banyak tempat yang bisa dihuni di alam semesta daripada yang diperkirakan hingga saat ini.<ref name="NYT-20131104">{{Cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|title=Far-Off Planets Like the Earth Dot the Galaxy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/science/cosmic-census-finds-billions-of-planets-that-could-be-like-earth.html|date=4 November 2013|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-date=2019-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522213923/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/science/cosmic-census-finds-billions-of-planets-that-could-be-like-earth.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="PNAS-20131031">{{Cite journal|last=Petigura|first=Eric A.|last2=Howard|first2=Andrew W.|last3=Marcy|first3=Geoffrey W.|date=31 Oktober 2013|title=Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/10/31/1319909110|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=110|issue=48|pages=19273–19278|arxiv=1311.6806|bibcode=2013PNAS..11019273P|doi=10.1073/pnas.1319909110|pmc=3845182|pmid=24191033|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-date=2013-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109010831/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/10/31/1319909110|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="LATimes-20131104">{{Cite news|last=Khan|first=Amina|title=Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets|url=http://www.latimes.com/science/la-sci-earth-like-planets-20131105,0,2673237.story|date=4 November 2013|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-date=2013-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106030558/http://www.latimes.com/science/la-sci-earth-like-planets-20131105%2C0%2C2673237.story|dead-url=no}}</ref>