Atalos I: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox royalty
| name = Attalus I Soter ("Penyelamat")
| image =
| caption = Patung marmer yang ditemukan di Pergamon tertanggal abad ke3 SM, yang kini disimpan di [[Museum Pergamon]], Berlin. patung tersebut diperkirakan menggambarkan Attalus I.{{sfn|Green|1993|p=264}}
| succession = [[Dinasti Attalid|Raja Pergamon]]
| reign = 241–197 SM
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| native_lang1_name1 = {{lang|grc|Άτταλος Α΄ Σωτήρ}}
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Dinasti
| father = Attalus
| mother = Antiochis
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| place of burial =
|}}
'''Attalus I''' ({{lang-grc|Ἄτταλος Α΄}}), bermarga '''''Soter''''' ({{lang-el|{{lang|grc|Σωτήρ}}}}, "Penyelamat"; 269–197 SM)<ref>Hansen, p. 26. Livy, [[s:From the Founding of the City/Book 33#21|33.21–22]], says that Attalus died in the consulship of Cornelius and Minucius (197 BC) at the age of 72, having reigned 44 years. Polybius, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+18.41 18.41], also says that he died at 72 and reigned 44 years. Strabo, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.2 13.4.2], says that he reigned 43 years.</ref> memerintah [[Pergamon]], sebuah [[polis]] Yunani Ionia (sekarang [[Bergama]], [[Turki]]), mula-mula sebagai [[dinasti]], kemudian sebagai raja, dari 241 SM sampai 197 SM. Ia adalah sepupu dan putra angkat dari [[Eumenes I]],
Atalos memenangkan kemenangan penting, [[Pertempuran Sungai Caecus]], atas [[Galatia]], sekelompok suku migrasi [[Keltik]] dari [[Trakia]], yang memberlakukan dan menerima upeti di sebagian besar [[Asia Kecil]] selama lebih dari satu generasi. Kemenangan tersebut dirayakan dengan monumen kemenangan di Pergamon (''[[The Dying Gaul]]'') dan Atalos menyandang marga "[[Soter]]" dan gelar [[basileus|raja]]. Ia terlibat dalam [[Peperangan Makedonia]] pertama dan kedua melawan [[Filipos V dari Makedonia]] sebagai sekutu setia [[Republik Romawi]], walaupun keterlibatan Pergamon dianggap kecil dalam peperangan tersebut.<ref>Hansen, pp. 46–50; Kosmetatou, p. 163; Gruen 1990, p. 29.</ref> Ia melakukan sejumlah operasi AL di sepanjang [[Laut Aegea]], merebut pulau [[Aegina]] untuk Pergamon pada perang pertama dan [[Andros]] pada perang kedua, dua kali melarikan diri dari penangkapan di tangan Filipos V. Pada masa kekuasaannya, Pergamon juga berulang kali berjuang dengan tetangganya [[Kekaisaran Seleukia]] di timur, yang menghasilkan kesuksesan dan timbal balik.
==Catatan==▼
Atalos mencitrakan dirinya sebagai pelindung kota-kota bangsa Yunani di wilayah [[Anatolia]] sekaligus pula sebagai tokoh yang membela [[bangsa Yunani]] dari musuhnya, yaitu [[bangsa barbar]]. Ia mendanai seni rupa dan monumen di Pergamon. Di kota-kota Yunani, ia berniat untuk menjalin persekutuan. Ia wafat pada 197 SM dalam usia 72 tahun, tak lama sebelum akhir perang kedua, karena mengalami [[stroke]] saat berpidato pada dewan perang [[Boeotia]] pada beberapa bulan sebelumnya. Ia dan istrinya [[Apollonis dari Cyzicus|Apollonis]] memiliki empat putra. Ia digantikan sebagai raja oleh putranya [[Eumenes II]].
==Kehidupan awal==
Sedikit yang diketahui tentang kehidupan awal Attalus. Ia adalah [[orang Yunani]] dan putra dari pasangan Atalos dan [[Antiokis]].<ref name = "Strabo_tuftuss">Hansen, p. 26; Strabo, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.2 13.4.2].</ref> Ayahnya Atalos adalah putra dari seorang saudara (juga disebut Atalos) dari [[Filetaerus]], pendiri [[dinasti Attalid]], dan Eumenes, ayah dari [[Eumenes I]], penerus Filetaerus.<ref>Hansen, p. 26; Strabo, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.2 13.4.2], says that he was the cousin of Eumenes. Pausanias, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.8.1 1.8.1], perhaps following Strabo, says the same. Later historians concluded that Strabo had skipped a generation, however.</ref> Atalos tua tercatat, bersama dengan para pamannya, menyediakan persembahan kepada [[Delfi]].<ref>Hansen, p. 19; Austin, p. 400.</ref> Ayahnya juga meraih ketenaran sebagai pembalap kereta perang, yang menang di [[Olympia, Yunani|Olympia]], dan dihormati pada sebuah monumen di Pergamon. Hal ini membuat Atalos tua dianggap menjadi penerus potensial dari Filetaerus, namun Eumenes I malah yang menggantikan takhtanya. Ibu Atalos, Antiokhis mungkin berkerabat dengan keluarga kerajaan [[Kekaisaran Seleukia|Seleukia]] (mungkin cucu dari [[Seleukus I Nikator]]) nampaknya menikahi ayah Atalos lewat [[pernikahan negara|dijodohkan]] oleh Filetaerus untuk mengukuhkan kekuasaannya.<ref name="hansen27">Hansen, pp. 27-28.</ref>
Pada suatu waktu sebelum tahun 241 SM, ayah Atalos wafat. Jika Atalos tua mengangkat penerus pada suatu waktu, ia wafat sebelum ia dapat mengambil takhtanya. Atalos muda diadopsi oleh Eumenes I, kepala dinasti petahana. Setelah kematian Eumenes pada 241 SM, Atalos meneruskan takhta Pergamon.<ref name="hansen27" />
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▲== Catatan ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
== Referensi ==
{{Commons category|Attalus I}}
=== Sumber primer ===
* [[Livy]], [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/ ''History of Rome''], Rev. Canon Roberts (translator), Ernest Rhys (Ed.); (1905) London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.
* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.1.1 ''Description of Greece''], Books I–II, ([[Loeb Classical Library]]) translated by W. H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918) {{ISBN|0-674-99104-4}}.
* [[Polybius]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+1.1 ''Histories''], [[Evelyn S. Shuckburgh]] (translator); London, New York. Macmillan (1889); Reprint Bloomington (1962).
* [[Strabo]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+6.1.1 ''Geography''], Books 13–14, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924) {{ISBN|0-674-99246-6}}.
=== Sumber sekunder ===
* {{cite book| last=Austin|first=M.M.|year=2006|title=The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-82860-0|chapter=The Attalids of Pergamum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xebyor4-4KwC&dq=Attalus,+Attalus,+Antiochis&as_brr=3&hl=en&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0}}
* {{cite book |author1=Bradford, Alfred S. |author2=Pamela M. Bradford |title= With arrow, sword, and spear: a history of warfare in the ancient world |url=https://archive.org/details/witharrowswordsp00brad |publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group |year= 2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/witharrowswordsp00brad/page/121 121] |isbn=978-0-275-95259-4}}
* {{cite book| last=Errington|first=R.M.|year=1993|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-23448-4|chapter=Rome against Philip and Antiochus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Oe1u1H_OSMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|volume=VII|editor=Walbank, F.W. |editor2=Astin, A.E.}}
* {{cite book| last=Erskine|first=Andrew|year=2003|title=Troy between Greece and Rome: Local Tradition and Imperial Power |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], USA|isbn=978-0-19-926580-0}}
* {{cite book| last=Grainger|first=John D.|year=2002|title=The Roman War of Antiochus the Great|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=90-04-12840-9|chapter=Approaches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTf0Nkjw5-gC&dq=199,+Andros,+Roman+fleet&lr=&as_brr=3&hl=fr&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}
* {{cite book| last=Green|first=Peter|year=1993|title=Alexander to Actium|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-08349-0|chapter=The Road to Sellasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QOvJ14Jxv8C&dq=Attalus,+Antiochus+Hierax&hl=en&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0}}
* {{cite book |author= Grolier Incorporated |title= Academic American Encyclopedia, Volume 15 |publisher= Grolier Enterprises |year= 1996 |page= 314 |isbn=978-0-7172-2060-1}}
* {{cite book| last=Gruen|first=Erich S.|year=1986|title=The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05737-1|chapter=''Patrocinium'' and ''Clientela''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkdCokrrp4gC&dq=The+Hellenistic+world+and+the+coming+of+Rome&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}
* {{cite book| last=Gruen|first=Erich S.|year=1990|title=Studies in Greek Culture and Roman Policy|publisher=Brill Publishers|isbn=90-04-09051-7|chapter=The Advent of the Magna Mater|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnOPjX6GOrgC&dq=Allen,+Attalus&hl=en&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0}}
* {{cite book| last=Hansen|first=Esther V.|year=1971|title=The Attalids of Pergamon| url=https://archive.org/details/attalidsofpergam0000hans|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|isbn=0-8014-0615-3}}
* {{cite book| last=Heinen|first=H.|year=1984|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|chapter=The Syrian–Egyptian Wars and the New Kingdoms of Asia Minor|volume=V|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnIpo8KBbP4C&dq=Attalus,+Antiochus+Hierax&ei=QAcwSuWGL6HwygT81pmIDg&hl=en|isbn=0-521-23445-X|editor=Wallbank |editor2=Frank William}}
* {{cite book| last=Hurwit|first=Jeffrey M.|year=1999|title=The Athenian Acropolis|publisher=CUP Archive|chapter=The Hellenistic and Roman Acropolis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pQ4AAAAIAAJ&dq=Attalos,+four+sons,+Eumenes&lr=&as_brr=3&hl=en&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0|isbn=0-521-41786-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Kosmetatou|first=Elizabeth|year=2003|chapter=The Attalids of Pergamon|editors=Erskine; Andrew|title=A Companion to the Hellenistic World|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell|pages=159–174|isbn=1-4051-3278-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhsirJlbNjMC&dq=Erskine,+Attalus&as_brr=3&hl=en&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0}}
* {{cite book| last=Mitchell|first=Stephen|year=1995|title=Anatolia|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-815029-6|chapter=The Celts in Anatolia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUYtwuve40kC&dq=Attalus,+Gauls,+Eumenes&lr=&as_brr=3&hl=en&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0}}
* Paton, W. R. (ed.), ''Greek Anthology, Volume I: Book 1: Christian Epigrams. Book 2: Description of the Statues in the Gymnasium of Zeuxippus. Book 3: Epigrams in the Temple of Apollonis at Cyzicus. Book 4: Prefaces to the Various Anthologies. Book 5: Erotic Epigrams.'' Translated by W. R. Paton. Revised by Michael A. Tueller. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 67. Cambridge, MA: [[Harvard University Press]], 2014. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL067/2014/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Pollitt, Jerome Jordan, ''Art in the Hellenistic Age'', Cambridge University Press, 1986. {{isbn| 9780521276726}}
* {{cite book |author= Richardson, Rufus Byam |title=A history of Greek sculpture |publisher= American book company|year=1911 |page=254 |oclc=517364|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcXAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}
* {{cite book| last=Warrior|first=Valerie M.|year=1996|title=The Initiation of the Second Macedonian War|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|chapter=Events in Eastern Mediterranean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK-Es3hGyYMC&dq=Sulpicius+Galba,+200,+Philip,+Attalus&lr=&as_brr=3&hl=en&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0|isbn=3-515-06853-8}}
* {{cite book |author= Wilson, Nigel Guy |title= Encyclopedia of ancient Greece |publisher= Routledge |year= 2006 |page=593 |isbn=978-0-415-97334-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aFtPdh6-2QC&dq=Encyclopedia+of+ancient+Greece&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}
* {{cite book| last=Dreyfus|first=Renée|last2=Schraudolph|first2=Ellen|year=1996|title=Pergamon: The Telephos Frieze from the Great Altar, Volume 2|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|chapter=Attalid Silver Coinage of the Attic Weight Standard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEsMdyMhW9kC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=978-0-88401-091-3}}
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