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== Fonologi ==
{{utama|Fonologi bahasa Inggris}}
Bahasa Inggris mempunyai 26 [[fonem]] yaitu 21 [[huruf mati]] dan 5 [[huruf hidup]]. Di samping itu sistem tata bahasanya sederhana, di mana:
[[Fonetik]] dan [[fonologi]] bahasa Inggris berbeda dari satu dialek ke dialek yang lain, meskipun hal ini biasanya tidak menganggu komunikasi antar penutur berbeda dialek. Keragaman fonologi menjadikan jumlah [[fonem]] (bunyi yang dapat mengubah arti) yang berbeda-beda, sementara keragaman fonetik memberikan perbedaan dalam hal realisasi pengucapan fonem-fonem tersebut. {{sfn|Wolfram|2006|pp=334–335}} Ringkasan berikut utamanya menjabarkan dua [[bahasa baku|sistem pengucapan baku]], yaitu ''[[Received Pronunciation]]'' (RP) yang dipakai di [[Britania Raya]] dan ''[[General American]]'' (GA) yang dipakai di [[Amerika Serikat]].<!--(See {{slink||Dialects, accents, and varieties}}, below.)-->
Sistem penulisan fonetik yang digunakan di bawah ini adalah [[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional]] (''International Phonetic Alphabet'' atau IPA).{{sfn|Carr|Honeybone|2007}}{{sfn|Bermúdez-Otero|McMahon|2006}}{{sfn|MacMahon|2006}}
=== Vokal ===
Dalam sistem bunyi vokal terdiri dari 5 buah yaitu a, e, i, o, dan u.
=== Konsonan ===
{{utama|Fonologi bahasa Inggris#Konsonan}}
{{terjemah|date=Agustus 2011}}
{|class="wikitable"
Kebanyakan dialek bahasa Inggris berbagi 24{{nbsp}}fonem konsonan yang sama. Daftar konsonan yang diberikan di bawah ini valid untuk dialek [[bahasa Inggris California|Inggris California]],{{sfn|International Phonetic Association|1999|pages=41–42}} dan RP.{{sfn|König|1994|page=534}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
|+ Consonant phonemes
!
!
![[Konsonan bilabial|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Konsonan labiodentalbibir|Labio-<br />dentalLabial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Konsonan interdental|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Konsonan alveolar|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Konsonan postalveolaralveolar belakang|Post-<brAlv. />alveolarbelakang]]
! colspan="2" | [[Konsonan palatal|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Konsonan velar|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Konsonan labial-velarglotal|Labial-<br />velarGlotal]]
![[Konsonan celah suara|Celah suara]]
|-
! [[Konsonan nasal|NasalSengau]]
| style="textborder-alignright:center 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAIPAlink|m}}
| colspan="2" |
|
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|n}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|n}}
| colspan="2" |
|
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|ŋ}}<ref group="cn" name="c1">The [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|[ŋ]}} is a non-phonemic allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} in some northerly British accents, appearing only before {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. In all other dialects it is a separate phoneme, although it only occurs in [[syllable coda]]s.</ref>
|
|
|-
! [[Konsonan hentian|Hentian]]
![[Plosif]]
| style="textborder-alignright:center 0;" | {{IPAIPAlink|p  }} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|b}}
| colspan="2" |
|
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|t}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|d}}
|
| style="textborder-alignright:center 0;" |{{IPA |t | style="border-left: 0; d}}" |
| colspan="2" |
|
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|k}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|k ɡ}}
|
|
|-
! [[Konsonan afrikat|Afrikat]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|
| colspan="2" |
|
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|tʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|dʒ}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|tʃ dʒ}}<ref group="cn" name="c4">The sounds {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, and {{IPA|/ɹ/}} are labialised in some dialects. Labialisation is never contrastive in initial position and therefore is sometimes not transcribed. Most speakers of [[General American]] realise <r> (always rhoticised) as the [[retroflex approximant]] {{IPA|/ɻ/}}, whereas the same is realised in [[Scottish English]], etc. as the [[alveolar trill]].</ref>
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|
|-
! [[Konsonan frikatif|Frikatif]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|f}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|v}}
|
| style="textborder-alignright:center 0;" | {{IPAIPAlink|f θ}} || style="border-left: 0; v" | {{IPAlink|ð}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|s}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|z}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|θ ð}}<ref group="cn" name="c3">In some dialects, such as [[Cockney]], the interdentals {{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} have usually merged with {{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/v/}}, and in others, like [[African American Vernacular English]], {{IPA|/ð/}} has merged with dental {{IPA|/d/}}. In some Irish varieties, {{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} become dental plosives, which then contrast with the usual alveolar plosives.</ref>
| style="textborder-alignright:center 0;" | {{IPAIPAlink|s ʃ}} || style="border-left: 0; z" | {{IPAlink|ʒ}}
| colspan="2" |
|style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|ʃ ʒ}}<ref group="cn" name="c4"/>
| colspan="2" |
|style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|ç}}<ref group="cn" name="c5">The [[voiceless palatal fricative]] {{IPA|/ç/}} is in most accents just an [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/h/}} before {{IPA|/j/}}; for instance ''human'' /çjuːmən/. However, in some accents (see [[Phonological history of English consonant clusters|this]]), the {{IPA|/j/}} has dropped, but the initial consonant is the same.</ref>
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|h}} || style="border-left: 0;" |
|style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|x}}<ref group="cn" name="c6">The [[voiceless velar fricative]] /x/ is used by Scottish or Welsh speakers of English for Scots/Gaelic words such as ''loch'' {{IPA|/lɒx/}} or by some speakers for loanwords from German and Hebrew like ''Bach'' {{IPA|/bax/}} or ''Chanukah'' /xanuka/. /x/ is also used in South African English. In some dialects such as [[Scouse]] ([[Liverpool]]) either {{IPA|[x]}} or the [[affricate consonant|affricate]] {{IPA|[kx]}} may be used as an [[allophone]] of /k/ in words such as ''docker'' {{IPA|[dɒkxə]}}.</ref>
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|h}}
|-
! [[Konsonan sentuhanmalaran tak geser|SentuhanAproksiman]]
| colspan="2" |
|
| colspan="2" |
|
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|l}}
|
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ɹ}}*
|
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|j}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|ɾ}}{{#tag:ref|The [[alveolar tap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} in unstressed syllables in [[North American English]] and [[Australian English]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cox|first=Felicity|year=2006|title=Australian English Pronunciation into the 21st century|url=http://www.shlrc.mq.edu.au/~felicity/Papers/Prospect_Erratum_v1.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=22 July 2007|journal=Prospect|volume=21|pages=3–21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070724185054/http://www.shlrc.mq.edu.au/~felicity/Papers/Prospect_Erratum_v1.pdf|archivedate=2007-07-24|ref=harv|dead-url=no}}</ref> This is the sound of ''tt'' or ''dd'' in the words ''latter'' and ''ladder'', which are homophones for many speakers of North American English. In some accents such as [[Scottish English]] and [[Indian English]] it replaces {{IPA|/ɹ/}}. This is the same sound represented by single ''r'' in most varieties of [[Spanish language|Spanish]].|group=cn|name=c2}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|w}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|
|-
![[Aproksiman]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|ɹ}}<ref group="cn" name="c4" />
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|j}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|ʍ w}}<ref group="cn" name="c7">Voiceless w {{IPA|[ʍ]}} is found in Scottish and Irish English, as well as in some varieties of American, New Zealand, and English English. In most other dialects it is merged with {{IPA|/w/}}, in some dialects of Scots it is merged with {{IPA|/f/}}.</ref>
|
|-
![[Konsonan lateral|Lateral]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|l}}
|
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|
|}
<small><nowiki>*</nowiki> Lazim ditranskripsikan sebagai {{IPA|/r/}}</small>
==== Catatan untuk konsonan ====
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|group=cn}}
== Sistem penulisan ==
| 