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== Sejarah ==
{{utama|Sejarah Bangladesh|Sejarah Benggala}}
Sisa peradaban di [[Benggala]] raya dapat ditilik kembali ke masa empat ribu tahun yang lalu,<ref name="bharadwaj">{{cite book |last=Bharadwaj |first=G |editor=Majumdar, RC |year=2003 |chapter=The Ancient Period |title=History of Bengal |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corp}}</ref> ketika wilayah tersebut dimukimi oleh orang [[bangsa Dravidia|Dravidia]], [[bahasa Tibeto-Burma|Tibeto-Burma]], dan [[Bahasa Austro-Asiatik|Austro-Asiatik]]. Asal kata "Bangla" atau "Benggala" tidak diketahui, tetapi diduga berasal dari kata ''Bang'', suku berbahasa Dravidia yang tinggal di wilayah tersebut sekitar tahun 1000 SM.<ref name="congress">{{cite book |publisher=Library of Congress |url=http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/bdtoc.html |chapter=Early History, 1000 B.C.-A.D. 1202 |title=Bangladesh: A country study |editor=James Heitzman and Robert L. Worden |year=1989 |isbn=8290584083 |author= |oclc=15653912}}</ref>
Kerajaan [[Gangaridai]] dibentuk sekitar abad ke-7 SM, yang selanjutnya bersatu dengan [[Bihar]] dibawah [[Kekaisaran Magadha]], [[Kekaisaran Nanda|Nanda]], [[Kekaisaran Maurya|Maurya]] dan [[Kekaisaran Sunga|Sunga]]. Benggala kemudian menjadi bagian dari [[Kekaisaran Gupta]] dan [[Harsha]] dari abad ke-3 hingga abad ke-6. Setelah kejatuhannya, [[Shashanka]] mendirikan sebuah kerajaan, dan ia dianggap sebagai raja independen pertama dalam sejarah Bangladesh.
<!-- MULAI TERJEMAHKAN DISINI Remnants of civilization in the greater Bengal region date back three millennia when the region was settled by Dravidians and Tibeto-Burmans. It mostly fractured into unaffiliated units, ruled by various foreign and domestic kingdoms and empires. After the arrival of Indo-Aryans, the region was ruled by Hindu Gupta Empire from the 4th through 6th centuries CE. Then, a dynamic Bengali Shashanka erected an impressive but short-lived kingdom. With the launch of the Buddhist Pala dynasty in the 8th century the region reached its most ascendent moment, but retreated during the 12th century Sena dynasty.
Islam was introduced to Bengal in the 12th century by Sufi missionaries, and subsequent Muslim conquests help spread Islam throughout the region. Bakhtiar Khilji, a Turkic general, defeated Lakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal. The region was ruled by local rulers like Isa Khan and the fabled Baro Bhuiyans for the next few hundreds years. By the 16th century, Mughal empire controlled Bengal and Dhaka became an important provincial center of Mughal administration as the seat of the Nawab.
Portuguese, Dutch, French, Irish and British traders began to arrive in late 15th century and by late 18th century the British East India Company gained control of Bengal following the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The bloody rebellion of 1857 known as the Sepoy Mutiny prompted the British government to intervene and transfer authority to the crown, with a British viceroy running the administration. A pattern of economic exploitation continued as famine racked the subcontinent many times, including at least two major famines in Bengal. Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones, with Dhaka being the capital of the eastern zone.
When the British left, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines, the western part going to India, while the eastern part joined Pakistan as a province called East Bengal, with its capital in Dhaka. In 1950, land reform was accomplished in East Bengal through the abolition of the feudal zamindari system. The Language Movement of 1952 was the first sign of friction between the two wings of Pakistan. The east rejected an attempt by the politically dominant west to establish Urdu as the national language, an event commemorated now as the International Mother Language Day. In 1955, the province's name was changed to East Pakistan in an effort to reinforce flagging nationalism. Troubles in East Pakistan continued to rise. The Bengali Awami League agitated for autonomy, and in 1966, its president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was jailed. The upper levels of Pakistan's government and military were dominated by the feudal classes from the west, even though the economic and demographic weight of the east was equal or greater.
Tensions came to a head during 1971 in the face of two disasters: one natural and one political. A massive cyclone devasted coastal East Pakistan, and the central government responded poorly. The anger was compounded when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, whose Awami League fairly won a majority in Parliament in the 1970 elections, was blocked from taking office. Mujib is still remembered for his delivery of an electrifying speech [1] on 7 March 1971, at a racetrack in Dhaka and became known as Bôngobondhu or "Friend of the Bengali". After staging compromise talks with Mujib, President Yahya Khan arrested him and on March 25, 1971 launched an all-out military assault on East Pakistan.
Yahya's methods were extremely bloody, as he intended to intimidate the Bengalis into total submission. His slaughter of unarmed innocents was one of the worst genocides in world history, similar in scale to that of Khmer Rouge in Cambodia [2]. Chief targets included intellectuals and Hindus. Ten million refugees fled to neighbouring India. Rough estimates of those massacred range from several hundred thousand to 3 million [3], [4], [5].
The Bangladesh Liberation War lasted for 9 months. The guerrilla Mukti Bahini and Bengali regulars eventually received decisive support from the Indian Armed Forces in December 1971. Under the command of Lt. General J.S. Arora, the Indian army achieved a decisive victory over Pakistan, taking over 90,000 prisoners of war in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The terms of surrender included East Pakistan's independence and Mujib's return from incarceration in West Pakistan.
Bangladesh - also showing Rail and Road links.
After independence, Bangladesh initially became a parliamentary democracy, with Mujib as the Prime Minister. In the 1973 parliamentary elections, Awami League gained an absolute majority. A nationwide famine crippled the young democracy in 1973 and 1974. On January 25, 1975, Mujib became President and initiated one party rule with his newly formed BAKSAL. All but four Government newspapers were banned. On August 15, 1975, Mujib and his family were assassinated by mid-level military officers. A series of bloody coups and counter-coups in the following three months culimated in the ascent to power by General Ziaur Rahman.
Zia added to his popularity by giving Bangladesh an international presence, most notably in lobbying successfully for full inclusion in the UN General Assembly. Zia removed secularism and socialism as the basic principles of the constitution, replacing them with "Complete Faith and Trust in Allah" and "Social justice". He invited the banned religious parties back to politics. Zia founded Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) which won the 1978 election. However, amid declining popularity, he was assassinated in 1981 by elements of the military.
Bangladesh's next major ruler was General Hossain Mohammad Ershad who gained power in a bloodless coup in 1982. He made Islam the state religion. He ruled from 1982 until 1990, when he was ousted in a popular uprising.
Since then, Bangladesh has reverted to parliamentary democracy. Zia's widow Khaleda Zia rose to head the BNP and the country from 1991 to 1996 and again from 2001. She maintains a bitter rivalry with one of Mujib's surviving daughter Sheikh Hasina who heads the Awami League and was in power from 1996 to 2001.
Though extremely poor and ruled mostly by corrupt politicians, Bangladesh has remained a Muslim democracy. It is the only country in the world where power is handed over to members of the civil society for three months, who run the general elections and transfer the power to people's representatives. This system was adopted to the constitution in 1996. -->
Setelah mengalami periode [[anarkisme]], [[dinasti Pala]] yang beragama [[Buddha]] menguasai wilayah ini selama empat ratus tahun, yang selanjutnya digantikan oleh [[dinasti Sena]] yang beragama [[Hindu]]. Islam masuk ke Benggala pada abad ke-12 melalui pedagang Arab. Misionaris [[Sufisme|Sufi]] dan penaklukan Muslim membantu penyebaran agama Islam di wilayah ini.<ref name="eaton">{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=R |year=1996 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-20507-3 |oclc=26634922 76881262}}</ref>
[[Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiar Khilji]], seorang jendral Turkik, mengalahkan [[Lakshman Sen]] dari dinasti Sena dan menaklukan sebagian besar wilayah Benggala pada tahun 1204. Wilayah ini dikuasai oleh dinasti-dinasti [[Sultan]] dan tuan-tuan tanah [[Bhuiyan]] selama beberapa ratus tahun kemudian. Pada abad ke-16, [[Kemaharajaan Mughal]] menguasai Benggala dan Dhaka menjadi pusat provinsial penting dalam pemerintahan Mughal.
Pedagang Eropa datang pada abad ke-15, dan pengaruh mereka berkembang hingga ''[[British East India Company]]'' menguasai Benggala setelah [[Pertempuran Plassey]] tahun 1757.<ref name="baxter">{{cite book
|last=Baxter |first=C |year=1997 |title=Bangladesh, from a Nation to a State |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=0-8133-3632-5
|oclc=47885632}}</ref> Pemberontakan berdarah tahun 1857 – dikenal sebagai [[pemberontakan di India 1857|Sepoy Mutiny]] – menyebabkan penyerahan kekuasaan kepada mahkota kerajaan dengan ''[[viceroy]]'' sebagai penjalan pemerintahan.<ref>Baxter, hal.30–32</ref> Selama masa penjajahan, kelaparan menimpa sub benua India berkali-kali, seperti [[kelaparan di Benggala 1943|kelaparan di Benggala]] pada tahun 1943 yang menewaskan 3 juta orang.<ref name="sen">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |year=1973 |title=Poverty and Famines |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-828463-2 |oclc=10362534 177334002 191827132 31051320 40394309 53621338 63294006}}</ref>
=== Abad ke-20 ===
Bangladesh mendapatkan "kemerdekaannya" dari [[Pakistan]] pada [[1971]]. Ibu kotanya Dhaka, juga dieja sebagai ''Dacca'', ialah ibu kota provinsi [[Benggala Timur]]. Benggala Timur saat itu adalah bagian dari [[Pakistan]].
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