Bashar al-Assad: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 3:
{{Nama Arab|al-Assad}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| office = [[Presiden Suriah|Presiden Suriah ke-19]]
| native_name = بشار الأسد
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = Berkas:Bashar al-Assad
| caption
| predecessor = [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]] {{small|(Penjabat)}}
| primeminister = [[Muhammad Mushthafa Miru]]<br>[[Muhammad Naji al-Otari|Muhammad Naji al-Uthari]]<br>[[Adel Safar|Adil Safar]]<br>[[Riyad Farid Hijab|Riyadh Farid Hijab]]<br>[[Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji|Umar Ibrahim Ghalawanji]]<br>[[Wa'il Nadir al-Halqi]]<br>[[Imad Khamis]]
| successor =
| vicepresident = [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]]<br>[[Zuhair Masyarqah]]<br>[[Faruq asy-Syara']]<br>[[Najah al-Aththar]]
| party = [[Partai Ba'ats|Partai Ba'ats Suriah]]
| lieutenant1 = Sulaiman Qaddah<br>[[Muhammad Sa'id Bukhaitan]]<br>[[Hilal Hilal]]
| leader1 = [[Abdullah al-Ahmar]]
| office1 = Sekretaris
| predecessor1 = [[
| successor1 =
| birth_name = Basyar Hafizh al-Assad
| birth_date = {{nowrap|{{birth date and age|df=yes|1965|9|11}}}}
| birth_place = {{negara|Suriah}} [[Damaskus]], Suriah
| death_date =
| death_place =
| otherparty = [[Front Progressif Nasional (Suriah)|Front Progressif Nasional]]
| spouse = [[Asma al-Assad]] {{marriage||2000}}
| children = 3
| alma_mater = [[Universitas Damaskus]]
| religion = [[Syiah]] {{small|([[Nushairiah]])}}
| allegiance = {{
| branch = [[Angkatan Bersenjata Suriah]]
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[Berkas:Syria-Army-Mushir.svg|30px]] [[Mushir|Marsekal]]
| unit = [[Pengawal Republikan (Suriah)|Pengawal Republikan]] {{small|(Sebelum 2000)}}
| commands = [[Angkatan Bersenjata Suriah]]
| battles = [[Perang
| term_start = 17 Juli 2000
| term_end =
| term_start1 = 24 Juni 2000
| term_end1 =
| blank1 = Agama
| data1 = [[Islam]] [[Alawi]]
}}
'''
Lahir dan besar di [[Damaskus]], Assad lulus dari sekolah kedokteran di [[Universitas Damaskus]] pada tahun 1988 dan memulai bekerja sebagai dokter di [[Angkatan Darat Suriah]]. Empat tahun kemudian, ia mengikuti studi pascasarjana di [[Rumah Sakit Mata Barat]] di London, yang mengkhususkan diri dalam [[oftalmologi]]. Pada tahun 1994, setelah kakak tertuanya [[Basil al-Assad|Basil]] meninggal dalam kecelakaan mobil, Basyar dipanggil kembali ke Suriah untuk mengambil alih peran Bassil sebagai [[pewaris tahta]]. Ia masuk akademi militer, mengambil bagian dalam [[pendudukan Suriah atas Lebanon]] pada tahun 1998. Pada tanggal 10 Juli 2000, Assad terpilih sebagai Presiden, menggantikan ayahnya, yang meninggal di kantor sebulan sebelumnya. Dalam [[Pemilihan Presiden Suriah 2000|pemilihan 2000]] dan berikutnya [[Pemilihan Presiden Suriah 2007|2007]], ia mendapat 99,7% dan 97,6% dukungan, berturut-turut dalam referendum pada kepemimpinannya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/27/AR2007052701117.html |work=The Washington Post|title=Syrians Vote For Assad in Uncontested Referendum|agency= Associated Press |date=28 Mei 2007 |accessdate=13 Maret 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6700021.stm |publisher=BBC News|title=Syria's Assad wins another term|date=29 Mei 2007 |accessdate= 13 Maret 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/28/syria.ianblack|title = Democracy Damascus style: Assad the only choice in referendum |work = The Guardian |date=28 Mei 2007}}</ref>
Pada 16 Juli 2014, Assad dilantik untuk jangka waktu tujuh tahun lagi setelah mendapat 88,7% hasil suara dalam [[Pemilihan Presiden Suriah 2014|pemilihan presiden pertama yang diperebutkan dalam sejarah Ba'ats Suriah]].<ref name=reuterscontested>{{cite news|title= Confident Assad launches new term in stronger position |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-assad-idUSKBN0FL0NN20140717|agency=Reuters|date=16 Juli 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/04/28/us-syria-crisis-assad-idUSBREA3R0LH20140428?irpc=932 |title=Assad seeks re-election as Syrian civil war rages |agency=Reuters |first1=Dominic |last1=Evans |date=
Setelah dilihat oleh masyarakat internasional sebagai pembaharu potensial, [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Uni Eropa]], dan sebagian dari [[Liga Arab]] menyerukan pengunduran diri Assad dari kursi kepresidenan setelah ia diduga memerintahkan tindakan keras dan pengepungan militer terhadap para demonstran [[Musim Semi Arab]], yang menyebabkan [[Perang Sipil Suriah]].
|work= The Jerusalem Post |first1= Yonah |last1=Jermey Bob |date=16 November 2013 |accessdate= 17 November 2014}}</ref>-->
== Kehidupan pribadi ==
Assad yang mahir dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] dan [[bahasa
<!-- Keluarga al-Assad adalah anggota [[muslim
Initially Bashar had few political aspirations. Hafez al-Assad had been grooming Bashar's older brother, [[Basil al-Assad]] to be the future president. However, Basil's premature death in an automobile accident in 1994 suddenly made Bashar his father's new [[heir apparent]]. When the elder Assad died in 2000, Bashar was duly elected President unopposed with apparent massive popular support, after Syria's Majlis Al Shaa'b (Parliament) swiftly voted to lower the minimum age for candidates from 40 to 34.
Upon claiming the presidency, Bashar al-Assad promised economic and political reforms to Syria, but he has so far delivered little change in the status quo. The [[Baath Party]] remains in control of the parliament and is constitutionally the "leading party" of the state. Bashar al-Assad, however, was not strongly involved previously in the running of the party. Until he became President, Bashar's only formal political role was as the head of the Syrian Computer Society, which was mainly in charge of introducing the [[Internet]] to Syria.
Immediately after he took power, a reform movement made cautious advances during the so-called [[Damaskus Spring]], and Assad seemed to accept this, as he shut down the notorious [[Mezze prison]] and released hundreds of [[political prisoner]]s. The Damaskus Spring however ground to an abrupt halt as security crackdowns commenced again within a year, and although Bashar rules with a softer touch than the all-out [[totalitarianism]] of his father, political freedoms are still extremely curtailed. The security apparatus has eased its grip on society, but remains solidly in control, and while a small dissident movement has by now firmly established itself, it is still both powerless and pressured by the regime. Sporadic protests are occurring among the [[Kurds]] in north-eastern Syria, long discriminated against by the [[Arab nationalist]] Baathist government.
Economic liberalization has also been very limited, with industry still heavily state-controlled and [[political corruption|corruption]] rife throughout the state apparatus. Mild economic sanctions (the [[Syria Accountability Act]]) applied by the [[USA]] further complicate the situation. Of major importance are the negotiations for a [[free trade]] [[Association Agreement]] with the [[European Union]], but progress is slow.
Baris 116 ⟶ 117:
== Bacaan lanjut ==
* {{Cite book|last=Abboud|first=Samer |title=Syria (Hot Spots in Global Politics) |url=https://archive.org/details/syria0000abbo|publisher=Polity |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7456-9797-0}}
* {{cite book |last= Belhadj|first= Souhaïl |date= 2013|title= La Syrie de Bashar Al-Asad : Anatomie d'un régime autoritaire |trans-title= Bashar's Syria: Anatomy of an Authoritarian Regime |url= |language= French |location= |publisher= Belin |isbn= 978-2-7011-6467-0}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Hinnebusch |first1=Raymond |title=Syria: Revolution From Above |url=https://archive.org/details/syriarevolutionf0000hinn |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0415285681}}
* {{Cite book|last1= Perthes|first1=Volker |title=Syria Under Bashar Al-Asad: Modernisation and the Limits of Change |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0198567509}}
* {{Cite book|last=Tabler|first=Andrew |title=In the Lion's Den: An Eyewitness Account of Washington's Battle with Syria |url=https://archive.org/details/inlionsdeneyewit00tabl|publisher=Zephyr Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1569768433 |ref=harv}}
; Laporan
* {{Cite report |author=Yossi Baidatz |date=August 2001 |title=Bashar's First Year: From Ophthalmology to a National Vision |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus41.pdf |publisher=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |docket= |asin=
* {{Cite report |author=Annette Büchs |date=March 2009 |title=The Resilience of Authoritarian Rule in Syria under Hafez and Bashar Al-Asad |url=http://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/system/files/publications/wp97_buechs.pdf |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies |docket=
== Pranala luar ==
Baris 130 ⟶ 131:
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|sana.sy/en/}}
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811101337/http://www.sana.sy
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110529042116/http://sana.sy
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110529042110/http://sana.sy
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110529041500/http://sana.sy
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110529042829/http://sana.sy
* {{C-SPAN|basharalassad}}
* {{Worldcat id|lccn-no2003-21487}}
Baris 143 ⟶ 144:
* {{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2579331.stm|author=Staff writer(s)|title=Profile: Syria's Bashar al-Assad|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=10 Maret 2005}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.meforum.org/article/730|first=William|last=Harris|title=Bashar al-Assad's Lebanon Gamble|publisher=[[Middle East Quarterly]]|date=Musim Panas 2005}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9085/syrias_leaders.html|first=Esther|last=Pan|title=Syria's Leaders|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|date=10 Maret 2006|access-date=2016-12-16|archive-date=2006-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719135235/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9085/syrias_leaders.html|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703833204576114712441122894.html|author=Staff writer(s)|title=Interview With Syrian President Bashar al-Assad|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=31 Januari 2011}}
* {{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2007/07/200852518514154964.html|author=Staff writer(s)|title=Profile: Bashar al-Assad|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=25 Maret 2011}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9gyTXO_xIg|first=Charlie|last=Rose|title=Interview with Bashar Hafez al-Assad|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=9 September 2013}}
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{{Presiden Suriah}}
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[[Kategori:Tokoh dari Damaskus]]
[[Kategori:Pemimpin partai politik]]
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