Basilika Santo Fransiskus dari Assisi: Perbedaan antara revisi

| religious_affiliation=[[Katolik Roma]]

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| consecration_year= 1253

Pembangunan Biara Fransiskan (''Sacro Convento'') dan bagian bawah serta bagian atas Gereja (''Basilica inferiore e superiore'') [[Fransiskus Assisi]] dimulai tak lama setelah kanonisasi orang suci tersebut pada tahun 1228. Simone di Pucciarello menyumbangkan tanah untuk gereja ini, di bukit sebelah barat kota Assisi, dikenal dengan julukan "Bukit Neraka" (dalam [[Bahasa Italia]] ''Collo d'Inferno'' - disini tempatnya para penjahat dieksekusi mati). Hari ini bukit tersebut secara tepat dinamai "Bukit Surga".

 

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The churches have been decorated by the greatest late medieval Roman, [[Umbria]]n and Tuscan artists of their time, giving these churches an unequaled importance in the development of Italian art. The lower church has [[fresco]]s by renowned late-medieval [[artist]]s, such as [[Cimabue]] and [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]]; in the upper church are a series frescoes depicting scenes in the life of St Francis attributed to Giotto and his circle.

Brother Elia had designed the lower basilica as an enormous [[crypt]] with ribbed vaults. He had acquired his experience by building huge sepulchres out of hard rock in [[Syria]].

 

 

Entering the lower basilica, one sees at the other side of the vestibule the chapel of [[Catherine of Alexandria|St. Catherine of Alexandria]], erected about 1270. It was enlarged by Gattapone da Gubbio and decorated at the expense of Cardinal Egidio Albornoz, papal legate in charge of the Papal States (from 1350 to 1367). He was initially buried here but his body was later transferred to [[Toledo]], Spain. The frescoes with the eight episodes from the life of St. Catherine were painted in 1368-1369 by ‘Andreas pictor de Bononia’. This painter, called Andrea, is most probably [[Andrea de’ Bartoli]] (c. 1349 - 1369), the court artist of Albornoz (and not [[Andrea da Bologna]], as usually, but wrongly, attributed). The saints in this chapel were painted by Pace di Bartolo d'Assisi (1344-1368). The stained glass windows are the work of Giovanni di Bonino of Assisi (mid 14th century)

The other chapel on the left is dedicated to St. [[Peter of Alcantara]].

 

*[[Saint Louis of Toulouse]] and [[Stephen I of Hungary|Saint Stephan]] with frescoes by [[Dono Doni]] (1575) and stained glass, attributed to Simone Martini.

*[[Saint Anthony of Padua]] with frescoes by [[Cesare Sermei]] (1610,)

== Friary of St. Francis ==

[[Berkas:Basilica.Francis18.jpg|thumb|left|Courtyard of the friary]]

 

The friary now houses a vast library (with medieval [[codex|codices]] and [[incunable]]s), a museum with works of art donated by pilgrims through the centuries and also the 57 works of art (mainly of Florentine and Sienese schools) of the Perkins collection.

Large glass stained windows, placed halfway up the walls, shed their coloured light on the masterworks of Giotto and Cimabue. The windows in the choir were produced by German craftsmen, active around Assisi in the last part of the 13th century. The windows on the left hand side of the nave were made by a French workshop (1270), while those on the right hand side are attributed to the workshop of [[Maestro di San Francesco]]. These stained glass windows are among the best examples of 13th c. Italian glasswork.

 

 

The choir has 102 wooden stalls with carvings and marquetry by [[Domenico Indovini]] (1501). In their centre, on a raised platform, stands the papal cathedra.

But the most important decorations are the series of 28 frescoes ascribed to the young [[Giotto]] along the lower part of the nave. Each bay contains three frescoes above the [[dado (architecture)|dado]] on each side of the nave, two frescoes in the east galleries beside the entrance, and two more on the entrance wall. Giotto used the ''Legenda Maior'', the biography of St. Francis by St. [[Bonaventure]] (1266) to reconstruct the major events in the life of St. Francis. The prototype for this cycle may have been the (now lost) St Francis cycle by [[Pietro Cavallini]] in the church [[San Francesco a Ripa]] in Rome. The paintings are so vivid, as if Giotto had been a witness to these events. According to [[Vasari]], they were executed in the period between 1296 and 1304.

 

 

The first span of the ceiling is decorated with frescoes of the "Four Doctors of the Church“ ( Jerome, Augustine, Gregory and Ambrose), attributed either to a young Giotto or to one of his followers. The third span presents four heart-shaped medallions of the Christ, Mary, John the Baptist and Francis, painted by [[Jacopo Torriti]].

{{reflist}}

* {{cite book|last=Bellucci|first=Gualtiero|title=Assisi, Heart of the World|publisher=Edizioni Porziuncola|location=Assisi|year=2005}}

* Borsook, Eve. The Mural Painters of Tuscany, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1980.

* Lunghi, Elvio, The Basilica of Saint Francis at Assisi. The frescoes by Giotto his precursors and followers, Thames and Hudson, London, 1996.

* [http://www.thais.it/speciali/assisi/SimoneMartini/introduzione.htm Frescoes of Simone Martini in the lower basilica]

* [http://www.digitaltheology.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=4&Itemid=43 The Virtual Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi (Upper Basilica)]

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