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Baris 1: {{Infobox War Faction \|name= Boko Haram <br>Jemaat Sunnah untuk Dakwah dan Jihad<br>جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد \|image= AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg \|caption= Bendera [[ISIS]] \|war=[[Pemberontakan Islamis di Nigeria]] \|active= 2002–sekarang \|ideology= [[Ekstremisme Islam]]<br/>[[Khawarij]]<br>[[Takfir]]<br>[[Jihadisme salafi]]<br>[[Wahabisme]] \|political position= [[Far-right]] \|leaders= [[Abubakar Shekau]]<ref name="Shekau Profile BBC">{{cite news\|title=Profile of Nigeria's Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau\|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18020349\|accessdate=18 March 2013\|newspaper=BBC News\|date=22 June 2012}}</ref><br>[[Dan Hajia]]{{POW}}<br>[[Abba (Boko Haram leader)\|Abba]] {{KIA}}<br>[[Abatcha Flatari]] {{KIA}}<br>[[Momodu Bama]] {{KIA}}<br> [[Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)\|Mohammed Yusuf]]{{KIA}} Baris 15: \|previous= \|next= \|allies={{flagicon image\|Flag of Ansaru.svg}} [[Ansaru]]<br>{{flagicon image\|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam]] \|opponents= {{flagicon\|Nigeria}} [[Nigeria]]<br>~~Civilian~~{{flagicon image\|Badge of Multinational Joint Task Force.svg}} [[Multinational Joint Task Force]] (~~CJTF~~MJTF)<br>{{flagicon\|Cameroon}} [[Kamerun]]<br>{{flagicon\|Chad}} [[Chad]]<br> {{flagicon\|Niger}} [[Niger]]<br>{{flag\|Benin}}<br>{{flag\|Amerika Serikat}}<br>{{flag\|Britania Raya}} \|battles= [[Pemberontakan Islamis di Nigeria]]<br>[[Kekerasan sektarian Nigeria 2009]] }} '''Jemaat Sunnah untuk [[Dakwah]] dan [[Jihad]]'''<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14136185\|work=BBC News\|title=Nigeria policemen in court trial for Boko Haram killing}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://en.rsf.org/predator-the-islamist-group-boko-haram,44536.html\|work=Reporters Without Borders\|title=Innermost thoughts of The Islamist group Boko Haram\|access-date=2014-05-07\|archive-date=2014-07-04\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704214056/http://en.rsf.org/predator-the-islamist-group-boko-haram,44536.html\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ({{lang-ar\|جماعة اهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد\|links=no}} ''{{transl\|ar\|ALA\|Jamāʻat Ahl as-Sunnah lid-daʻwa wal-Jihād}}'')~~—lebih~~ lebih dikenal dengan nama '''Boko Haram''' ({{IPA-ha\|bōːkòː hàrâm\|pron}}, yang dalam [[bahasa Hausa]] berarti "pendidikan Barat [[haram]]")<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news/21270-boko-haram-is-battle-for-2015-says-chukwumerije.html\|title=Boko Haram is battle for 2015, says Chukwumerije\|author=Ogbonnaya Obinna\|publisher=The Nation\|date=29 September 2011\|access-date=2014-05-07\|archive-date=2012-01-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101004027/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news/21270-boko-haram-is-battle-for-2015-says-chukwumerije.html\|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2014/0506/Boko-Haram-doesn-t-really-mean-Western-education-is-a-sin\|title=Boko Haram doesn't really mean Western education is a sin\|author=Dan Murphy\|publisher=Christian Science Monitor\|date=6 May 2014}}</ref>~~—adalah~~ adalah organisasi militan dan teroris yang bermarkas di [[Nigeria]] timur laut,<ref name="CTC">{{cite web\|url=http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-rise-of-boko-haram-in-nigeria\|title=The Rise of Boko Haram in Nigeria\|author=David Cook\|date=26 September 2011\|publisher=Combating Terrorism Centre\|accessdate=2012-01-12\|archive-date=2012-05-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506224112/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-rise-of-boko-haram-in-nigeria\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Kamerun]] utara, dan [[Niger]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/news/137706-boko-haram-members-flee-to-niger-as-nigerian-military-arrest-55-terrorists-in-yobe-borno.html\|author=Nnenna Ibeh\|title=Boko Haram members flee to Niger as Nigerian military arrest 55 terrorists in Yobe, Borno\|accessdate=June 2013\|date= June 5, 2013\|publisher=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name="ESISC">{{cite web\|url=http://www.esisc.org/publications/briefings/2600\|title=Boko Haram and The risk of terrorism in northern Cameroon\|author=André Burstin\|date=1 March 2013\|publisher=ESISC Research Associate\|accessdate=2013-05-09}}</ref><ref name="TRIBUNE">{{cite web\|url=http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/component/k2/item/11441-bama-attackers-were-nigeriens-cameroonians-residents-senate-acf-nscia-condemn\|title=Bama attackers were Nigerians, Cameroonians\|author=Chris Agbambu, James Bwala, Hassan Ibrahim and Leon Usigbe\|date=9 May 2013\|work=Nigerian Tribune\|accessdate=2013-05-09}}{{Pranala mati\|date=Februari 2021 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Pilot Africa">{{cite web\|url=http://www.pilotafrica.com/2012/10/22/boko-haram-killed-cameroonian-mayor-newspaper-claims/\|title=Boko Haram killed Cameroonian mayor\|author= Chika Moses\|date=22 October 2012\|work=Pilot Africa\|accessdate=2013-05-11}}{{Pranala mati\|date=Februari 2021 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Organisasi ini didirikan pada tahun 2002 oleh [[Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)\|Mohammed Yusuf]]<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20111226-boko-haram-threatening-nigeria-fault-lines-christmas-church-attack\|work=France24\|title=Boko Haram: Rocking the Nigerian boat\|date=27 December 2011}}</ref> dengan tujuan untuk mendirikan negara Islam "murni" berdasarkan [[hukum syariah]]<ref name=what/> dan menghentikan hal-hal yang dianggap sebagai "Westernisasi".<ref name="AJAN">{{cite web\|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/12/20111224124241652788.html\|title=Dozens killed in Nigeria clashes\|author=\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|date=24 December 2011\|accessdate=2011-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201102030036.html\|title=Nigeria: We Are Responsible for Borno Killings, Says Boko Haram\|work=allAfrica.com\|date=2 February 2011\|accessdate=31 January 2012\|author=Olugbode, Michael\|quote=The sect in posters written in Hausa and pasted across the length and breadth of Maiduguri Wednesday morning signed by the Warriors of Jamaatu Ahlis Sunna Liddaawati Wal Jihad led by Imam Abu Muhammed Abubakar Bi Muhammed a .k .a Shehu claimed they embarked on the killings in Borno "in an effort to establish Sharia system of government in the country".}}</ref> Kelompok ini dikenal karena menyerang orang [[Kristen]] yang semena-mena terhadap hak warga dan pemerintah,<ref name="AJAN" /> menyerang sekolah dan pos polisi,<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17886143\|title=Deadly attack on Nigeria's Bayero university\|accessdate=5 May 2012\|date=30 April 2012\|author=Mark Lobel\|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18475853\|title=Nigeria: Dozens dead in church bombings and rioting\|accessdate=22 June 2012\|date=17 June 2012\|author=\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> menculik turis barat, dan juga membunuh anggota lembaga Islam.<ref name=Campbell/> Kekerasan yang terkait dengan Boko Haram telah mengakibatkan tewasnya 10.000 orang antara tahun 2002 hingga 2013.<ref name=AFP>{{cite news\|title=Nigeria school attack claims 42 lives\|agency=AFP\|work=The Australian\|date=6 July 2013\|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/nigeria-school-attack-claims-42-lives/story-e6frg6so-1226675417375\|accessdate=6 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=Newsday>{{cite news\|title=School attack kills 30 in northeast Nigeria\|agency=AP\|date=6 June 2013\|work=Newsday\|url=http://www.newsday.com/news/world/school-attack-kills-30-in-northeast-nigeria-1.5636183\|accessdate=6 July 2013\|archiveurl=https://archive.istoday/~~p4OeC~~20130706170414/http://www.newsday.com/news/world/school-attack-kills-30-in-northeast-nigeria-1.5636183\|archivedate=~~6 July~~ 2013-07-06\|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The Catholic Church: What Everyone Needs to Know\|author=John L. Allen Jr.\|year=2013\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6i-VaE8aD6MC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Catholic%20Church%3A%20What%20Everyone%20Needs%20to%20Know&pg=PA161#v=onepage&q=Boko%20Haram&f=false\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|pages=166–167}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Nigeria: Dancing on the Brink\|page=139\|author=John Campbell\|year=2013\|isbn=978-1-4422-2157-4\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ho52_MLrT-IC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA211#v=onepage&q&f=false\|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers }}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://theworldoutline.com/2013/05/nigerias-war-on-terrorism-combatting-boko-haram/\|date=May 21, 2013\|publisher=World Outline Group\|author=Massimo Pernice\|title=Nigeria’s war on terrorism: Combatting Boko Haram\|access-date=2014-05-07\|archive-date=2014-07-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701185113/http://theworldoutline.com/2013/05/nigerias-war-on-terrorism-combatting-boko-haram/\|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://theworldoutline.com/2013/04/spitting-in-the-face-of-peace-boko-harams-continued-aims/\|date=April 18, 2013\|title=Spitting in the face of peace: Boko Haram’s continued aims\|author=Massimo Pernice\|publisher=World Outline Group\|access-date=2014-05-07\|archive-date=2014-04-30\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430152735/http://theworldoutline.com/2013/04/spitting-in-the-face-of-peace-boko-harams-continued-aims/\|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.medcom.id/nasional/peristiwa/3NOZ2g7K-apa-arti-boko-haram\|title=Apa Arti Boko Haram?\|date=2014-05-14\|website=Medcom.id\|accessdate=2020-05-10}}</ref> Kelompok ini berpengaruh di negara bagian [[negara bagian Borno\|Borno]], [[negara bagian Adamawa\|Adamawa]], [[negara bagian Kaduna\|Kaduna]], [[negara bagian Bauchi\|Bauchi]], [[negara bagian Yobe\|Yobe]], dan [[negara bagian Kano\|Kano]]. Di wilayah-wilayah tersebut, keadaan darurat telah dinyatakan. Boko Haram tidak memiliki struktur atau rantai komando yang jelas<ref name='economist20110903'>{{cite news\|title = Terrorism in Nigeria: A dangerous new level\|date = 3 September 2011\|url = http://www.economist.com/node/21528307\|work = The Economist\|accessdate = 2011-09-07}}</ref> dan bersifat "menyebar"<ref name=Campbell>{{cite news\|last=Campbell\|first=John\|title=Should U.S. fear Boko Haram?\|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/01/opinion/campbell-boko-haram/index.html\|work=October 1, 2013\|publisher=CNN\|accessdate=2 October 2013\|date=1 October 2013}}</ref> dengan "struktur seperti sel" yang memfasilitasi keberadaan faksi-faksi.<ref name=what/> Kelompok ini dilaporkan memiliki tiga faksi<ref name="AJAN"/> dengan kelompok pecahan yang dijuluki [[Ansaru]]. Pemimpin utama Boko Haram saat ini adalah Abubakar Shekau. Baris 25: Keterkaitan kelompok ini dengan kelompok jihad lainnya di luar Nigeria masih diperdebatkan. Menurut seorang komandan militer Amerika Serikat, Boko Haram terkait dengan [[Al-Qaeda di Maghreb Islam]],<ref name="AfricaIslamistMilitants">{{cite news\|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18592789\|title=Africa's Islamist militants 'co-ordinate efforts'\|accessdate=26 June 2012\|date=26 June 2012\|author=Mark Doyle\|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="Groups co-ordinate">{{cite news\|title=Militant groups in Africa seek to 'co-ordinate efforts'\|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-27-al-qaeda-linked-militants-co-ordinate-efforts-in-threat-to-africas-security\|newspaper=Mail & Guardian\|date=26 June 2012}}</ref> tetapi tidak ditemukan bukti adanya dukungan internasional,<ref name="UCSC_Paul_Lubeck">{{cite web\|url=http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/01/lubeck-analysis.html \| title=UCSC's Paul Lubeck provides analysis on insurgency in Nigeria's north \| author=Guy Lasnier \| date=January 20, 2012 \| accessdate=2013-10-06 \| website=news.ucsc.edu}}</ref> dan serangan Boko Haram terhadap target-target internasional sejauh ini masih terbatas.<ref name=what>{{cite web\|last=Walker\|first=Andrew\|title=What is Boko Haram?\|url=http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/SR308.pdf\|work=June 2012\|publisher=US Institute of Peace\|accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref> Pada 13 November 2013, pemerintah [[Amerika Serikat]] menggolongkan kelompok ini sebagai organisasi [[terorisme\|teroris]]. Banyak anggota senior kelompok ini yang terinspirasi oleh [[Maitatsine]].<ref name="managing">''Managing Conflicts in Africa's Democratic Transitions'' - Akanmu G. Adebayo - 2012, hlm.176</ref><ref name=west>''West African Studies Conflict over Resources and Terrorism'' - OECD - 2013</ref> Kelompok ini juga diyakini termotivasi oleh sengketa antar-etnis karena pendiri organisasi ini percaya bahwa sedang terjadi "pembersihan etnis" terhadap [[suku Hausa]] dan [[suku Fula\|Fulani]].<ref name=what/> [[Amnesty International]] menuduh pemerintah Nigeria melakukan pelanggaran [[hak asasi manusia]] setelah 950 orang yang diduga merupakan anggota Boko Haram meninggal di fasilitas penahanan ''Joint Task Force'' militer Nigeria pada awal pertengahan tahun 2013.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/nigeria-deaths-hundreds-boko-haram-suspects-custody-requires-investigation-2013-10-15 \|title=Nigeria: Deaths of hundreds of Boko Haram suspects in custody requires investigation \| Amnesty International \|publisher=Amnesty.org \|date= \|accessdate=2014-05-05 \|archive-date=2014-06-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601172355/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/nigeria-deaths-hundreds-boko-haram-suspects-custody-requires-investigation-2013-10-15 \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> Konflik antara Boko Haram dengan pemerintah Nigeria telah membuat 90.000 orang telantar.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16344610\|work=BBC News\|title=Nigeria Boko Haram clashes: 'Thousands flee Damaturu'\|date=28 December 2011}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] menyatakan bahwa Boko Haram menggunakan [[tentara anak-anak]], termasuk yang masih berumur 12 tahun.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/11/nigeria-boko-haram-uses-child-soldiers-201311291435525502.html \|title=Nigeria's Boko Haram 'uses child soldiers' - Africa \|publisher=Al Jazeera English \|date= \|accessdate=2014-05-05}}</ref> == Referensi ==