Braille: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
kTidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: Suntingan visualeditor-wikitext |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: Suntingan visualeditor-wikitext |
||
Baris 1:
{{sedang dikerjakan}}{{About|sistem penulisan yang digunakan untuk [[tunanetra]] atau orang dengan penglihatan rendah|sang pembuat Braille|Louis Braille|penggunaan lainnya}}
{{short description|Sistem penulisan taktil untuk orang dengan penglihatan lemah dan tunanetra}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name = ''' Braille'''
Baris 4 ⟶ 7:
| type = [[Alfabet]]
| typedesc = (nonlinear)
| time = 1824
| languages = Banyak
| fam1 = [[Tulisan malam]]
| fam2 = [[
| sisters = [[New York Point]]
| children = [[ Braille bahasa Prancis]]<br />[[ Braille bahasa Inggris]]<br />[[
| creator = [[Louis Braille]]
| sample = Braille closeup.jpg
| imagesize = 312px
| unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2800.pdf U+2800–U+28FF]
Baris 20 ⟶ 23:
{{BrailleChars}}
'''Braille''' (Braille: ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑) ({{IPAc-en|b|r|eɪ|l}}; {{IPA-fr|bʁaj|lang}}) is a tactile [[writing system]] used by people who are [[visually impaired]]. It is traditionally written with embossed paper. Braille users can read computer screens and other electronic supports using [[refreshable braille display]]s. They can write braille with the original [[slate and stylus]] or type it on a [[braille writer]], such as a portable [[braille notetaker]] or computer that prints with a [[braille embosser]].
Braille is named after its creator, [[Louis Braille]], a Frenchman who lost his sight as a result of a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of fifteen, he developed a code for the [[French alphabet]] as an improvement on [[night writing]]. He published his system, which subsequently included [[musical notation]], in 1829.<ref>[[Louis Braille|Braille, Louis]] (1829). ''Method of Writing Words, Music, and Plain Songs by Means of Dots, for Use by the Blind and Arranged for Them''.</ref> The second revision, published in 1837, was the first [[Binary numeral system|small binary]] form of writing developed in the modern era.
These characters have rectangular blocks called ''cells'' that have tiny bumps called ''raised dots''. The number and arrangement of these dots distinguish one character from another. Since the various braille alphabets originated as [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] codes for printed writing, the mappings (sets of character designations) vary from language to language, and even within one; in [[English Braille]] there are three levels of encoding: Grade 1 – a letter-by-letter transcription used for basic literacy; Grade 2 – an addition of abbreviations and contractions; and Grade 3 – various non-standardized personal stenography.
Braille cells are not the only thing to appear in braille text. There may be embossed illustrations and graphs, with the lines either solid or made of series of dots, arrows, bullets that are larger than braille dots, etc. A full braille cell includes six raised dots arranged in two columns, each column having three dots.<ref name="Raised Dots">{{cite web |url=http://www.afb.org/info/living-with-vision-loss/braille/what-is-braille/123 |title=The Dot Positions Are Identified by Numbers from One Through Six |website=AFB.org |access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> The dot positions are identified by numbers from one to six.<ref name="Raised Dots"/> There are 64 possible combinations, including no dots at all for a [[word space]].<ref name="Braille System">{{cite web |url=https://www.duxburysystems.com/braille.asp |title=Louis Braille and the Braille System |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> A cell can be used to represent a letter, digit, punctuation mark, or even a word.<ref name="Raised Dots"/>
Braille literacy is a social-justice issue.<ref name=NPR/> Early braille education is crucial to literacy, education and employment among the blind. However, in the face of changes in education policy and [[screen reader]] software, braille usage has declined in recent decades, despite the fact that technologies such as [[braille display]]s have also made braille more accessible and practical.
'''Huruf Braille''' adalah sejenis sistem tulisan sentuh yang digunakan oleh tunanetra. Sistem ini diciptakan oleh seorang Prancis yang bernama [[Louis Braille]] yang buta disebabkan kebutaan waktu kecil. Ketika berusia 15 tahun, Braille membuat suatu tulisan tentara untuk memudahkan tentara untuk membaca ketika gelap. Tulisan ini dinamakan huruf Braille. Namun, ketika itu Braille tidak mempunyai huruf W.
| |||