Brasil: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
||
Baris 7:
Wilayah yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Brasil dihuni oleh banyak negara suku sebelum pendaratan penjelajah Pedro Álvares Cabral pada tahun 1500, yang mengklaim tanah yang ditemukan untuk Kekaisaran Portugis. Brasil tetap menjadi koloni Portugis hingga 1808 ketika ibu kota kekaisaran dipindahkan dari Lisbon ke Rio de Janeiro. Pada tahun 1815, koloni tersebut diangkat menjadi kerajaan setelah terbentuknya Kerajaan Bersatu Portugal, Brasil, dan Algarves. Kemerdekaan dicapai pada tahun 1822 dengan pembentukan Kekaisaran Brasil, sebuah negara kesatuan yang diperintah di bawah monarki konstitusional dan sistem parlementer. Ratifikasi konstitusi pertama pada tahun 1824 mengarah pada pembentukan badan legislatif bikameral, yang sekarang disebut Kongres Nasional. Perbudakan dihapuskan pada tahun 1888. Negara ini menjadi republik presidensial pada tahun 1889 menyusul kudeta militer. Junta militer otoriter berkuasa pada tahun 1964 dan memerintah hingga tahun 1985, setelah itu pemerintahan sipil dilanjutkan. Konstitusi Brasil saat ini, yang dirumuskan pada tahun 1988, mendefinisikannya sebagai republik federal yang demokratis.<ref name="Constituição">{{cite web |title=Brazilian Federal Constitution |publisher=Presidency of the Republic |year=1988 |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao.htm |language=pt |access-date=3 June 2008 |archive-date=13 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213194044/http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/Constituicao/Constitui%C3%A7ao.htm |url-status=dead }} {{cite web |title=Brazilian Federal Constitution |publisher=v-brazil.com |year=2007 |url=http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html |quote=Unofficial translate |access-date=3 June 2008 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070506/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karena kekayaan budaya dan sejarahnya, negara ini menempati urutan ketiga belas di dunia menurut jumlah Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list |title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre — World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=25 May 2012}}</ref>
Sebagai sekutu utama Amerika Serikat non-NATO, Brasil adalah kekuatan regional dan menengah,<ref name="SchaeferPoffenbarger2014">{{cite book|author1=M. Schaefer|author2=J. Poffenbarger|title=The Formation of the BRICS and its Implication for the United States: Emerging Together|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXdaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32|date= 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-38794-3|page=32}}</ref><ref name="Burges2016">{{cite book|author=Sean W. Burges|title=Latin America and the Shifting Sands of Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tolwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|year= 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-69658-2|pages=114–15}}</ref><ref name="Gina">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1111/blar.12417|title = Brazil: What Rise of What Power?|journal = Bulletin of Latin American Research|volume = 35|pages = 5–19|year = 2016|last1 = Gardini|first1 = Gian Luca|doi-access = free}}</ref> dan juga diklasifikasikan sebagai kekuatan baru.<ref name="FRIDE">[http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf FRIDE: The international arena and emerging powers: stabilising or destabilising forces?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615194931/http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf |date=15 June 2016 }}, Susanne Gratius, April 2008</ref><ref name="Collecott">{{cite web|author=Peter Collecott|url=http://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/|title=Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status|publisher=The Diplomatic Courier|date=29 October 2011|access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Clendenning |first=Alan |title=Booming Brazil could be world power soon |page=2 |newspaper=USA Today |agency=The Associated Press |date=17 April 2008 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm |access-date=12 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="DominguezKim2013">{{cite book|author1=Jorge Dominguez|author2=Byung Kook Kim|title=Between Compliance and Conflict: East Asia Latin America and the New Pax Americana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0I_4JmjFbwC&pg=PA98|year=2013|publisher=Center for International Affairs, Harvard University|isbn=978-1-136-76983-2|pages=98–99}}</ref> Dikategorikan sebagai negara berkembang dengan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia yang tinggi,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nations |first=United |title=Country Insights |url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights |language=en}}</ref> Brasil dianggap sebagai ekonomi berkembang yang maju,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072632/https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf |archive-date=2018-11-21 |url-status=live |title=FTSE Country Classification |publisher=[[FTSE Group]] |date= September 2018 |access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref> memiliki PDB terbesar kedua belas di dunia secara nominal, dan kesembilan menurut ukuran PPP, terbesar di Amerika Latin.<ref name="IMF, October 2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=44&pr.y=11&sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C546%2C213%2C962%2C911%2C674%2C314%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C836%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C624%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C565%2C924%2C283%2C233%2C853%2C632%2C288%2C636%2C293%2C634%2C566%2C238%2C964%2C662%2C182%2C960%2C359%2C423%2C453%2C935%2C968%2C128%2C922%2C611%2C714%2C321%2C862%2C243%2C135%2C248%2C716%2C469%2C456%2C253%2C722%2C642%2C942%2C643%2C718%2C939%2C724%2C734%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=#cs120|title=International Monetary Fund|website=imf.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Country Comparisons – GDP (purchasing power parity) |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=25 January 2011 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195034/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sebagai ekonomi berpenghasilan menengah-atas menurut Bank Dunia<ref name="wb-upper-middle">{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#Upper_middle_income |title=Country and Lending Groups |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 March 2011 |quote=Uppermiddle Income defined as a per capita income between $3,976 – $12,275 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318125456/http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups |archive-date=18 March 2011}}</ref> dan negara industri baru,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> Brasil memiliki pangsa kekayaan global terbesar di Amerika Selatan dan merupakan salah satu lumbung roti utama dunia dan menjadi penghasil kopi terbesar selama 150 tahun terakhir.<ref name="Neilson102" /> Namun, negara ini mempertahankan jumlah korupsi, kejahatan, dan ketidaksetaraan sosial yang nyata. Brasil adalah anggota pendiri Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, G20, BRICS, Mercosul, Organisasi Negara-negara Amerika, Organisasi Negara-negara Ibero-Amerika, dan Komunitas Negara-Negara Berbahasa Portugis.
== Sejarah ==
| |||