Buku Putih 1939: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''[[Buku Putih]] 1939''', yang juga dikenal sebagai ''Buku Putih MacDonald'' sesuai dengan nama [[Malcolm MacDonald]], [[Menteri Negara Urusan Koloni]] [[Britania Raya]] yang memimpin penulisannya, adalah sebuah dokumen yang berisi kebijakan yang diterbitkan oleh pemerintah [[Britania]] di bawah [[Arthur Neville Chamberlain]] yang memutuskan untuk meninggalkan gagasan tentang pembagian [[Palestina di bawah mandat Britania]], dan sebaliknya membentuk Palestina yang merdeka yang diperintah bersama-sama oleh orang-orang [[Palestina|Arab]] dan [[Yahudi]].
== Pra-Buku Putih 1939 ==
Dokumen-dokumen sebelumnya telah menyatakan bahwa [[Deklarasi Balfour, 1917|Deklarasi Balfour]] bukanlah sebuah pernyataan setuju Britania tentang pembentukan sebuah negara Yahudi yang sesungguhnya di Palestina.
Pada Januari 1938, [[Komisi Woodhead]] dibentuk untuk menjajaki cara-cara untuk menerapkan rekomendasi-rekomendasi yang dibuat oleh [[Komisi Peel]] (1936). Laporan Komisi Woodhead diterbitkan pada [[9 November]] [[1938]]. Gagasan pembagian wilayah didukung, namun negara Yahudi yang diusulkan pada intinya jauh lebih kecil, wilayahnya hanyalah dataran pantai saja.
Pada Februari 1939, [[Konferensi St. James]] (juga dikenal sebagai Konferensi Meja Bundar 1030) diadakan di [[London]]; karena delegasi Arab menolak untuk resmi bertemu dengan delegasi Yahudi atau mengakuinya, usul-usul itu diajukan oleh pemerintah secara terpisah kepada kedua belah pihak, yang tetap tidak bisa menyetujuinya. Konferensi berakhir pada [[17 Maret]] tanpa kemajuan apapun.
== Isi Buku Putih 1939 ==
''Buku Putih 1939'' diterbitkan pada [[17 Mei]] 1939, dan pokok-pokok utamanya adalah:
* '''Bagian I. Konstitusi''': Dinyatakan bahwa karena lebih dari 450.000 orang Yahudi kini telah bermukim di wilayah mandat itu, Deklarasi Balfour tentang "sebuah tanah air nasional untuk bangsa Yahudi" telah terpenuhi dan diserukanlah pembentukan sebuah negara Palestina yang independen dalam waktu 10 tahun, yang diperintah bersama-sama oleh orang Arab dan Yahudi:<blockquote>"Pemerintah Sri Baginda percaya bahwa para penyusun Mandat yang di dalamnya Deklarasi Balfour terkandung tidak mungkin memaksudkan bahwa Palestina harus diubah menjadi sebuah Negara Yahudi berlawanan dengan kehendak penduduk Arab negara itu. [...] Karena itu Pemerintah Sri Baginda kini menyatakan dengan tegas bahwa bukanlah kebijakannya bahwa Palestina harus menjadi sebuah Negara Yahudi. Bahkan Pemerintah akan menganggap hal itu berlawanan dengan kewajibannya terhadap orang-orang Arab di bawah Mandat ini, dan
* '''Bagian II. Imigrasi''': Imigrasi Yahudi ke Palestina di bawah Mandat Britania akan dibatasi hingga 75.000 orang saja untuk lima tahun pertama, dan kelak akan ditetapkan berdasarkan persetujuan Arab:<blockquote>"Pemerintah Sri Baginda tidak menemukan [..] apapun di dalam Mandat ini ataupun di dalam Pernyataan-pernyataan Kebijakan yang sesudahnya yang mendukung pandangan bahwa pembentukan sebuah Tanah Air Nasional Yahudi di Palestina tidak adpat dilakukan kecuali apabila imigrasi diizinkan berlanjut tanpa batas. Bila imigrasi menimbulkan akibat-akibat yang tidak dikehenadki terhadap posisi ekonomi negara ini, imigrasi harus dengan tegas dibatasi; demikian pula bila hal itu menimbulkan akibat yang merugikan secara serius terhadap posisi politik di negara ini, maka itu adalah faktor yang tidak boleh diabaikan. Meskipun tidak sulit orang berdebat bahwa imigran Yahudi dalam jumlah besar yang akan diterima sejauh ini telah diserap secara ekonomi, rasa takut orang-orang Arab bahwa arus masuk ini akan berlanjut tanpa batas hingga populasi Yahudi mendominasi mereka telah menghasilkan akibat-akibat yang sangat parah bagi orang-orang Yahudi maupun Arab, dan bagi perdamaian dan kemakmuran Palestina.
<!--The lamentable disturbances of the past three years are only the latest and most sustained manifestation of this intense Arab apprehension [...] it cannot be denied that fear of indefinite Jewish immigration is widespread amongst the Arab population and that this fear has made possible disturbances which have given a serious setback to economic progress, depleted the Palestine exchequer, rendered life and property insecure, and produced a bitterness between the Arab and Jewish populations which is deplorable between citizens of the same country. If in these circumstances immigration is continued up to the economic absorptive capacity of the country, regardless of all other considerations, a fatal enmity between the two peoples will be perpetuated, and the situation in Palestine may become a permanent source of friction amongst all peoples in the Near and Middle East."</blockquote><blockquote>"Jewish immigration during the next five years will be at a rate which, if economic absorptive capacity permits, will bring the Jewish population up to approximately one third of the total population of the country. Taking into account the expected natural increase of the Arab and Jewish populations, and the number of illegal Jewish immigrants now in the country, this would allow of the admission, as from the beginning of April this year, of some 75,000 immigrants over the next five years. These immigrants would, subject to the criterion of economic absorptive capacity, be admitted as follows: For each of the next five years a quota of 10,000 Jewish immigrants will be allowed on the understanding that a shortage one year may be added to the quotas for subsequent years, within the five year period, if economic absorptive capacity permits. In addition, as a contribution towards the solution of the Jewish refugee problem, 25,000 refugees will be admitted as soon as the [[High Commissioner]] is satisfied that adequate provision for their maintenance is ensured, special consideration being given to refugee children and dependents. The existing machinery for ascertaining economic absorptive capacity will be retained, and the High Commissioner will have the ultimate responsibility for deciding the limits of economic capacity. Before each periodic decision is taken, Jewish and Arab representatives will be consulted. After the period of five years, no further Jewish immigration will be permitted unless the Arabs of Palestine are prepared to acquiesce in it." </blockquote>
*'''Section III. Land''': Previously no restriction had been imposed on the transfer of land from Arabs to Jews, while now the ''White Paper'' stated: <blockquote>"The Reports of several expert Commissions have indicated that, owing to the natural growth of the Arab population and the steady sale in recent years of Arab land to Jews, there is now in certain areas no room for further transfers of Arab land, whilst in some other areas such transfers of land must be restricted if Arab cultivators are to maintain their existing standard of life and a considerable landless Arab population is not soon to be created. In these circumstances, the High Commissioner will be given general powers to prohibit and regulate transfers of land."</blockquote>
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==White Paper of 1939, reactions==
The ''White Paper'' was passed in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] by 268 to 179 in favour.
Many supporting the National Government were opposed to the policy on the grounds that they claimed it contradicted the Balfour Declaration. Many government MPs either voted against the proposals or abstained, including Cabinet Ministers such as the Jewish [[Leslie Hore-Belisha, 1st Baron Hore-Belisha|Leslie Hore-Belisha]], as well as [[Winston Churchill]].
The ''White Paper'' was bitterly opposed by the Jews in Palestine. In terms of the [[status quo]], the ''White Paper'' was a significant defeat for the Jewish side. The ''White Paper'' inevitably brought tensions over immigration, escalating in the years at the end of [[World War II]].
<!--The [[Arab Higher Committee]], which represented the Palestinian Arabs, also rejected the White Paper. They argued that the independence of the new Palestine Government was illusory, as the Jews could prevent its functioning by withholding participation, and in any case real authority would still be in the hands of British officials. The limitations on Jewish immigration were also held to be insufficient, as there was no guarantee immigration would not resume after five years. In place of the policy enunciated in the White Paper, the Arab Higher Committee called for "a complete and final prohibition" of Jewish immigration and a repudiation of the Jewish national home policy altogether.
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== Catatan kaki ==
* {{note|Blum5}} ''[[Jewish Brigade|The Brigade]]'' oleh Howard Blum, hlm. 5
== Referensi ==
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/brwh1939.htm Buku Putih 1939] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421094344/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/brwh1939.htm |date=2016-04-21 }} di [[Universitas Yale]]
* J.C. Hurewitz, ''The Struggle for Palestine'', Schoken Books, 1976
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Konflik Arab-Israel]]
* [[Teks 1922: Mandat Liga Bangsa-bangsa tentang Palestina]]
* [[Buku Putih Churchill, 1922]]
* [[Pemberontakan Besar]]
* [[Usul pembentukan negara Palestina]]
[[Kategori:Arab]]
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[[Kategori:Yahudi di Ottoman dan Palestina di bawah Britania]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Palestina]]
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