Canberra: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 15:
| pop = 410.301
| pop_year = 2017
| pop_footnotes = <ref name="ABSGCCSA">{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2015–16:ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION – Australia's capital city populations, June 2017|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17?OpenDocument|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|accessdate=25 November 2018|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all|archive-date=2018-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125115515/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17?OpenDocument}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</ref>
| poprank = ke-8
| density = 428.6
Baris 21:
| est = 12 Maret 1913
| elevation = 578
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=GFS / BOM data for CANBERRA AIRPORT
| area = 814.2
| area_footnotes = <ref name=area/>
Baris 30:
| dist1 = 248
| dir1 = barat daya
| location1 = [[Sydney]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=87421&placename=sydney&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999|title=Great Circle Distance between CANBERRA and SYDNEY|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=March 2004|access-date=2019-02-02|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107044625/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=87421&placename=sydney&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| dist2 = 654
| dir2 = timur laut
| location2 = [[Melbourne]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=248650&placename=melbourne&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999|title=Great Circle Distance between CANBERRA and MELBOURNE|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=March 2004|access-date=2019-02-02|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107044626/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=248650&placename=melbourne&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| dist3 = 958
| dir3 = timur
| location3 = [[Adelaide]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=163285&placename=ADELAIDE&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999|title=Great Circle Distance between CANBERRA and ADELAIDE|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=March 2004|access-date=2019-02-02|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107044620/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=163285&placename=ADELAIDE&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| dist4 = 945
| dir4 = selatan-barat daya
| location4 = [[Brisbane]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=126867&placename=BRISBANE&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999|title=Great Circle Distance between CANBERRA and BRISBANE|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=March 2004|access-date=2019-02-02|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107044623/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=126867&placename=BRISBANE&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| dist5 = 3087
| dir5 = timur-tenggara
| location5 = [[Perth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999|title=Great Circle Distance between CANBERRA and PERTH|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=March 2004|access-date=2019-02-02|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107044628/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| region =
| county =
Baris 57:
| author = Augmented Electoral Commission for the Australian Capital Territory
| date = July 2018
| quote = The electoral divisions described in this report came into effect from Friday 13 July 2018 ... However, members of the House of Representatives will not represent or contest these electoral divisions until ... a general election.
| access-date = 2019-02-02
| archive-date = 2018-09-16
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180916130414/https://www.aec.gov.au/Electorates/Redistributions/2017/act/final-report/files/act-2018-final-report.pdf
| dead-url = no
}}</ref>▼
| logo =
| url =
Baris 78 ⟶ 83:
== Etimologi ==
Masyarakat umum mengklaim "Canberra" berasal dari kata {{lang|xul|Kambera}} atau {{lang|xul|Canberry}} yang artinya "tempat bertemu" dalam [[bahasa Ngunnawal]], salah satu bahasa pribumi yang dituturkan suku [[Aborigin Australia]] di daerah ini sebelum pemukim Eropa datang, tetapi tidak ada bukti kuat untuk klaim tersebut.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article55185386 |title=Place Names |newspaper=[[The Australian Women's Weekly]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327163310/http://www.trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/55185386|archivedate=27 March 2011|deadurl=no |location=1932–1982 |date=13 May 1964 |accessdate=22 February 2011 |page=61 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Definisi alternatifnya diklaim oleh beberapa sejarawan setempat, termasuk tetua adat Ngunnawal bernama Don Bell. Menurut mereka, {{lang|xul|Canberra}} atau {{lang|xul|Nganbra}} berarti "payudara perempuan" dan merupakan nama yang dipakai suku pribumi untuk menyebut dua pegunungan, [[Black Mountain (Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia)|Black Mountain]] dan [[Mount Ainslie]], yang letaknya hampir berseberangan.<ref name=Frei>{{cite web |last=Frei |first=Patricia |title=Discussion on the Meaning of 'Canberra' |url=http://www.canberrahistoryweb.com/meaningofcanberra.htm |work=Canberra History Web |publisher=Patricia Frei |accessdate=11 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927182307/http://www.canberrahistoryweb.com/meaningofcanberra.htm |archivedate=27 September 2013 }}</ref> Pada tahun 1860-an, pemilik koran [[Queanbeyan]], [[John Gale (jurnalis)|John Gale]], menulis bahwa Canberra merupakan interpretasi {{lang|xul|nganbra}} atau {{lang|xul|nganbira}} yang berarti "celah antara payudara perempuan" dan mengacu kepada daerah aliran sungai [[Sullivans Creek]] yang membelah Mount Ainslie dan Black Mountain.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.crispinhull.com.au/book-on-canberra/chapter-2-european-settlement-and-the-naming-of-canberra |title=Canberra – Australia's National Capital |chapter=European settlement and the naming of Canberra |last=Hull |first=
Dalam buku ''Notes on the Native Flora of New South Wales, Part X, the Federal Capital Territory'' (1919), R. H. Cambage menulis bahwa Joshua John Moore, pemukim pertama di daerah ini, memberi nama Canberry pada tahun 1823 dan menyatakan bahwa "nama aslinya sudah pasti dari bahasa pribumi, tetapi artinya tidak diketahui."'<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Cambage, Richard Hind |author2=Linnean Society of New South Wales |title=Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part X, The Federal Capital Territory |publication-date=1919 |publisher=Linnean Society of New South Wales |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/22545595 |accessdate=14 October 2013 |ref=harv |archive-date=2014-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301001604/http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/22545595 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Peta survei daerah tahun 1837 mencantumkan nama ''Canberry Plain''. Pada tahun 1920, sejumlah pemukim tua di daerah ini mengaku bahwa namanya berasal dari nama buah [[Lissanthe sapida|cranberry Australia]] yang tumbuh lebat di sana dan disebut ''canberry'' oleh warga setempat. Canberra umumnya diucapkan {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|n|b|ə|r|ə}} atau {{IPAc-en|k|æ|n|ˈ|b|ɛr|ə}}, tetapi diucapkan {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|n|b|r|ə}} saat namanya diresmikan tahun 1913.<ref name="Frei" />
== Sejarah ==
Baris 97 ⟶ 102:
=== Pencarian lahan ===
[[Berkas:Parliamenthouse2.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.15|ka|Pembukaan [[Old Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] pada bulan Mei 1927.]]
Perubahan status daerah ini dari desa di [[New South Wales]] menjadi ibu kota negara dilakukan di tengah perdebatan [[Federasi Australia|Federasi]] pada akhir abad ke-19.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1987|p=92}}{{sfn|Gillespie|1991|pp=220-230}} Setelah lama memperdebatkan kepatutan Sydney atau Melbourne sebagai ibu kota negara,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian History|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_t3i0|editor1-last=Davison|editor1-first=Graeme|editor2-last=Hirst|editor2-first=John|editor3-last=Macintyre|editor3-first=Stuart|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=
Sayembara desain internasional dibuka oleh Departemen Dalam Negeri pada tanggal 30 April 1911 sampai 31 Januari 1912. Sayembara ini diboikot oleh [[Royal Institute of British Architects]], [[Institution of Civil Engineers]], dan lembaga-lembaga terkait di seluruh Imperium Britania karena Menteri Dalam Negeri [[King O'Malley]] ingin menentukan pemenangnya sendiri dan tidak melibatkan ahli tata kota.<ref name=tom>Tom Lawrence, "The competition for the plan of Canberra", in supplement "Australia - 100 Years a Nation", ''The Canberra Times'', 1 January 2001</ref> Sebanyak 137 entri sah dikirimkan ke panitia. O'Malley membentuk dewan beranggotakan tiga orang untuk memberi masukan, tetapi mereka gagal mencapai suara bulat. Pada 24 Mei 1911,{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1987|p=100}} O'Malley berpihak dengan suara mayoritas dan rancangan [[Walter Burley Griffin]] dan [[Marion Mahony Griffin]] dari [[Chicago]], [[Amerika Serikat]], dinyatakan sebagai pemenang.{{sfn|Gillespie|1991|p=178}}{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|pp=160-166}} Pemenang kedua adalah [[Eliel Saarinen]] dari Finlandia. Pemenang ketiga adalah [[Alfred Agache (arsitek)|Alfred Agache]] dari Brasil yang tinggal di Paris, Prancis.<ref name=tom/> O'Malley kemudian membentuk dewan beranggotakan enam orang untuk memberi masukan terhadap tindak lanjut rancangan pemenang sayembara. Pada 25 November 1912, dewan memberitahu bahwa mereka tidak menyetujui seluruh rancangan Griffin dan menyarankan rancangan alternatifnya sendiri yang memadukan bagian-bagian terbaik dari tiga pemenang sayembara serta rancangan keempat karya H. Caswell, R.C.G. Coulter, dan W. Scott-Griffiths dari Sydney (hak ciptanya sudah dibeli oleh dewan). Rancangan terpadu ini didukung oleh Parlemen dan disetujui oleh O'Malley pada 10 Januari 1913.<ref name=tom/> Tahun 1913, Griffin diangkat sebagai Direktur Rancangan dan Pembangunan Ibu Kota Federal dan pembangunan pun dimulai.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=63}} Pada 23 Februari, King O'Malley meletakkan batu pertama pembangunan ibu kota negara Canberra.
=== Ibu kota ===
Tahun 1912, pemerintah meminta masukan masyarakat soal nama calon ibu kota. Hampir 750 nama disarankan ke pemerintah. Pada siang tanggal 12 Maret 1913,{{sfn|Gillespie|1991|p=303}}<ref>{{citation|url=http://aso.gov.au/titles/historical/naming-federal-capital/clip3/|archivedate=17 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217062840/http://aso.gov.au/titles/historical/naming-federal-capital/clip3/|deadurl=no|publisher=National Film and Sound Archive|work=Australian Screen|title=Naming the Federal Capital of Australia|year=1913}}</ref> kota ini secara resmi diberi nama "Canberra" oleh [[Gertrude Denman, Baroness Denman|Lady Denman]], istri Gubernur Jenderal [[Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman|Lord Denman]], dalam sebuah upacara di Kurrajong Hill,{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1987|p=103}}{{sfn|Australian Bureau of Statistics|1963}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Px7vFz9HIK0|title=View Naming the Federal Capital of Australia|date=12 March 1913|access-date=2019-02-03|archive-date=2017-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427174750/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Px7vFz9HIK0|dead-url=no}}</ref> kini Capital Hill sekaligus tempat berdirinya [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]].{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1987|p=105}} [[Canberra Day]] adalah hari libur umum di ACT yang jatuh pada Senin kedua bulan Maret untuk merayakan berdirinya kota Canberra.<ref name=canb>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/canberra/ |title=Canberra – Australia's capital city|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts |date=4 February 2010 |accessdate=23 April 2010|archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410090632/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/canberra/}}</ref> Usai upacara, masalah birokrasi menghambat proyek Griffin;{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|pp=70-71}} tahun 1916, Komisi Kerajaan memutuskan bahwa kewenangan Griffin dilimpahkan ke pejabat-pejabat tertentu{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1987|p=101}} dan rancangan aslinya dikembalikan. Hubungan Griffin dengan pemerintah Australia retak. Ketika Griffin dipecat pada tahun 1920, proyek ini berjalan sangat lambat akibat kurangnya anggaran.{{sfn|National Capital Development Commission|1988|p=4}}{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|pp=69-79}} Saat itu, Griffin sudah merevisi rancangannya, memantau pembangunan jalan raya,<ref name=act>{{cite web |url= http://www.nationalcapital.gov.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=136&Itemid=171 |title=History of the NCA |publisher=National Capital Authority |date=11 June 2009 |accessdate=26 February 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212091704/https://www.nationalcapital.gov.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=136&Itemid=171|archivedate=12 February 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> dan mendirikan Glenloch Cork Plantation.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/heritage/heritage_assets/duntroon_wollshed |title=Glenloch Cork Oak Plantation |publisher=Territory and Municipal Services |accessdate=26 February 2010| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080721193100/http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/heritage/heritage_assets/duntroon_wollshed| archivedate = 21 July 2008}}</ref>
Parlemen Persemakmuran pindah ke Canberra tanggal 9 Mei 1927 melalui peresmian [[Old Parliament House, Canberra|Provisional Parliament House]].{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1987|p=130}}<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://moadoph.gov.au/blog/witness-to-history-the-opening-of-the-provisional-parliament-house-in-1927/|title=Witness to history: the opening of the Provisional Parliament House in 1927|publisher=Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House|author=Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513125119/http://moadoph.gov.au/blog/witness-to-history-the-opening-of-the-provisional-parliament-house-in-1927/|date=12 April 2010|archivedate=13 May 2013|ref=harv}}</ref> Beberapa hari sebelumnya, kediaman [[Perdana Menteri Australia|Perdana Menteri]] [[Stanley Bruce]]{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=101}} dipindahkan secara resmi ke [[The Lodge (Australia)|The Lodge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/bruce/spouse.aspx |title=Ethel Bruce – Stanley Melbourne Bruce – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |accessdate=23 April 2010|archivedate=11 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211195353/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/bruce/spouse.aspx|deadurl=no}}</ref> Pengembangan kota melambat ketika [[Depresi Besar di Australia|depresi]] tahun 1930-an dan Perang Dunia II.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|pp=125-128}} Beberapa proyek yang rencananya dibangun waktu itu, termasuk
[[Berkas:Lake-ParlHouse.JPG|ka|upright=1.35|jmpl|Dua tengaran paling terkenal di Canberra, [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] dan [[Old Parliament House, Canberra|Old Parliament House]] (depan). Commonwealth Place membentang di pinggir danau bersama International Flag Display. [[Questacon]] terletak di sebelah kanan.]]
Baris 125 ⟶ 130:
Sebagian wilayah Canberra luluh lantak akibat [[kebakaran semak Canberra 2003|kebakaran semak tanggal 18 Januari 2003]] yang menewaskan empat orang, melukai 435 orang, dan menghanguskan lebih dari 500 rumah dan teleskop-teleskop riset utama milik [[Mount Stromlo Observatory]], Australian National University.<ref name="Doogan">{{cite book|last=Doogan|first=Maria|title=The Canberra Firestorm: Inquests and inquiry into four deaths and four fires between 8 and 18 January 2003|publisher=ACT Coroners Court|location=Canberra|accessdate=7 June 2010|date=December 2006|volume=1|url=http://www.courts.act.gov.au/BushfireInquiry/The_Canberra_Firestorm_Report/The%20Canberra%20Firestorm%20%28VOL%20I%29%20%28chapter%201%29.pdf|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090516030249/http://www.courts.act.gov.au/bushfireinquiry/The_Canberra_Firestorm_Report/The%20Canberra%20Firestorm%20(VOL%20I)%20(chapter%201).pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=16 May 2009}}</ref>
Sepanjang tahun 2013, pemerintah menyelenggarakan berbagai kegiatan dalam rangka ulang tahun ke-100 pemberian nama Canberra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://canberra100.com.au/about |title=About the Centenary of Canberra |publisher=Centenary of Canberra unit – ACT Government |accessdate=8 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218210025/http://www.canberra100.com.au/about/ |archivedate=18 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Pada 11 Maret 2014, hari terakhir dalam perayaan 100 tahun ini, [[Canberra Centenary Column]] diresmikan di [[City Hill]]. Karya lainnya adalah [[The Skywhale]], balon udara yang dirancang oleh pemahat [[Patricia Piccinini]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sculpture as hot-air balloon - a whale of a commission|url=http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/open_government/inform/act_government_media_releases/cmcd/2013/sculpture-as-hot-air-balloon-a-whale-of-a-commission|work=Media release|publisher=ACT Chief Minister and Cabinet Directorate|accessdate=12 May 2013|archive-date=2013-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514074711/http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/open_government/inform/act_government_media_releases/cmcd/2013/sculpture-as-hot-air-balloon-a-whale-of-a-commission|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan ''StellrScope'' karya seniman media visual [[Eleanor Gates-Stuart]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Maher|first1=Louise|title=StellrScope: Swirling art and science|url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2013/08/06/3819290.htm|website=666 ABC Canberra|publisher=ABC|accessdate=3 April 2017|archive-date=2017-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404045047/http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2013/08/06/3819290.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== Geografi ==
Baris 137 ⟶ 142:
Wilayah perkotaan Canberra berdiri di [[Ginninderra|dataran Ginninderra]], [[dataran Molonglo]], dataran Limestone, dan [[Tuggeranong|dataran Tuggeranong]] (dataran Isabella).{{sfn|Gibbney|1988|loc=inside cover}} [[Sungai Molonglo]] yang mengalir ke dataran Molonglo dibendung untuk mengisi [[Lake Burley Griffin]] yang kini menjadi ikon Canberra.{{sfn|Sparke|1988|pp=131-132}} Sungai ini kemudian mengalir ke [[Sungai Murrumbidgee]] di sebelah barat laut Canberra, lalu mengalir ke barat laut menuju kota Yass di New South Wales. [[Sungai Queanbeyan]] bergabung dengan Sungai Molonglo di Oaks Estate, ACT.{{sfn|Gibbney|1988|loc=inside cover}}
Sejumlah sungai kecil, termasuk Jerrabomberra dan Yarralumla Creek, mengalir ke sungai Molonglo dan Murrumbidgee.{{sfn|Gibbney|1988|loc=inside cover}} Dua sungai kecil di antaranya, Ginninderra dan Tuggeranong, dibendung untuk mengisi danau [[Lake Ginninderra|Ginninderra]] dan [[Lake Tuggeranong|Tuggeranong]].{{sfn|Sparke|1988|pp=181-182}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tams.act.gov.au/parks-recreation/water_catchments/urban_water_catchments/lakeginninderra |archive-url=https://archive.
=== Iklim ===
Menurut [[sistem klasifikasi iklim Köppen-Geiger|klasifikasi Köppen-Geiger]], Canberra memiliki [[iklim samudra]] (''Cfb'').<ref>{{cite web|title=Climate: Canberra – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/118/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|accessdate=5 September 2013|archive-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016084028/http://en.climate-data.org/location/118/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada bulan Januari, bulan terpanas, suhu rata-rata tertingginya sekitar {{convert|28|C|F|abbr=on}}; pada bulan Juli, bulan terdingin, suhu rata-ratanya jatuh hingga sekitar {{convert|11|C|F|abbr=on}}. [[Ibun]] cukup lazim saat musim dingin. Salju jarang turun di CBD (distrik bisnis pusat), tetapi daerah-daerah sekitarnya dihujani salju setiap musim dingin dan kadang-kadang pegunungan bersalju bisa dilihat dari CBD—hujan salju besar terakhir di pusat kota terjadi pada tahun 1968.<ref name=bom/> Suhu maksimum tertinggi yang tercatat adalah {{convert|42.2|°C}} pada tanggal 1 Februari 1968<ref name=bom/> atau {{convert|42.8|°C}} di [[Acton, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Acton]] tanggal 11 Januari 1939.<ref>{{Cite journal|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |title=1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2002 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[email protected]/0/b5186097bad6b76cca256b3400819cd1 |archivedate=12 October 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012125015/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs%40.nsf/0/b5186097bad6b76cca256b3400819cd1 |date=25 January 2002 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Tahun 2011 menandai musim dingin terpanas sepanjang sejarah Canberra dengan suhu {{convert|2|C-change|0}} di atas rata-rata.<ref>{{cite news|title=Canberra's warmest winter|work=abc.net.au|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-08-31/warmest-canberra-winter/2864086|date=31 August 2011|accessdate=28 August 2016|archive-date=2016-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911023205/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-08-31/warmest-canberra-winter/2864086|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dampak perubahan iklim di Canberra dibuktikan oleh kenaikan suhu setiap tahun.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://climateactioncanberra.org/ |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2019-02-03 |archive-date=2018-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120181150/https://climateactioncanberra.org/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> [[Berkas:Canberra warming.jpg|jmpl|Perubahan suhu di Canberra]]
Suhu minimum terendah yang tercatat adalah {{convert|−10.0|°C}} pada pagi tanggal 11 Juli 1971.<ref name=bom/> Hujan salju ringan terjadi sekali atau dua kali per tahun dan biasanya tidak meluas dan cepat hilang.<ref name=bom/> Canberra berbatasan dengan [[Brindabella Ranges]] di sebelah barat sehingga menciptakan bayangan hujan di lembah-lembah Canberra.<ref name=bom/> Canberra mengalami 100,4 hari cerah setiap tahun.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_070014_All.shtml | title = Climate statistics for Australian locations: Canberra Airport Comparison | publisher = [[Bureau of Meteorology]] | accessdate = 3 September 2011 | archive-date = 2015-07-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150709190756/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_070014_All.shtml | dead-url = no }}</ref>
Curah hujan tahunan Canberra terendah ketiga di Australia (setelah [[Adelaide]] dan [[Hobart]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/zones.htm#two | title=Australia – Climate of Our Continent|publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] | accessdate=13 May 2010 |archiveurl=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/zones.html#two|archivedate=17 March 2009}}</ref> tetapi tersebar merata sepanjang tahun. Curah hujan tertinggi jatuh pada akhir musim semi.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/cgi_bin_scripts/map_script_new.cgi?70014 | archive-url=https://archive.
{{Weather box|location = Bandar Udara Canberra, ACT (normal 1981-2010, ekstrem 1939-sekarang)
Baris 256 ⟶ 261:
|source 1 =Climate averages for Canberra Airport Comparison (1939–2010)<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
|date=September 2011
|source 2=Special climate statements and climate summaries for more recent extremes<ref>*{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs36b.pdf|title=Special climate statement 36 – Unseasonal cold in southeast Australia|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|date=13 January 2012|accessdate=4 September 2014|archive-date=2022-10-09|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs36b.pdf|dead-url=no}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/
*{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/month/act/archive/
*{{cite web|title=Special Climate Statement 43 – extreme heat in January 2013|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/
*{{cite web
▲</ref>
}}
Baris 276 ⟶ 279:
Tepi lurus segmen melingkar yang membentuk cekungan tengah Lake Burley Griffin sejajar dengan poros darat dan ditetapkan sebagai poros air. Poros air membentang ke barat laut menuju [[Black Mountain (Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia)|Black Mountain]].{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=64}} Sebuah garis yang sejajar dengan poros air di sisi utara kota ditetapkan sebagai poros kota.{{sfn|National Capital Development Commission|1988|p=17}} Poros kota menjadi tempat dibangunnya [[Constitution Avenue, Canberra|Constitution Avenue]] yang menghubungkan [[City Hill, Canberra|City Hill]] di [[City, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Civic Centre]] dan Market Centre sekaligus distrik Defence di Russell Hill. [[Commonwealth Avenue, Canberra|Commonwealth Avenue]] dan [[Kings Avenue, Canberra|Kings Avenue]] merentang dari Capital Hill di selatan ke City Hill dan Market Centre di utara. Keduanya menjadi tepi cekungan tengah sebelah barat dan timur. Daerah yang terkurung oleh tiga jalan ini dikenal dengan sebutan [[Parliamentary Triangle]], sorotan utama dalam rancangan Griffin.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=64}}{{sfn|National Capital Development Commission|1988|p=17}}
Griffin memberi nilai spiritual untuk Mount Ainslie, Black Mountain, dan [[Red Hill, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Red Hill]] dan sempat berencana untuk menanam bunga hingga menutupi seluruh gunung. Setiap gunung akan ditutupi warna primer tunggal yang mencerminkan nilai spiritualnya.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|pp=64-67}} Bagian rencana ini tidak pernah terwujud karena Perang Dunia I memperlambat pembangunan. Sengketa perencanaan kota memaksa Perdana Menteri [[Billy Hughes]] memecat Griffin seusai perang.{{sfn|National Capital Development Commission|1988|p=4}}{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|pp=69-79}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/timeline/results.aspx?type=pm&pm=William%20Morris%20Hughes |title=Timeline Entries for William Morris Hughes |
Wilayah perkotaan di Canberra dibagi ke dalam tingkatan distrik, pusat kota, pusat kelompok, pinggiran lokal serta kawasan industri dan desa lainnya. Ada tujuh distrik permukiman. Masing-masing terbagi ke dalam pinggiran-pinggiran kota yang lebih kecil. Sebagian besar distrik memiliki pusat kota yang menjadi fokus kegiatan komersial dan sosial.{{sfn|Universal Publishers|2007|pp=10-60}} Berikut ini adalah daftar distrik berdasarkan kronologi pemukimannya:
Baris 289 ⟶ 292:
Distrik Canberra Central dibangun mengikuti rancangan Walter Burley Griffin.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=64}}{{sfn|National Capital Development Commission|1988|p=17}}<ref name=map/> Pada tahun 1967, [[National Capital Development Commission]] mengadopsi "Y Plan" yang merencanakan pengembangan kota selanjutnya di Canberra mengitari kawasan perbelanjaan dan perdagangan terpusat bernama 'town centres' yang terhubung oleh jalan bebas hambatan. Bentuknya kurang lebih menyerupai huruf Y.{{sfn|Sparke|1988|pp=154-155}} Tuggeranong terletak di dasar Y, sedangkan Belconnen dan Gungahlin terletak di ujung lengan Y.{{sfn|Sparke|1988|pp=154-155}}
Pembangunan di Canberra sangat diawasi pemerintah,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/opinion/how-to-cut-through-the-acts-planning-thicket/717006.aspx?storypage=0 | title=How to cut through the ACT's planning thicket |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] | date=2 March 2005 | accessdate=13 May 2010|archivedate=13 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113073334/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/opinion/how-to-cut-through-the-acts-planning-thicket/717006.aspx?storypage=0}}</ref><ref name=rest>{{cite web | url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2010/04/09/2868553.htm | title=It's time to review the grand plan for Canberra, says the NCA | last=Trail | first=Jim | date=9 April 2010 | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=13 May 2010 | archive-date=2012-01-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121145343/http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2010/04/09/2868553.htm | dead-url=no }}</ref> baik proses perencanaannya maupun penggunaan aturan sewa kerajaan yang sangat membatasi pemanfaatan persil tanah. Tanah di ACT dimiliki melalui sewa kerajaan selama 99 tahun dari pemerintah federal. Namun demikian, rata-rata sewa saat ini diatur oleh pemerintah Wilayah Ibu Kota.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.actpla.act.gov.au/topics/property_purchases/leases_licenses/grants_of_leases |title=Grants of leases |publisher=[[Australian Capital Territory Planning and Land Authority|ACT Planning & Land Authority]] |accessdate=13 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929065643/http://www.actpla.act.gov.au/topics/property_purchases/leases_licenses/grants_of_leases |archivedate=29 September 2009 }}</ref> Sejumlah pihak sedang mendorong pembebasan aturan pembangunan.<ref name=rest/>
Banyak [[Daftar pinggiran kota di Canberra|pinggiran kota]] yang diberi nama sesuai nama mantan Perdana Menteri, tokoh Australia, pemukim awal, atau kata-kata Aborigin.<ref name=name/> [[Nama jalan]] biasanya mengikuti tema tertentu; misalnya, jalan di [[Duffy, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Duffy]] diberi nama bendungan dan waduk di Australia, jalan di [[Dunlop, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Dunlop]] diberi nama penemuan, penemu, dan seniman Australia, jalan di [[Page, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Page]] diberi nama ahli biologi dan naturalis.<ref name=name>{{cite web|url=http://www.actpla.act.gov.au/tools_resources/maps_land_survey/place_names/place_name_processes|title=Place name processes|publisher=[[Australian Capital Territory Planning and Land Authority|ACT Planning & Land Authority]]|date=11 May 2009|accessdate=10 May 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419123735/http://www.actpla.act.gov.au/tools_resources/maps_land_survey/place_names/place_name_processes|archivedate=19 April 2013}}</ref> Sebagian besar [[misi diplomatik]] terletak di [[Yarralumla, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Yarralumla]], [[Deakin, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Deakin]], dan [[O'Malley, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|O'Malley]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://protocol.dfat.gov.au/Mission/list.rails |title=Foreign Embassies in Australia |publisher=[[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] |accessdate=23 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321131224/http://protocol.dfat.gov.au/Mission/list.rails |archive-date=21 March 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Ada tiga kawasan industri kecil, [[Fyshwick, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Fyshwick]], [[Mitchell, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Mitchell]], dan [[Hume, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Hume]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-September-2000/johnston.html | last=Johnston | first=Dorothy | title=Cyberspace and Canberra Crime Fiction | date=September 2000 | work=Australian Humanities Review | accessdate=13 May 2010 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107064831/http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-September-2000/johnston.html | archivedate=7 January 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Baris 388 ⟶ 391:
[[Berkas:Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly and the statue Ethos.jpg|jmpl|Majelis Legislatif ACT dan patung ''Ethos'' (Tom Bass, 1961)]]
Di luar Canberra, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia tidak memiliki permukiman yang ukurannya lebih besar daripada desa. [[Majelis Legislatif Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia]] berfungsi sebagai [[dewan kota]] dan pemerintah wilayah.<ref name=govt>{{cite web | url=http://www.legassembly.act.gov.au/education/role-of-the-assembly.asp | publisher=[[Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly for the ACT]] | year=2010 | title=Role of the Assembly | accessdate=13 May 2010 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527141718/http://www.legassembly.act.gov.au/education/role-of-the-assembly.asp | archivedate=27 May 2010 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Majelis ini beranggotakan 25 orang yang dipilih dari lima distrik secara proporsional. Kelima distrik ini adalah [[daerah pemilihan Brindabella|Brindabella]], [[daerah pemilihan Ginninderra|Ginninderra]], [[daerah pemilihan Kurrajong|Kurrajong]], [[daerah pemilihan Murrumbidgee|Murrumbidgee]], dan [[daerah pemilihan Yerrabi|Yerrabi]], masing-masing diwakili lima anggota.<ref name="elecpage">{{cite web|title=Electorates 2016 election|url=http://www.elections.act.gov.au/electoral_boundaries/electorates/electorates_2016_election|publisher=Elections ACT|accessdate=9 December 2016|archive-date=2016-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103212449/http://www.elections.act.gov.au/electoral_boundaries/electorates/electorates_2016_election|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Ketua Menteri dipilih oleh Anggota Majelis Legislatif (''Member of the Legislative Assembly''/MLA) dan memilih kolega untuk mendampinginya sebagai menteri eksekutif. Jajaran eksekutif ini disebut "kabinet" secara tidak resmi.<ref name=govt/> ACT diwakili oleh Partai Buruh di tingkat federal,<ref name=ABCelections2007/><ref name=fras/> sedangkan Partai Liberal sempat menguasai Majelis Legislatif ACT dan berkuasa selama 8 tahun, 6,5 tahun di antaranya berturut-turut sejak 1995 sampai 2001 ketika Partai Buruh menang.<ref name=state_el/> Dalam pemilu 200, [[Partai Buruh Australia]] pimpinan Ketua Menteri [[Jon Stanhope]] memenangi 9 dari 17 kursi dan membentuk pemerintahan mayoritas pertama di ACT,<ref name=state_el/> tetapi setelah pemilu 2008, Partai Buruh terpaksa membentuk pemerintahan minoritas lewat koalisi dengan [[Partai Hijau Australia|Partai Hijau]].<ref name=state_el/><ref name=anniv>{{cite web |title=Turbulent 20yrs of self-government |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/11/2566162.htm |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |accessdate=31 January 2010 |date=11 May 2009 |archive-date=2012-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110165810/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-05-11/turbulent-20yrs-of-self-government/1679008 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Sejak pemilu 2012, ACT dipimpin oleh koalisi Partai Buruh dan Hijau.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/act-election-2016/guide/preview/|title=2016 ACT Election Preview|author=Antony Green|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
Karena hampir semua penduduk ACT tinggal di Canberra, tren politik kedua daerah ini selalu sama. ACT pertama kali diwakili di parlemen federal pada tahun 1949 dengan jumlah satu kursi di DPR, [[Divisi Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia]].{{sfn|Sparke|1988|p=289}}<ref name= 1948act/> Anggota ACT hanya bisa menggunakan hak pilih dalam persoalan yang berdampak langsung terhadap wilayahnya.<ref name=1948act>{{cite web|title=ACT Representation (House of Representatives) Act 1974 (Cth) |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-sdid-116.html |accessdate=29 January 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216225427/https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-sdid-116.html |archivedate=16 December 2017}}</ref> Tahun 1974, ACT mendapat dua kursi Senat, dan kursinya di DPR dipecah menjadi dua.{{sfn|Sparke|1988|p=289}} Kursi ketiga dibentuk tahun 1996, tetapi dihapus tahun 1998 karena perubahan persebaran demografi daerah.<ref name=ABCelections2007/>
[[Berkas:Government House in Canberra, ACT.jpg|jmpl|[[Government House, Canberra|Government House]], kediaman resmi [[Gubernur Jenderal Australia]].]]
Dua kursi DPR hampir selalu dipegang oleh Partai Buruh, biasanya dengan selisih suara tinggi.<ref name=ABCelections2007>{{cite web |title=Canberra |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2007/guide/canb.htm |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=29 December 2007 |accessdate=31 January 2010 |archive-date=2012-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105103354/http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2007/guide/canb.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=fras>{{cite web |title=Fraser |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2007/guide/fras.htm |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=
Pemerintah federal Australia masih memiliki pengaruh di pemerintahan ACT. Dalam lingkup administratif, pemerintah federal menjalankan kekuasaannya melalui [[National Capital Authority]] yang bertugas merancang dan mengembangkan wilayah-wilayah Canberra yang dianggap penting atau bagian dari rancangan Griffin,<ref name=nca/> misalnya Parliamentary Triangle, Lake Burley Griffin, jalan raya utama, tanah atau bukit kosong yang dimiliki Persemakmuran, dan barisan pegunungan (bagian dari Canberra Nature Park).<ref name=nca>{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalcapital.gov.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=315&Itemid=284 | title=Administration of National Land | publisher=[[National Capital Authority]] | date=18 December 2008 | accessdate=13 May 2010 | archive-date=2011-02-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218171546/http://www.nationalcapital.gov.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=315&Itemid=284 | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalcapital.gov.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=312&Itemid=281 | title=Capital Works Overview | date=
[[Australian Federal Police]] (AFP) menyediakan layanan kepolisian di wilayah ibu kota atas persetujuan Pemerintah ACT.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afp.gov.au/recruitment/faqs/frequently_asked_questions_sworn.html#general |title=Frequently Asked Questions |date=19 November 2009 |publisher=[[Australian Federal Police]] |accessdate=21 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103094447/http://www.afp.gov.au/recruitment/faqs/frequently_asked_questions_sworn.html |archivedate=3 January 2010}}</ref> AFP menjalankan aktivitasnya melalui divisi polisi masyarakat bernama ACT Policing ([[Australian Capital Territory Police]]).<ref name=afpact>{{cite web|url=http://www.afp.gov.au/act.html |title=ACT Policing |publisher=[[Australian Federal Police]] |date=16 March 2010 |accessdate=23 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127071930/http://www.afp.gov.au/act.html |archivedate=27 January 2010}}</ref>
Para tersangka disidang di [[Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory|ACT Magistrates Court]] (pelanggaran biasa) atau [[Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory|ACT Supreme Court]] (pelanggaran berat).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courts.act.gov.au/supreme/page/view/288 |title=History of the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court |publisher=The Supreme Court of the ACT |accessdate=7 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516215953/http://www.courts.act.gov.au/supreme/page/view/288 |archivedate=16 May 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Sebelum ditutup tahun 2009, tersangka ditahan [[tahanan sementara|sementara]] di [[Belconnen Remand Centre]] di ACT, tetapi biasanya dipenjara di New South Wales.<ref>{{cite web | last=Laverty | first=Jo | url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2009/05/07/2563620.htm | title=The Belconnen Remand Centre | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=21 May 2009 | accessdate=23 April 2010 | archive-date=2013-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429135239/http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2009/05/07/2563620.htm | dead-url=no }}</ref> [[Alexander Maconochie Centre]] resmi dibuka tanggal 11 September 2008 oleh Ketua Menteri [[Jon Stanhope]]. Total biaya pembangunannya sebesar $130 juta.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kittel |first=Nicholas |url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/videos/2008/11/26/2430325.htm |archivedate=1 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501045814/http://www.abc.net.au/local/videos/2008/11/26/2430325.htm|title=ACT prison built to meet human rights obligations |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=26 November 2008 |accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref> Small Claims Tribunal dan [[Family Court of Australia]] menangani gugatan sipil dan persoalan hukum non-pidana lainnya.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.familycourt.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/FCOA/home/court_lists/Canberra/ | publisher=[[Family Court of Australia]] | title=Canberra Court List | accessdate=13 May 2010 | archive-date=2010-05-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503082812/http://www.familycourt.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/FCOA/home/court_lists/Canberra/ | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.courts.act.gov.au/magistrates/TelephoneList1.htm | title=Court Listing | publisher=ACT Law Courts and Tribunals | accessdate=13 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502091554/http://familycourt.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/FCOA/home/court_lists/Canberra/|archivedate=2 May 2013}}</ref>
== Ekonomi ==
[[Berkas:Australian Treasury.JPG|jmpl|ka|Banyak warga Canberra yang bekerja di departemen pemerintahan seperti Departemen Keuangan.]]
Pada Mei 2012, tingkat pengangguran di Canberra sebesar 3,4%, lebih rendah daripada tingkat pengangguran nasional sebesar 5,1%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/1367.0~2012~Main%20Features~Unemployment%20Rate~9.4|title=1367.0 State and Territory Statistical Indicators – Unemplyment rate: ABS
Harga rumah rata-rata di Canberra per September 2009 adalah $511.820, lebih murah daripada Sydney di antara ibu kota berpenduduk lebih dari 100.000 jiwa dan lebih mahal daripada Melbourne dan Perth sejak 2005.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/10/29/2727042.htm | title=House prices surge as rate hike looms | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=13 May 2010 | last=Janda | first=Michael | date=29 October 2009 | archive-date=2010-08-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804011602/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/10/29/2727042.htm | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|publisher=Real Estate Institute of Australia |url=http://www.reiaustralia.com.au/media/releases.asp |title= It's official: the property market has cooled |date=9 September 2010 |accessdate=7 June 2010| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080719140035/http://reiaustralia.com.au/media/releases.asp| archivedate = 19 July 2008}}</ref> Sewa mingguan rata-rata di Canberra lebih mahal daripada negara bagian dan wilayah lainnya.<ref>{{cite web | publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] | year=2004 | title=Census of Population and Housing Australia in Profile A Regional Analysis | url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/ca79f63026ec2e9cca256886001514d7/18a06e9e1296fb71ca2568a900143a6b!OpenDocument | accessdate=13 May 2010 | archive-date=2011-04-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402220641/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/ca79f63026ec2e9cca256886001514d7/18a06e9e1296fb71ca2568a900143a6b!OpenDocument | dead-url=no }}</ref> Pada Januari 2014, sewa apartemen rata-rata di Canberra sebesar $410/minggu dan sewa rumah rata-rata sebesar $460/minggu, termahal ketiga di Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/act-still-expensive-place-to-live-despite-fall-in-rent-prices-20140115-30vk8.html|date=16 January 2014 |archivedate=8 March 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308020955/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/act-still-expensive-place-to-live-despite-fall-in-rent-prices-20140115-30vk8.html|publisher=Fairfax Media |newspaper=The Canberra Times|first=Meredith|last=Clisby | title=ACT still expensive place to live despite fall in rent prices}}</ref> Faktor pemicunya adalah tingginya pendapatan mingguan rata-rata, keterbatasan lahan,<ref>Semua tanah di ACT milik pemerintah.</ref> dan aturan inflasi yang tertuang dalam ACT Residential Tenancies Act.<ref>s68 allows for an annual increase linked to a Rental Housing CPI index, which is usually significantly higher than CPI. For 2008 this deems an increase up to 10.12% as not excessive on the face of it.</ref>
Industri utama di kota ini adalah pentadbiran dan keselamatan umum yang menyumbang 29,8% Produk Wilayah Bruto tahun 2011–12 dan mempekerjakan 33,9% angkatan kerja Canberra.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gross State Product 2011–12|publisher=ACT Government Chief Minister and Treasury Directorate, Economics Branch|date=21 November 2012|url=http://www.treasury.act.gov.au/snapshot/GSP.pdf|archivedate=30 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730233343/http://www.treasury.act.gov.au/snapshot/GSP.pdf|accessdate=17 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Industry of employment by place of work |publisher=ACT Government Chief Minister and Treasury Directorate |url=http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/policystrategic/actstats/profiles/act/placeofwork |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=17 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917060755/http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/policystrategic/actstats/profiles/act/placeofwork |archivedate=17 September 2013 }}</ref> Kantor pusat berbagai lembaga [[Australian Public Service]] terletak di Canberra. Canberra juga menjadi tempat berdirinya beberapa divisi [[Australian Defence Force]], termasuk markas Australian Defence Force dan {{HMAS|Harman}}, pusat komunikasi AL yang diubah menjadi pusat multipengguna.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.navy.gov.au/establishments/hmas-harman | publisher=[[Royal Australian Navy]] | title=HMAS Harman | accessdate=3 April 2013 | year=2008 | archive-date=2016-05-15 | archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515124414/http://www.navy.gov.au/establishments/hmas-harman | dead-url=no }}</ref>
Bekas [[Fairbairn Airbase|RAAF Fairbairn]], dekat [[Bandar Udara Canberra]], dijual kepada operator bandara,<ref name=fb>{{cite web |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/units/place_1686.asp |title=Fairbairn: Australian War Memorial |publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]] |
== Lingkungan ==
[[Berkas:Floriade Canberra ACT.JPG|jmpl|[[Floriade (Canberra)|Floriade]] diadakan di [[Commonwealth Park]] setiap musim semi. Ini adalah festival bunga terbesar di belahan Bumi selatan yang menerapkan dan mendorong praktik ramah lingkungan, termasuk [[energi hijau]].<ref name="floriadeaustralia" />]]
Rata-rata warga Canberra menghasilkan 13,7 ton gas rumah kaca pada tahun 2005.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.actpla.act.gov.au/topics/significant_projects/planning_studies/sustainable_future/sustainability_issues_in_canberra__background|title=Sustainability issues in Canberra – background|date=13 June 2012|publisher=ACT Government|archivedate=26 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426120230/http://www.actpla.act.gov.au/topics/significant_projects/planning_studies/sustainable_future/sustainability_issues_in_canberra__background|ref=harv}}</ref> Tahun 2012, Pemerintah ACT berencana mengurangi emisi [[gas rumah kaca]] hingga 40 persen pada 2020, 80 persen pada 2050, dan 100 persen pada 2060.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.actconference.com.au/?q=News&id=4567f709-a37e-c5be-fec6-521e9b7ab45a|title=Minister showcases Canberra's sustainability success|date=28 August 2013|first=Simon|last=Corbell|author-link=Simon Corbell}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.actconference.com.au/?q=News&id=4567f709-a37e-c5be-fec6-521e9b7ab45a |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2019-02-03 |archive-date=2013-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022224248/http://www.actconference.com.au/?q=News&id=4567f709-a37e-c5be-fec6-521e9b7ab45a |dead-url=unfit }}</ref> Tahun 2013, pemerintah menargetkan 90% konsumsi listrik di ACT dipasok oleh sumber energi terbarukan pada 2020.<ref name=renewable/> Tahun 2016, pemerintah menaikkan targetnya menjadi 100% pada 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/act-commits-to-100-per-cent-renewable-energy-target-by-2020-simon-corbell-20160428-goh1l9.html|newspaper=The Canberra Times|publisher=Fairfax Media|date=29 April 2016|first=Kirsten|last=Lawson|title=ACT commits to 100 per cent renewable energy target by 2020: Simon Corbell|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528225654/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/act-commits-to-100-per-cent-renewable-energy-target-by-2020-simon-corbell-20160428-goh1l9.html|archivedate=28 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-29/act-to-be-powered-by-100-per-cent-renewable-energy-by-2020/7369004|title=ACT to be powered by 100pc renewable energy by 2020|date=29 April 2016|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609180143/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-29/act-to-be-powered-by-100-per-cent-renewable-energy-by-2020/7369004|archivedate=9 June 2016}}</ref>
Tahun 1996, Canberra menjadi kota pertama di dunia yang menetapkan visi [[nol limbah|bebas limbah]] dengan target tahun 2010.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.uam.es/personal_pdi/ciencias/jaimefa/jaimecuevas/zerow.pdf|title=Zero waste|date=September 2001|publisher=Residua|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118131737/http://www.uam.es/personal_pdi/ciencias/jaimefa/jaimecuevas/zerow.pdf|archivedate=18 November 2011|ref=harv}}</ref> Strategi ini bertujuan mewujudkan masyarakat bebas limbah pada tahun 2010 melalui kerja sama industri, pemerintah, dan masyarakat.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://fennerschool-people.anu.edu.au/richard_baker/SRES3028/example_work/Sandra%20Lauer/learningportfolio/pdfs/SRES6528_waste_policy_brief.pdf|title=Reducing commercial waste going to landfill in Canberra by improving the waste management practices of micro businesses|publisher=ACT Government|date=23 May 2007|first=Sandra |last=Lauer|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519094021/http://fennerschool-people.anu.edu.au/richard_baker/SRES3028/example_work/Sandra%20Lauer/learningportfolio/pdfs/SRES6528_waste_policy_brief.pdf|archivedate=19 May 2013|ref=harv}}</ref> Pada awal 2010, meskipun pemerintah berhasil mengurangi limbah TPA, target bebas limbah TPA pertama terpaksa ditunda atau direvisi sesuai kondisi di lapangan.<ref>{{Cite journal|publisher=CityNews Canberra|date=2 March 2011|title=Canberra's waste dilemma|url=http://citynews.com.au/2011/canberras-waste-dilemma/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505115656/http://citynews.com.au/2011/canberras-waste-dilemma/|archivedate=5 May 2013|ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-02-26/no-waste/345222|title=No waste|first=Craig|last=Allen|date=1 March 2010|publisher=ABC News|ref=harv|access-date=2019-02-03|archive-date=2015-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127161255/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-02-26/no-waste/345222|dead-url=no}}</ref>
[[Kantong plastik]] berbahan polimer [[polietilena]] yang tebalnya kurang dari 35 [[µm]] dilarang beredar di seluruh ACT sejak November 2011.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.canberraconnect.act.gov.au/app/answers/detail/a_id/1316|title=Plastic Bag Ban|date=1 November 2011|publisher=ACT Government|ref=harv|journal=|access-date=2019-02-03|archive-date=2013-10-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131015080323/https://www.canberraconnect.act.gov.au/app/answers/detail/a_id/1316|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=PlasticBags>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-11-01/act-bag-ban-begins/3611860|title=ACT bag ban begins|first=Kathleen|last=Dyett|date=1 November 2011|publisher=ABC News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112235537/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-11-01/act-bag-ban-begins/3611860|archivedate=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=ABC News|title=Bin bag sales booming|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-01-09/act-bin-bag-sales/3764100?section=act|date=9 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112175608/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-01-09/act-bin-bag-sales/3764100?section=act|archivedate=12 January 2012}}</ref> Pemerintah ACT menetapkan larangan ini agar Canberra lebih berkelanjutan.<ref name=PlasticBags/>
Dari semua limbah yang dihasilkan di ACT, 75 persen di antaranya [[daur ulang|didaur ulang]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/canberra/2010/01/no-waste-2010-some-waste-2010.html|title=No waste 2010=some waste 2010|first=Lucy|last=Nash|date=18 January 2010|publisher=666 ABC Canberra|ref=harv|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111204345/http://blogs.abc.net.au/canberra/2010/01/no-waste-2010-some-waste-2010.html|archivedate=11 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Limbah makanan]] rumah rata-rata di ACT masih di atas rata-rata nasional dan memakan biaya rata-rata $641 per rumah per tahun.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saving money can help save others|first=Penny |last=Pryor|date=30 October 2011|newspaper=The Canberra Times|publisher=Fairfax Media|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/money/saving/saving-money-can-help-save-others-20111029-1mp5c.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604215124/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/money/saving/saving-money-can-help-save-others-20111029-1mp5c.html|archivedate=4 June 2012}}</ref>
Baris 435 ⟶ 437:
|accessdate=29 October 2017|quick=on}}</ref> dan 322.036 jiwa pada {{CensusAU|2006}}.<ref name="2006census">{{Census 2006 AUS|id=UCL800200|name=Canberra - Queanbeyan (Canberra Part)|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref> Sensus 2016 menunjukkan bahwa penduduk Aborigin dan Kepulauan Selat Torres berjumlah 1,6% dari total penduduk Canberra, sedangkan 32,1% penduduk Canberra lahir di luar negeri. Kelompok penduduk terbesar yang lahir di luar negeri berasal dari Britania Raya (3,2%) dan Tiongkok (2,9%). Banyak imigran yang datang dari Jerman, Prancis, Belgia, Belanda, Turki, Yunani, Italia, Vietnam, India, Selandia Baru, dan Filipina. Sebagian besar warga setempat hanya menuturkan [[bahasa Inggris Australia|bahasa Inggris]] di rumah (72,7%); bahasa-bahasa lain yang dituturkan di rumah adalah bahasa Mandarin, Vietnam, Kanton, Hindi, dan Spanyol.<ref name = "Census2016" />
Penduduk Canberra relatif muda, [[mobilitas penduduk|mobilitasnya]] tinggi, dan berpendidikan tinggi. Usia rata-ratanya 35 tahun. Hanya 12,7% penduduknya yang berusia di atas 65 tahun .<ref name = "Census2016" /> Antara 1996 dan 2001, 61,9% penduduknya pindah ke atau dari Canberra, tertinggi kedua di antara semua ibu kota negara bagian Australia.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |date=5 June 2003 |accessdate=7 June 2010 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[email protected]/0/812343b3e6694d5dca256d3c0001f4c9?OpenDocument |title=Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2002 |archive-date=2010-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609122038/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[email protected]/0/812343b3e6694d5dca256d3c0001f4c9?OpenDocument |dead-url=no }}</ref> Menurut statistik [[National Australia Bank]] di ''The Canberra Times'', rata-rata warga Canberra lebih banyak menyumbang daripada warga negara bagian lainnya, baik dari segi jumlah sumbangan maupun porsi pendapatannya.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sweet charity: territory leads in giving|date=4 November 2013|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/sweet-charity-territory-leads-in-giving-20131103-2wv1f.html|newspaper=The Canberra Times|publisher=Fairfax Media|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104074239/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/sweet-charity-territory-leads-in-giving-20131103-2wv1f.html|archivedate=4 November 2013}}</ref>
Per Mei 2017, 43% penduduk ACT (25–64) memiliki pendidikan terakhir S1, lebih banyak daripada rata-rata nasional sebesar 31%.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=6 November 2017|accessdate=8 December 2017|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/6227.0May%202017?OpenDocument|title=6227.0 – Education and Work, Australia, May 2017|archive-date=2017-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208231421/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/6227.0May%202017?OpenDocument|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dalam sensus 2016, sekitar 50,0% penduduk ACT mengaku memeluk agama Kristen (tidak termasuk jawaban kosong) dan denominasi terbanyak adalah Katolik dan [[Anglikan]]; 36,2% mengaku tidak beragama.<ref name = "Census2016" />
{{As of|2016}}, kejahatan yang paling banyak dilakukan di ACT berkaitan dengan properti, yaitu masuk properti orang tanpa izin dengan sengaja dan [[pencurian kendaraan bermotor]]. Korbannya masing-masing berjumlah 2.304 dan 966 orang (580 dan 243 per 100.000 penduduk). [[Pembunuhan manusia]] dan pelanggaran hukum terkait—pembunuhan, upaya pembunuhan, dan pembunuhan tidak disengaja, kecuali kecelakaan lalu lintas fatal dan persekongkolan pembunuhan—dialami oleh 1,0 orang per 100.000 penduduk, lebih sedikit daripada rata-rata nasional (1,9 orang per 100.000 penduduk). Jumlah [[serangan seksual]] (64,4 orang per 100.000 penduduk) juga di bawah rata-rata nasional (98,5 orang per 100.000 penduduk).<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |date=6 July 2017 |accessdate=7 December 2017 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4510.0Main+Features12016?OpenDocument |title=4510.0 – Recorded Crime – Victims, Australia, 2016 |archive-date=2017-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208231412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4510.0Main+Features12016?OpenDocument |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Census 2016 AUS|id=8|name=Australian Capital Territory|accessdate=7 December 2017|quick=on}}</ref><ref>{{Census 2016 AUS|id=0|name=Australia|accessdate=7 December 2017|quick=on}}</ref>
== Pendidikan ==
Baris 447 ⟶ 448:
Dua lembaga pendidikan tinggi utama di Canberra adalah [[Universitas Nasional Australia]] (ANU) di [[Acton, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Acton]] dan [[Universitas Canberra]] (UC) di [[Bruce, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Bruce]], masing-masing mendidik lebih dari 10.500 dan 8.000 mahasiswa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goingtouni.gov.au/Main/CoursesAndProviders/ProvidersAndCourses/HigherEducationProviders/ACT/UniversityOfCanberra.htm |archivedate=11 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211185734/http://www.goingtouni.gov.au/Main/CoursesAndProviders/ProvidersAndCourses/HigherEducationProviders/ACT/UniversityOfCanberra.htm|title= University of Canberra |publisher=[[Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations]] |accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref><ref name=anu>{{cite web|url=http://www.goingtouni.gov.au/Main/CoursesAndProviders/ProvidersAndCourses/HigherEducationProviders/ACT/AustralianNationalUniversity.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927061511/http://www.goingtouni.gov.au/Main/CoursesAndProviders/ProvidersAndCourses/HigherEducationProviders/ACT/AustralianNationalUniversity.htm|archivedate=27 September 2011|title= Australian National University |publisher=[[Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations]] |accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref> ANU didirikan tahun 1946{{sfn|Gibbney|1988|pp=258-262}} dan memiliki fokus riset yang kuat. ANU merupakan salah satu universitas terbaik di dunia sekaligus universitas terbaik di Australia menurut ''[[The Times Higher Education Supplement]]'' dan Shanghai Jiao Tong World University Rankings.<ref name=anu/><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University |year=2004 |url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2004/top500(1-100).pdf |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2004 |accessdate=13 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127000011/http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2004/top500%281-100%29.pdf |archivedate=27 November 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Terdapat dua kampus universitas keagamaan di Canberra: Signadou di kota pinggiran utara [[Watson, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Watson]] adalah kampus [[Universitas Katolik Australia]];<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.acu.edu.au/about_acu/our_campuses/canberra_campus/ | title=Canberra Campus | publisher=[[Australian Catholic University]] | date=5 May 2010 | accessdate=13 May 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127000949/http://www.acu.edu.au/about_acu/our_campuses/canberra_campus/|archivedate=27 January 2010}}</ref> St Mark's Theological College di [[Barton, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Barton]] adalah bagian dari [[Universitas Charles Sturt]] yang lebih sekuler.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csu.edu.au/about/canberra.html |title=Canberra School of Theology |publisher=[[Charles Sturt University]] |accessdate=23 April 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430144112/http://www.csu.edu.au/about/canberra.html |archivedate=30 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
[[Australian Defence Force Academy]] (ADFA) dan [[Royal Military College, Duntroon]] terletak di kota pinggiran [[Campbell, Australian Capital Territory|Campbell]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/ |archivedate=8 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808042753/http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/|title=Australian Defence College |publisher=[[Australian Defence College]] |accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://northcanberra.org.au/suburbs/campbell/ |title=Campbell |publisher=North Canberra Community Council |accessdate=23 April 2010|archivedate=23 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423191956/http://northcanberra.org.au/suburbs/campbell/}}</ref> ADFA mendidik sarjana dan [[pendidikan kuarter|pascasarjana]] militer dan merupakan tempat berdirinya UNSW@ADFA, kampus [[Universitas New South Wales]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/adfa/about/program.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827204738/http://www.defence.gov.au/adfa/about/program.html|archivedate=27 August 2013|title=The Program |publisher=[[Australian Defence Force Academy]] |accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unsw.adfa.edu.au/about/index.html |title=Introduction |publisher=[[Australian Defence Force Academy]] |date=2 April 2009 |accessdate=23 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112021023/http://www.unsw.adfa.edu.au/about/index.html|archivedate=12 November 2009}}</ref> Duntroon memberikan pelatihan perwira [[Angkatan Darat Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencejobs.gov.au/army/Training/officer.aspx |title=Officer Training |publisher=Defence Jobs |accessdate=23 April 2010 |archive-date=2010-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408023351/http://www.defencejobs.gov.au/army/Training/officer.aspx |dead-url=no }}</ref> Pendidikan vokasi tersier juga disediakan oleh [[Institut Teknologi Canberra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cit.act.edu.au/about/organisation/maps/ |title=Campus Maps |archivedate=23 August 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823044821/http://www.cit.act.edu.au/about/organisation/maps/|publisher=[[Canberra Institute of Technology]] |date=25 February 2010 |accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref>
Pada tahun 2016, 132 [[Daftar sekolah di Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|sekolah]] beroperasi di Canberra; 87 di antaranya sekolah negeri dan 45 sisanya sekolah swasta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4221.0Main+Features12016?OpenDocument|title=4221.0 - Schools, Australia, 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=2 February 2017|accessdate=4 March 2017|archive-date=2017-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305035816/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4221.0Main+Features12016?OpenDocument|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada tahun 2006, Pemerintah ACT mengumumkan penutupan 39 sekolah terhitung berakhirnya tahun ajaran 2006. Pemerintah meluncurkan kebijakan ''Towards 2020: Renewing Our Schools'' setelah melakukan serangkaian konsultasi.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://activated.act.edu.au/2020/ |archivedate=2 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302062759/http://activated.act.edu.au/2020/| title=Towards 2020: Renewing Our Schools – Message from the Minister | publisher=ACT Department of Education and Training | last=Barr|first=Andrew | year=2007 | accessdate=13 May 2005 | authorlink=Andrew Barr }}</ref> Akibatnya, beberapa sekolah tutup pada tahun 2006–08, sedangkan sisanya digabung; pembentukan SD dan SMP negeri terpadu akan berlangsung sampai sepuluh tahun berikutnya. Kebijakan baru ini mengundang penolakan keras dari masyarakat.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/10/29/2727379.htm | date=29 October 2009 | accessdate=10 May 2010 | title=Closing date for primary school | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | archive-date=2010-12-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203155006/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/10/29/2727379.htm | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tharwa, Hall schools should be reopened: committee |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/17/2688701.htm |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |accessdate=13 May 2010 |
== Kesenian dan hiburan ==
Baris 456 ⟶ 457:
[[Berkas:War memorial 01.jpg|ka|jmpl|[[Australian War Memorial]]]]
Di Canberra terdapat banyak tugu dan lembaga nasional seperti [[Australian War Memorial]], [[National Gallery of Australia]], [[National Portrait Gallery (Australia)|National Portrait Gallery]], [[National Library of Australia|National Library]],<ref name=map/> [[National Archives of Australia|National Archives]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naa.gov.au/info/opening-hours/index.aspx |title=Locations and opening hours |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |accessdate=23 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006072421/http://naa.gov.au/about-us/organisation/locations/index.aspx|archivedate=6 October 2012}}</ref> [[Australian Academy of Science]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.science.org.au/dome/ |title=The Shine Dome |publisher=[[Australian Academy of Science]] |accessdate=23 April 2010 |archive-date=2010-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405222130/http://www.science.org.au/dome/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> [[National Film and Sound Archive]], dan [[National Museum of Australia|National Museum]].<ref name=map/> Banyyak gedung pemerintah Persemakmuran di Canberra terbuka untuk umum, termasuk [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]], [[High Court of Australia|High Court]], dan [[Royal Australian Mint]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highcourt.gov.au/about_05.html |title=Visiting the High Court |publisher=[[High Court of Australia]] |accessdate=23 April 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017212110/http://www.highcourt.gov.au/about_05.html |archivedate=17 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/visitors/index.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217052026/http://aph.gov.au/visitors/index.htm|archivedate=17 February 2012|title=Visitors |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramint.gov.au/visit/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518155139/http://www.ramint.gov.au/visit/|archivedate=18 May 2013|title=Opening hours |publisher=[[Royal Australian Mint]] |accessdate=17 September 2013}}</ref>
Lake Burley Griffin adalah tempat berdirinya [[Captain James Cook Memorial]] dan [[National Carillon]].<ref name=map>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalcapital.gov.au/enjoythelake/map.asp |title=Lake Burley Griffin Interactive Map |accessdate=1 June 2009 |publisher=[[National Capital Authority]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522024956/http://www.nationalcapital.gov.au/enjoythelake/map.asp |archivedate=22 May 2009 }}</ref> Tempat menarik lainnya adalah [[Telstra Tower]], [[Australian National Botanic Gardens]], [[National Zoo and Aquarium]], [[National Dinosaur Museum]], dan [[National Science and Technology Centre, Canberra|Questacon – the National Science and Technology Centre]].<ref name=map/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcanberra.com.au/Things%20to%20do%20and%20see/Outdoor%20and%20nature.aspx?currPage=2&category=&l |title=Outdoor and Nature |publisher=Visit Canberra |accessdate=23 April 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231124810/http://www.visitcanberra.com.au/Things%20to%20do%20and%20see/Outdoor%20and%20nature.aspx?currPage=2&category=&l |archivedate=31 December 2010 }}</ref>
Baris 462 ⟶ 463:
[[Berkas:NLA Canberra-01JAC.JPG|jmpl|ka|[[National Library of Australia]] menyimpan salinan semua buku yang terbit di Australia.<ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|ca1968133|Copyright Act 1968|201}}</ref>]]
[[Canberra Museum and Gallery]] di [[City, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|City]] menyimpan benda sejarah dan kesenian setempat, koleksi permanen, dan pameran.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.museumsandgalleries.act.gov.au/cmag/index.html|title=Canberra Museum and Gallery|archivedate=11 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511045428/http://www.museumsandgalleries.act.gov.au/cmag/index.html|publisher=ACT Government|ref=harv}}</ref> Beberapa rumah bersejarah dibuka untuk umum: Lanyon and Tuggeranong Homesteads di [[Tuggeranong|Tuggeranong Valley]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.museumsandgalleries.act.gov.au/lanyon/index.html | title=Lanyon | publisher=ACT Museums and Galleries | accessdate=13 May 2010 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030015221/http://www.museumsandgalleries.act.gov.au/lanyon/index.html | archivedate=30 October 2009 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.events.act.gov.au/?
Canberra memiliki banyak panggung musik langsung dan teater, di antaranya [[Canberra Theatre|Canberra Theatre and Playhouse]], tempat diadakannya konser dan pementasan besar,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Dictionary of Performing Arts in Australia: Opera, Dance, Music
|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofperf0000atki
|isbn=1-86448-005-X |last1=Atkinson|first1=Ann|last2=Knight|first2=Linsay|last3=McPhee|first3=Margaret|pages=
[[Stonefest]] adalah salah satu festival tahunan terbesar di Canberra.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/entertainment/music/foreshore-festival-axed-for-2013-20130709-2pmz3.html|newspaper=The Canberra Times|publisher=Fairfax Media|first=Jenna|last=Clarke|date=9 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125850/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/entertainment/music/foreshore-festival-axed-for-2013-20130709-2pmz3.html|archivedate=18 August 2013|title=Foreshore Festival axed for 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/stone-rolls-on-20121010-27d7j.html|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|publisher=Fairfax Media|date=11 October 2012|title=Stone rolls on|first1=Naomi|last1=Fallon|first2=Joni|last2=Scanlon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105035857/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/stone-rolls-on-20121010-27d7j.html|archivedate=5 November 2015}}</ref> Ukurannya diperkecil dan namanya diganti menjadi Stone Day pada tahun 2012.<ref>{{citation|url=http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/stonefest-returns-as-stone-day-2012-lineup-announced/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919153650/http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/stonefest-returns-as-stone-day-2012-lineup-announced/|archivedate=19 September 2012|date=16 September 2012|title=Stonefest Returns As ‘Stone Day’ – 2012 Lineup Announced |first=Kiel|last=Egging|publisher=Music Feeds}}</ref> Ada banyak bar dan klub malam yang menawarkan pertunjukan langsung di [[Dickson, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Dickson]], [[Kingston, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Kingston]], dan [[City, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|City]].{{sfn|Vaisutis|2009|pp=283-285}} Hampir semua pusat kota memiliki gedung teater umum dan bioskop. Semua pusat kota memiliki perpustakaan.{{sfn|Universal Publishers|2007|pp=10-12}} Kegiatan-kegiatan budaya populer di Canberra meliputi [[National Folk Festival (Australia)|National Folk Festival]], [[Royal Canberra Show]], festival mobil [[Summernats]], festival [[Enlighten Canberra|Enlighten]], [[National Multicultural Festival]] bulan Februari, dan festival ''Celebrate Canberra'' yang diadakan selama 10 hari pada bulan Maret bertepatan dengan Canberra Day.{{sfn|Vaisutis|2009|pp=278}}
Baris 470 ⟶ 472:
[[Berkas:Canberra Nara park.JPG|jmpl|ka|Gerbang Canberra–Nara Park dan [[Tōrō|lentera batu]] [[Kuil Kasuga|Kasuga]]]]
Canberra menjalin hubungan kota kembar dengan [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], Jepang, dan Beijing, Tiongkok. Canberra memiliki hubungan persahabatan kota dengan [[Dili]], Timor Leste, dan [[Hangzhou]], Tiongkok.<ref name=Canberra/> Hubungan antarkota mendorong masyarakat dan kelompok kepentingan khusus di dalam dan luar negeri terlibat dalam berbagai aktivitas pertukaran budaya. Canberra Nara Candle Festival diadakan setiap musim semi untuk merayakan hubungan kota kembar Canberra dan Nara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/26/2375107.htm |title=Festival celebrates Canberra-Nara friendship |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=26 September 2008 |accessdate=23 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929012547/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/26/2375107.htm |archivedate=29 September 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Festival ini diadakan di Canberra Nara Park di pesisir Lake Burley Griffin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tams.act.gov.au/parks-recreation/parks_and_reserves/urban_parks/district_parks/canberra_nara_park |archive-url=https://archive.
== Media ==
Baris 500 ⟶ 502:
[[Berkas:Canberra Hospital.jpg|jmpl|[[Canberra Hospital]].]]
Canberra memiliki dua rumah sakit umum besar, [[Canberra Hospital]]—sebelumnya Woden Valley Hospital—yang berkapasitas 600 pasien di [[Garran, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Garran]] dan Calvary Public Hospital berkapasitas 174 pasien di [[Bruce, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Bruce]]. Keduanya adalah rumah sakit pendidikan.<ref name=hos>{{cite web|url=http://www.health.act.gov.au/c/health?a=da&did=10134232&pid=1147829186 |title= Hospitals |publisher=ACT Health |accessdate=23 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326232807/http://www.health.act.gov.au/c/health?a=da&did=10134232&pid=1147829186|archivedate=26 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://health.act.gov.au/c/health?a=da&did=10209377 |title=Canberra Hospital |publisher=ACT Health |accessdate=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716143522/http://www.health.act.gov.au/c/health?a=da&did=10209377# |archive-date=16 July 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="calvary-act1">{{cite web |url=http://www.calvary-act.com.au/contact.html |title=Contact Us & Location Map |publisher=Calvary Health Care ACT |accessdate=23 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323231918/http://www.calvary-act.com.au/contact.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=23 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calvary-act.com.au/public.html |title= Public Hospital |publisher=Calvary Health Care ACT |accessdate=23 April 2010| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080718171953/http://www.calvary-act.com.au/public.html| archivedate = 18 July 2008}}</ref> Rumah sakit swasta terbesar di Canberra adalah Calvary John James Hospital di [[Deakin, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Deakin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/chemo-crisis-to-hit-act-patients/1241514.aspx |last=Cronin|first=Fiona |title=Chemo crisis to hit ACT patients |work=[[The Canberra Times]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113075559/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/chemo-crisis-to-hit-act-patients/1241514.aspx|archivedate=13 November 2011 |date=12 August 2008 |accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calvaryjohnjames.com.au/ |title=Welcome to Calvary John James Hospital |publisher=Calvary John James Hospital |accessdate=23 April 2010 |archive-date=2010-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428031152/http://www.calvaryjohnjames.com.au/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> Calvary Private Hospital di Bruce dan [[Healthscope]] National Capital Private Hospital di Garran juga merupakan penyedia layanan kesehatan utama.<ref name=hos/><ref name="calvary-act1"/>
[[Royal Canberra Hospital]] terletak di [[Acton Peninsula]] di [[Lake Burley Griffin]]; rumah sakit ini ditutup tahun 1991 dan diruntuhkan tahun 1997 melalui [[penghancuran Royal Canberra Hospital|proses yang kontroversial dan fatal]]. [[National Museum of Australia]] dibangun di atas lahan bekas rumah sakit tersebut.{{sfn|National Capital Development Commission|1988|p=18}}{{sfn|National Capital Development Commission|1988|p=17}}<ref name=map/><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Canberra Times|publisher=Fairfax Media|title=15 years since hospital implosion tragedy|date=13 July 2012|accessdate=25 September 2013|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/15-years-since-hospital-implosion-tragedy-20120713-22034.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714042848/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/15-years-since-hospital-implosion-tragedy-20120713-22034.html|archivedate=14 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/stories/s64319.htm|last=Reynolds|first= Fiona | title=Increasing pressure on ACT Chief Minister|date=5 November 1999|work=A.M.|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2 June 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104173854/http://www.abc.net.au/am/stories/s64319.htm|archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref> Kota ini memiliki 10 panti werdha. Rumah-rumah sakit di Canberra menerima pasien darurat dari seluruh New South Wales selatan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://health.act.gov.au/c/health?a=da&did=10063975&pid=1082945856 |title=About Emergency |publisher=ACT Government Health Information |accessdate=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011135135/http://www.health.act.gov.au/c/health?a=da&did=10063975&pid=1082945856# |archive-date=11 October 2009 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[ACT Ambulans Service]] adalah satu dari empat badan [[ACT Emergency Services Authority]] yang beroperasi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.act.gov.au/ESAWebsite/content_esa/about_us/about_us_home_page/about_us.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822171255/http://www.esa.act.gov.au/ESAWebsite/content_esa/about_us/about_us_home_page/about_us.html|archivedate=22 August 2011 |title=About Us |publisher=[[ACT Emergency Services Authority]] |accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref> [[Newborn Emergency Transport Service|NETS]] menyediakan layanan ambulans khusus bayi sakit lintas rumah sakit di ACT dan New South Wales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nets.org.au/main/what.htm |title=What is NETS? |publisher=[[Newborn Emergency Transport Service]] |accessdate=23 April 2010| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071223110451/http://www.nets.org.au/main/what.htm| archivedate = 23 December 2007}}</ref>
Baris 513 ⟶ 515:
Mobil merupakan moda transportasi paling dominan di Canberra.<ref name=road>{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/ncet/natcapauth/report/chapter9.pdf |title=Canberra's transport system|format=PDF |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |accessdate=23 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207011010/http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/ncet/natcapauth/report/chapter9.pdf|archivedate=7 February 2012}}</ref> Kota ini dirancang sehingga jalan-jalan arteri yang menghubungkan kluster permukiman melintasi tanah kosong atau hutan. Karena itu, kepadatan penduduk Canberra tergolong rendah{{sfn|Penguin Books Australia|2000|pp=23-25}} dan ada tanah kosong untuk pembangunan koridor transportasi selanjutnya tanpa perlu membangun terowongan atau membebaskan tanah permukiman. Sebaliknya, ibu kota negara bagian lainnya di Australia kekurangan ruang hijau.{{sfn|Penguin Books Australia|2000|pp=3-6, 32-35, 53-59, 74-77, 90-91, 101-104}}
[[Pinggiran kota Canberra#Distrik|Distrik di Canberra]] umumnya terhubung oleh [[jalan hijau]] (''parkway'')—[[jalan raya kembar]] terbatas<ref name=road/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.act.gov.au/page/view/3063/title/act-road-hierarchy |title=ACT Road Hierarchy |publisher=ACT Government |date=21 August 2012 |accessdate=14 February 2014 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222033051/http://www.justice.act.gov.au/page/view/3063/title/act-road-hierarchy |dead-url=yes }}</ref> dengan batas kecepatan maksimum {{convert|100|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chiefminister.act.gov.au/media.php?v=5787&s=29 |title=
Demi meningkatkan keselamatan jalanan, kamera pemantau lalu lintas dipasang di Canberra oleh pemerintah pada tahun 1999.<ref name=LawsonTraffic>{{cite news|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/impact-of-traffic-cameras-on-speed-put-under-microscope-20140310-34i1n.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311005208/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/impact-of-traffic-cameras-on-speed-put-under-microscope-20140310-34i1n.html|archivedate=11 March 2014|title=Impact of traffic cameras on speed put under microscope|date=11 March 2014|newspaper=The Canberra Times|first=Kirsten|last=Lawson|publisher=Fairfax Media}}</ref> Kamera di Canberra adalah kamera lampu merah dan kecepatan tetap dan kamera kecepatan bergerak; semua kamera ini menyumbang pemasukan denda sebesar $11 juta per tahun.<ref name=LawsonTraffic/>
[[ACTION]], layanan bus milik pemerintah, menyediakan transportasi umum ke seluruh kota.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.action.act.gov.au/About_ACTION/corporate |title=Corporate |publisher=[[ACTION]] |accessdate=25 February 2014 |archive-date=2014-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205171504/https://www.action.act.gov.au/About_ACTION/corporate |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Qcity Transit]] menyediakan layanan bus antara Canebrra dengan daerah sekitarnya di New South Wales dengan merek [[Transborder Express]] ([[Murrumbateman]] dan [[Yass, New South Wales|Yass]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transborder.com.au/index.php/about-us-bottom |title=About Us |publisher=[[Transborder Express]] |accessdate=23 June 2017 |archive-date=2017-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702105520/http://www.transborder.com.au/index.php/about-us-bottom |dead-url=no }}</ref> dan Qcity Transit ([[Queanbeyan, New South Wales|Queanbeyan]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qcitytransit.com.au/about-us|title=About Us|publisher=[[Qcity Transit]]
Ada dua perusahaan taksi lokal di Canberra. [[Aerial Consolidated Transport|Aerial Capital Group]] menikmati status monopoli sampai Cabxpress berdiri tahun 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/02/03/1839551.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218043332/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/02/03/1839551.htm|archivedate=18 February 2011 |title=Taxi company 'not concerned' at losing monopoly |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=3 February 2007}}</ref> Pada Oktober 2015, Pemerintah ACT mengesahkan undang-undang berbagi tumpangan sehingga layanan berbagi tumpangan seperti [[Uber (perusahan)|Uber]] bisa beroperasi secara legal di Canberra.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-30/uber-launches-in-canberra/6898514|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Commission|title=Uber launches in ACT as Canberra becomes first city to regulate ride sharing|date=31 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101065334/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-30/uber-launches-in-canberra/6898514|archivedate=1 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/uber-goes-live-in-canberra-with-more-than-a-hundred-drivers-registered-20151030-gkmqaa.html|publisher=Fairfax Media|newspaper=The Canberra Times|title=Uber goes live in Canberra with more than 100 drivers registered|first=Tom|last=McIlroy|date=30 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105033829/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/uber-goes-live-in-canberra-with-more-than-a-hundred-drivers-registered-20151030-gkmqaa.html|archivedate=5 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/oct/30/act-chief-minister-launches-uber-in-canberra-calling-it-a-real-step-forward|newspaper=The Guardian|date=30 October 2015|title=ACT chief minister launches regulated Uber in Canberra, calling it 'a real step forward'|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103153733/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/oct/30/act-chief-minister-launches-uber-in-canberra-calling-it-a-real-step-forward|archivedate=3 November 2015}}</ref> Pemerintah ACT adalah wilayah hukum pertama di Australia yang mengeluarkan aturan untuk layanan transportasi semacam ini.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.afr.com/technology/fullyregulated-uber-services-start-in-canberra-20151029-gkmgko|publisher=Fairfax Media|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030134534/http://www.afr.com/technology/fullyregulated-uber-services-start-in-canberra-20151029-gkmgko|archivedate=30 October 2015|date=30 October 2015|newspaper=Australian Financial Review|title=Fully-regulated Uber services start in Canberra}}</ref>
Baris 523 ⟶ 525:
Jalur kereta api lintas negara bagian [[NSW TrainLink]] menghubungkan Canberra dengan Sydney.<ref name=traindestinations>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|Southern Region}}</ref> [[Stasiun kereta api Canberra]] terletak di pinggiran selatan dalam [[Kingston, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Kingston]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.countrylink.info/travel_passes/travelpass_agencies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220052328/http://www.countrylink.info/travel_passes/travelpass_agencies|archivedate=20 February 2011 |title=Travel pass agencies |publisher=[[CountryLink]] |date=14 December 2009 |accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref> Pada tahun 1920 sampai 1922, rel kereta melintasi Sungai Molonglo sampai pusat kota di sebelah utara, tetapi ditutup akibat banjir bandang dan tidak dibangun kembali. Wacana rel ke [[Yass, New South Wales|Yass]] tidak ditindaklanjuti. Rel selebar {{RailGauge|3ft6in|lk=on}} dibangun tahun 1923 antara [[Yarralumla Brickworks]] dan Provisional Parliament House; relnya kemudian diperpanjang hingga Civic, tetapi seluruh rangkaian rel ditutup pada Mei 1927.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Canberra's Engineering Heritage |url=http://www.engineer.org.au/chapter02.html |archivedate=23 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723191327/http://engineer.org.au/chapter02.html|chapter=Railways |last=Shellshear|first=Walter M. |accessdate=7 June 2010| publisher=Engineers Australia}}</ref> Layanan kereta api ke Melbourne dioperasikan via bus NSW TrainLink yang tersambung dengan kereta api Sydney-Melbourne di Yass, kurang lebih satu jam perjalanan darat dari Canberra.<ref name=traindestinations/>{{sfn|Penguin Books Australia|2000|pp=20}}
Rencana pembangunan jalur [[kereta api berkecepatan tinggi di Australia|kereta api berkecepatan tinggi]] antara Melbourne, Canberra, dan Sydney<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/19/business/worldbusiness/19iht-ausrail.2.t.html|title=Sydney to Canberra in 80 Minutes–by High-Speed Train|work=New York Times|date= 19 July 2000 |accessdate=7 June 2010|last=Richardson|first=Michael|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501033851/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/19/business/worldbusiness/19iht-ausrail.2.t.html|archivedate=1 May 2013}}</ref> belum diwujudkan karena banyak proposal pembangunan yang dianggap tidak ekonomis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eriksrailnews.com/archive/hst2.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306111425/http://eriksrailnews.com/archive/hst2.html|archivedate=6 March 2012|title=Oz HSR Received?|work=The Australian |date= 29 October 2002 |accessdate=7 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Somer|first=Belinda
Canberra berjarak sekitar tiga jam dari Sydney dengan perjalanan darat lewat [[Federal Highway (Australia)|Federal Highway]] (National Highway 23),{{sfn|Penguin Books Australia|2000|loc=inside cover}} yang terhubung dengan [[Hume Highway]] (National Highway 31) dekat [[Goulburn, New South Wales|Goulburn]]. Kota ini berjarak tujuh jam dari Melbourne dengan perjalanan darat lewat [[Barton Highway]] (National Highway 25) yang tersambung ke Hume Highway di Yass.{{sfn|Penguin Books Australia|2000|loc=inside cover}} Kota ini terhubung dengan arena ski di [[Snowy Mountains]] dan [[Taman Nasional Kosciuszko]] lewat perjalanan darat dua jam melintasi [[Monaro Highway]] (National Highway 23).{{sfn|Penguin Books Australia|2000|pp=20}} [[Batemans Bay]], lokasi liburan populer di pesisir New South Wales juga berjarak dua jam via [[Kings Highway, Australia|Kings Highway]].{{sfn|Penguin Books Australia|2000|pp=20}}
Baris 529 ⟶ 531:
[[Bandar Udara Canberra]] menyediakan penerbangan domestik langsung ke [[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]], [[Brisbane]], [[Adelaide]], [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], dan [[Perth]] dengan penerbangan penghubung ke kota-kota lain di Australia.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.canberraairport.com.au/air_flight_info/departures.cfm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902105846/http://www.canberraairport.com.au/air_flight_info/departures.cfm|archivedate=2 September 2012| title=Departures | publisher=[[Canberra Airport]] | accessdate=13 May 2010 }}</ref> Ada juga penerbangan langsung ke kota kecil [[Dubbo]] dan [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]] di New South Wales. Penerbangan komersial internasional ke [[Singapura]] dan [[Wellington]] beroperasi empat kali seminggu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-21/singapore-airlines-flight-arrives-in-canberra/7863774|title=Singapore Airlines flight arrives in Canberra, first direct international flight in more than a decade|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=21 September 2016|archivedate=21 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921121820/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-21/singapore-airlines-flight-arrives-in-canberra/7863774}}</ref> Pada September 2013, [[Departemen Infrastruktur dan Pembangunan Daerah|Departemen Infrastruktur dan Pembangunan Daerah Australia]] menetapkan Bandara Canberra sebagai bandara internasional terbata.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/aviation/international/icao/desig_airports.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510090836/http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/aviation/international/icao/desig_airports.aspx|archivedate=10 May 2013|publisher=Australian Government Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development|title=Designated International Airports in Australia|date=27 February 2013}}</ref> Sebelum 2003, bandara sipil berbagi landasan pacu dengan [[Fairbairn airbase|RAAF Base Fairbairn]]. Pada Juni 2003, pangkalan AU ditutup dan bandara ini sepenuhnya dikuasai oleh sipil.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Farewell to Fairbairn|work=Air Force|publisher=Royal Australian Air Force|volume=45|issue=12|last=Hogan|first=Richard|date=July 2003|ref=harv}}</ref>
Tingkat perjalanan aktif di Canberra merupakan salah satu yang tertinggi di Australia. 7,1 persen komuter berjalan kaki atau bersepeda ke kantor pada tahun 2011.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/open_government/inform/act_government_media_releases/corbell/2013/canberra-ranks-highly-in-national-report|first=Simon|last=Corbell|author-link=Simon Corbell|date=31 July 2013|title=Canberra ranks highly in national report|archivedate=18 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318234349/http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/open_government/inform/act_government_media_releases/corbell/2013/canberra-ranks-highly-in-national-report}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/open_government/inform/act_government_media_releases/corbell/2013/canberra-ranks-highly-in-national-report |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2019-02-03 |archive-date=2014-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318234349/http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/open_government/inform/act_government_media_releases/corbell/2013/canberra-ranks-highly-in-national-report |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Survei Pemerintah ACT pada akhir 2010 menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata warga Canberra berjalan kaki 26 menit per hari.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.transport.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/397245/Pages_from_EDS_ACT_Transport_Policy_FA_final_web.pdf|page=38|title=Transport for Canberra: Transport for a sustainable city 2012–31|publisher=ACT Government|date=March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131155700/https://www.transport.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/397245/Pages_from_EDS_ACT_Transport_Policy_FA_final_web.pdf|archivedate=31 January 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Menurut ''The Canberra Times'', pada Maret 2014, rata-rata pesepeda di Canberra mengalami empat kecelakaan setiap minggu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/costs-add-up-as-more-cyclists-take-to-public-roads-and-suffer-tumbles-20140318-350pg.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319000315/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/costs-add-up-as-more-cyclists-take-to-public-roads-and-suffer-tumbles-20140318-350pg.html|archivedate=19 March 2014|date=19 March 2014|title=Costs add up as more cyclists take to public roads and suffer tumbles|first=Phillip|last=Thomson}}</ref> Surat kabar ini juga melaporkan bahwa Canberra memiliki 87.000 pesepeda, terbanyak di Australia, dan jumlah kecelakaan sepeda tahun 2012 dua kali lipat lebih tinggi daripada rata-rata nasional.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/cycling-campaign-group-pedal-power-slams-act-government-on-injury-rates-20140625-zslas.html|newspaper=The Canberra Times|publisher=Fairfax Media|archivedate=25 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625122459/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/cycling-campaign-group-pedal-power-slams-act-government-on-injury-rates-20140625-zslas.html|title=Cycling campaign group Pedal Power slams ACT government on injury rates|first=John|last=Thistleton|date=25 June 2014}}</ref>
=== Utilitas ===
[[Berkas:Mount Majura solar farm and Majura Parkway.jpg|jmpl|ka|[[Mount Majura Solar Farm]] menghasilkan 2,3 megawatt listrik dan dibuka tanggal 6 Oktober 2016.<ref name="Solar Choice">{{cite web |url=http://www.solarchoice.net.au/blog/news/mount-majura-solar-farm-switches-on-101016 |title=Mount Majura Solar Farm powers up in ACT |publisher=Solar Choice |date=11 October 2016 |accessdate=6 January 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018143129/http://www.solarchoice.net.au/blog/news/mount-majura-solar-farm-switches-on-101016 |dead-url=no }}</ref>]]
Badan usaha milik negara, [[ACTEW Corporation]], mengelola infrastruktur air dan limbah di Canberra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.actew.com.au/About/Who-are-we/What-we-do.aspx |title=What we do |publisher=[[ACTEW]] |accessdate=22 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403000353/http://www.actew.com.au/About/Who-are-we/What-we-do.aspx |archivedate=3 April 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[ActewAGL]] adalah usaha patungan ACTEW dan [[Australian Gas Light Company|AGL]] dan merupakan pemasok utilitas air, gas alam, listrik, dan telekomunikasi melalui anak perusahaannya, [[TransACT]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.actewagl.com.au/About-us/Who-is-ActewAGL.aspx |title=About our business |publisher=[[ActewAGL]] |accessdate=25 February 2014 |archive-date=2014-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125215038/http://www.actewagl.com.au/About-us/Who-is-ActewAGL.aspx |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Air Canberra disimpan di empat waduk, Corin, Bendora, dan bendungan Cotter di [[Sungai Cotter]], dan Bendungan Googong di Sungai Queanbeyan. Meski Bendungan Googong terletak di New South Wales, pengelolaannya ditangani oleh Pemerintah ACT.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.actew.com.au/Water-Supply-System/The-water-network.aspx |publisher=[[ActewAGL]] |title=The Water Network |accessdate=22 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328102934/http://www.actew.com.au/Water-Supply-System/The-water-network.aspx |archivedate=28 March 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ACTEW Corporation mengoperasikan dua instalasi pengolahan limbah di [[Fyshwick, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Fyshwick]] dan hilir [[Sungai Molonglo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.actew.com.au/Sewerage-System/What-is-sewage/Sewage-Treatment-Plants/Fyshwick-Sewage-Treament-Plant.aspx |title=Fyshwick Sewage Treatment Plant |publisher=[[ActewAGL]] |accessdate=22 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312003432/http://www.actew.com.au/Sewerage-System/What-is-sewage/Sewage-Treatment-Plants/Fyshwick-Sewage-Treament-Plant.aspx |archivedate=12 March 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.actew.com.au/Sewerage-System/What-is-sewage/Sewage-Treatment-Plants/Lower-Molonglo-Water-Quality-Control-Centre.aspx |title=Lower Molonglo Water Quality Control Centre |publisher=ActewAGL |accessdate=22 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312003423/http://www.actew.com.au/Sewerage-System/What-is-sewage/Sewage-Treatment-Plants/Lower-Molonglo-Water-Quality-Control-Centre.aspx |archivedate=12 March 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
[[Energi di Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Listrik di Canberra]] berasal dari jaringan listrik nasional melalui gardu induk di [[Holt, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Holt]] dan [[Fyshwick, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Fyshwick]] (via [[Queanbeyan, New South Wales|Queanbeyan]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/16792/issuespaperelecinfcontestabilityoctober03.pdf |archivedate=20 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420202136/http://www.icrc.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/16792/issuespaperelecinfcontestabilityoctober03.pdf|title=Review of Contestable Electricity Infrastructure Workshop |page=13 |format=PDF |date= October 2003|accessdate=10 May 2010|author=Independent Competition and Regulatory Commission}}</ref> Listrik pertama kali dipasok oleh pembangkit listrik tenaga uap di dekat Sungai Molonglo pada tahun 1913 sampai ditutup tahun 1957.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 March 1913|page=5|title=The Founding of Canberra|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15404837|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218035413/http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/15404837|archivedate=18 February 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://client14.matrix01.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/148426/473.pdf |title=
Tidak ada pembangkit listrik bertenaga angin di Canberra, tetapi ada beberapa turbin yang sudah atau sedang dibangun atau direncanakan di New South Wales seperti [[Capital Wind Farm]] yang berkapasitas 140,7 megawatt. Pemerintah ACT mengumumkan pada tahun 2013 bahwa mereka menaikkan target konsumsi listrik bersumber terbarukan hingga 90% pada 2020,<ref name=renewable>{{cite press release|url=http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/open_government/inform/act_government_media_releases/corbell/2013/act-sets-90-renewable-energy-target-in-law7
ACT memiliki tingkat akses internet rumah tertinggi di Australia (94 persen rumah pada tahun 2014–15).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/8146.02014-15?OpenDocument | title = 8146.0 - Household Use of Information Technology, Australia, 2014-15 | publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] | date = 18 February 2016 | accessdate = 4 January 2017 | archive-date = 2017-01-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170104000957/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/8146.02014-15?OpenDocument | dead-url = no }}</ref>
== Hubungan internasional ==
Baris 550 ⟶ 552:
Canberra [[kota kembar|kembar]] dengan:
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Tiongkok<ref name=Canberra>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/international |title=Canberra's international relationships |publisher=[[Australian Capital Territory Chief Minister's Department|Chief Minister's Department]] |access-date=2019-02-02 |archive-date=2009-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112024145/http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/international |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], Jepang<ref name=Canberra/>
* {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]], Indonesia<ref name=Canberra/>
* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Wellington]], Selandia Baru<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-07/canberra-adopts-wellington-as-sister-city/7576458|title=Canberra adopts New Zealand capital as sister city|date=7 July 2016|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|website=ABC News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710210815/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-07/canberra-adopts-wellington-as-sister-city/7576458|archivedate=10 July 2016}}</ref>
Baris 582 ⟶ 585:
* {{Cite book |title=Australia |url=https://archive.org/details/australia0000unse_m0d4 |last=Vaisutis |first=Justine |location=Footscray, Victoria |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2009 |isbn=1-74179-160-X |ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book |title=Canberra: History of Australia's National Capital |first=Lionel |last=Wigmore |year=1971 |location=Canberra |publisher=Dalton Publishing Company |isbn=0-909906-06-8 | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite book | title=The Biology of Temporary Waters | first=Dudley | last=Williams | year=2006 | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-852811-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSv2HvrNSo0C | ref=harv | access-date=2019-02-02 | archive-date=2023-02-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219162456/https://books.google.com/books?id=xSv2HvrNSo0C | dead-url=no }}
* {{cite speech|last=Leigh|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Leigh|title=Canberra is the Best City in Australia|url=http://andrewleigh.com/index.php/speaking2/93-community-home-page/speaking/community/78-canberrabestcity|accessdate=13 September 2013|date=3 October 2010|event=Festival of Dangerous Ideas|location=Sydney Opera House|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913160556/http://andrewleigh.com/index.php/speaking2/93-community-home-page/speaking/community/78-canberrabestcity|archivedate=13 September 2013}}
{{refend}}
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