Canberra: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Add 1 book for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20231010)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot |
|||
| (3 revisi perantara oleh 3 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 83:
== Etimologi ==
Masyarakat umum mengklaim "Canberra" berasal dari kata {{lang|xul|Kambera}} atau {{lang|xul|Canberry}} yang artinya "tempat bertemu" dalam [[bahasa Ngunnawal]], salah satu bahasa pribumi yang dituturkan suku [[Aborigin Australia]] di daerah ini sebelum pemukim Eropa datang, tetapi tidak ada bukti kuat untuk klaim tersebut.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article55185386 |title=Place Names |newspaper=[[The Australian Women's Weekly]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327163310/http://www.trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/55185386|archivedate=27 March 2011|deadurl=no |location=1932–1982 |date=13 May 1964 |accessdate=22 February 2011 |page=61 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Definisi alternatifnya diklaim oleh beberapa sejarawan setempat, termasuk tetua adat Ngunnawal bernama Don Bell. Menurut mereka, {{lang|xul|Canberra}} atau {{lang|xul|Nganbra}} berarti "payudara perempuan" dan merupakan nama yang dipakai suku pribumi untuk menyebut dua pegunungan, [[Black Mountain (Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia)|Black Mountain]] dan [[Mount Ainslie]], yang letaknya hampir berseberangan.<ref name=Frei>{{cite web |last=Frei |first=Patricia |title=Discussion on the Meaning of 'Canberra' |url=http://www.canberrahistoryweb.com/meaningofcanberra.htm |work=Canberra History Web |publisher=Patricia Frei |accessdate=11 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927182307/http://www.canberrahistoryweb.com/meaningofcanberra.htm |archivedate=27 September 2013 }}</ref> Pada tahun 1860-an, pemilik koran [[Queanbeyan]], [[John Gale (jurnalis)|John Gale]], menulis bahwa Canberra merupakan interpretasi {{lang|xul|nganbra}} atau {{lang|xul|nganbira}} yang berarti "celah antara payudara perempuan" dan mengacu kepada daerah aliran sungai [[Sullivans Creek]] yang membelah Mount Ainslie dan Black Mountain.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.crispinhull.com.au/book-on-canberra/chapter-2-european-settlement-and-the-naming-of-canberra |title=Canberra – Australia's National Capital |chapter=European settlement and the naming of Canberra |last=Hull |first=Crispin |accessdate=7 June 2010 |publisher=Crispin Hull |archive-date=2010-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426150348/http://www.crispinhull.com.au/book-on-canberra/chapter-2-european-settlement-and-the-naming-of-canberra/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> Peta yang dibuat Major Mitchell tahun 1830-an mencantumkan "Nganbra" di daerah aliran sungai Sullivan's Creek di antara dua pegunungan tersebut. "Nganbra" atau "Nganbira" mungkin
Dalam buku ''Notes on the Native Flora of New South Wales, Part X, the Federal Capital Territory'' (1919), R. H. Cambage menulis bahwa Joshua John Moore, pemukim pertama di daerah ini, memberi nama Canberry pada tahun 1823 dan menyatakan bahwa "nama aslinya sudah pasti dari bahasa pribumi, tetapi artinya tidak diketahui."'<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Cambage, Richard Hind |author2=Linnean Society of New South Wales |title=Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part X, The Federal Capital Territory |publication-date=1919 |publisher=Linnean Society of New South Wales |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/22545595 |accessdate=14 October 2013 |ref=harv |archive-date=2014-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301001604/http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/22545595 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Peta survei daerah tahun 1837 mencantumkan nama ''Canberry Plain''. Pada tahun 1920, sejumlah pemukim tua di daerah ini mengaku bahwa namanya berasal dari nama buah [[Lissanthe sapida|cranberry Australia]] yang tumbuh lebat di sana dan disebut ''canberry'' oleh warga setempat. Canberra umumnya diucapkan {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|n|b|ə|r|ə}} atau {{IPAc-en|k|æ|n|ˈ|b|ɛr|ə}}, tetapi diucapkan {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|n|b|r|ə}} saat namanya diresmikan tahun 1913.<ref name="Frei" />
Baris 109:
Tahun 1912, pemerintah meminta masukan masyarakat soal nama calon ibu kota. Hampir 750 nama disarankan ke pemerintah. Pada siang tanggal 12 Maret 1913,{{sfn|Gillespie|1991|p=303}}<ref>{{citation|url=http://aso.gov.au/titles/historical/naming-federal-capital/clip3/|archivedate=17 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217062840/http://aso.gov.au/titles/historical/naming-federal-capital/clip3/|deadurl=no|publisher=National Film and Sound Archive|work=Australian Screen|title=Naming the Federal Capital of Australia|year=1913}}</ref> kota ini secara resmi diberi nama "Canberra" oleh [[Gertrude Denman, Baroness Denman|Lady Denman]], istri Gubernur Jenderal [[Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman|Lord Denman]], dalam sebuah upacara di Kurrajong Hill,{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1987|p=103}}{{sfn|Australian Bureau of Statistics|1963}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Px7vFz9HIK0|title=View Naming the Federal Capital of Australia|date=12 March 1913|access-date=2019-02-03|archive-date=2017-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427174750/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Px7vFz9HIK0|dead-url=no}}</ref> kini Capital Hill sekaligus tempat berdirinya [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]].{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1987|p=105}} [[Canberra Day]] adalah hari libur umum di ACT yang jatuh pada Senin kedua bulan Maret untuk merayakan berdirinya kota Canberra.<ref name=canb>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/canberra/ |title=Canberra – Australia's capital city|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts |date=4 February 2010 |accessdate=23 April 2010|archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410090632/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/canberra/}}</ref> Usai upacara, masalah birokrasi menghambat proyek Griffin;{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|pp=70-71}} tahun 1916, Komisi Kerajaan memutuskan bahwa kewenangan Griffin dilimpahkan ke pejabat-pejabat tertentu{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1987|p=101}} dan rancangan aslinya dikembalikan. Hubungan Griffin dengan pemerintah Australia retak. Ketika Griffin dipecat pada tahun 1920, proyek ini berjalan sangat lambat akibat kurangnya anggaran.{{sfn|National Capital Development Commission|1988|p=4}}{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|pp=69-79}} Saat itu, Griffin sudah merevisi rancangannya, memantau pembangunan jalan raya,<ref name=act>{{cite web |url= http://www.nationalcapital.gov.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=136&Itemid=171 |title=History of the NCA |publisher=National Capital Authority |date=11 June 2009 |accessdate=26 February 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212091704/https://www.nationalcapital.gov.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=136&Itemid=171|archivedate=12 February 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> dan mendirikan Glenloch Cork Plantation.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/heritage/heritage_assets/duntroon_wollshed |title=Glenloch Cork Oak Plantation |publisher=Territory and Municipal Services |accessdate=26 February 2010| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080721193100/http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/heritage/heritage_assets/duntroon_wollshed| archivedate = 21 July 2008}}</ref>
Parlemen Persemakmuran pindah ke Canberra tanggal 9 Mei 1927 melalui peresmian [[Old Parliament House, Canberra|Provisional Parliament House]].{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1987|p=130}}<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://moadoph.gov.au/blog/witness-to-history-the-opening-of-the-provisional-parliament-house-in-1927/|title=Witness to history: the opening of the Provisional Parliament House in 1927|publisher=Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House|author=Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513125119/http://moadoph.gov.au/blog/witness-to-history-the-opening-of-the-provisional-parliament-house-in-1927/|date=12 April 2010|archivedate=13 May 2013|ref=harv}}</ref> Beberapa hari sebelumnya, kediaman [[Perdana Menteri Australia|Perdana Menteri]] [[Stanley Bruce]]{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=101}} dipindahkan secara resmi ke [[The Lodge (Australia)|The Lodge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/bruce/spouse.aspx |title=Ethel Bruce – Stanley Melbourne Bruce – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |accessdate=23 April 2010|archivedate=11 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211195353/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/bruce/spouse.aspx|deadurl=no}}</ref> Pengembangan kota melambat ketika [[Depresi Besar di Australia|depresi]] tahun 1930-an dan Perang Dunia II.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|pp=125-128}} Beberapa proyek yang rencananya dibangun waktu itu, termasuk
[[Berkas:Lake-ParlHouse.JPG|ka|upright=1.35|jmpl|Dua tengaran paling terkenal di Canberra, [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] dan [[Old Parliament House, Canberra|Old Parliament House]] (depan). Commonwealth Place membentang di pinggir danau bersama International Flag Display. [[Questacon]] terletak di sebelah kanan.]]
Baris 465:
[[Canberra Museum and Gallery]] di [[City, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|City]] menyimpan benda sejarah dan kesenian setempat, koleksi permanen, dan pameran.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.museumsandgalleries.act.gov.au/cmag/index.html|title=Canberra Museum and Gallery|archivedate=11 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511045428/http://www.museumsandgalleries.act.gov.au/cmag/index.html|publisher=ACT Government|ref=harv}}</ref> Beberapa rumah bersejarah dibuka untuk umum: Lanyon and Tuggeranong Homesteads di [[Tuggeranong|Tuggeranong Valley]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.museumsandgalleries.act.gov.au/lanyon/index.html | title=Lanyon | publisher=ACT Museums and Galleries | accessdate=13 May 2010 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030015221/http://www.museumsandgalleries.act.gov.au/lanyon/index.html | archivedate=30 October 2009 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.events.act.gov.au/?%2Fevent%2Fview%2F225 | title=Minders of Tuggeranong Homestead | publisher=[[Australian Capital Territory Chief Minister's Department|Chief Minister's Department]] | accessdate=13 May 2010 | archive-date=2013-05-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507105023/http://www.events.act.gov.au/?%2Fevent%2Fview%2F225 | dead-url=no }}</ref> Mugga-Mugga di [[Symonston, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Symonston]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumsandgalleries.act.gov.au/mugga/index.html |title=Mugga-Mugga |publisher=ACT Museums and Galleries |accessdate=13 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030015314/https://www.museumsandgalleries.act.gov.au/mugga/index.html |archivedate=30 October 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> dan Blundells' Cottage di [[Parkes, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Parkes]] menggambarkan gaya hidup para pemukim Eropa pertama.<ref name=BLUNDELL/> Calthorpes' House di [[Red Hill, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Red Hill]] merupakan contoh rumah masa awal berdirinya Canberra tahun 1920-an yang dilestarikan dengan baik.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.museumsandgalleries.act.gov.au/calthorpes/index.html | title=Calthorpes' House | publisher=ACT Museums and Galleries | accessdate=13 May 2010 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025175222/http://www.museumsandgalleries.act.gov.au/calthorpes/index.html | archivedate=25 October 2009 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Canberra memiliki banyak panggung musik langsung dan teater, di antaranya [[Canberra Theatre|Canberra Theatre and Playhouse]], tempat diadakannya konser dan pementasan besar,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Dictionary of Performing Arts in Australia: Opera, Dance, Music
|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofperf0000atki
|isbn=1-86448-005-X |last1=Atkinson|first1=Ann|last2=Knight|first2=Linsay|last3=McPhee|first3=Margaret|pages=
[[Stonefest]] adalah salah satu festival tahunan terbesar di Canberra.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/entertainment/music/foreshore-festival-axed-for-2013-20130709-2pmz3.html|newspaper=The Canberra Times|publisher=Fairfax Media|first=Jenna|last=Clarke|date=9 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125850/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/entertainment/music/foreshore-festival-axed-for-2013-20130709-2pmz3.html|archivedate=18 August 2013|title=Foreshore Festival axed for 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/stone-rolls-on-20121010-27d7j.html|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|publisher=Fairfax Media|date=11 October 2012|title=Stone rolls on|first1=Naomi|last1=Fallon|first2=Joni|last2=Scanlon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105035857/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/stone-rolls-on-20121010-27d7j.html|archivedate=5 November 2015}}</ref> Ukurannya diperkecil dan namanya diganti menjadi Stone Day pada tahun 2012.<ref>{{citation|url=http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/stonefest-returns-as-stone-day-2012-lineup-announced/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919153650/http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/stonefest-returns-as-stone-day-2012-lineup-announced/|archivedate=19 September 2012|date=16 September 2012|title=Stonefest Returns As ‘Stone Day’ – 2012 Lineup Announced |first=Kiel|last=Egging|publisher=Music Feeds}}</ref> Ada banyak bar dan klub malam yang menawarkan pertunjukan langsung di [[Dickson, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Dickson]], [[Kingston, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|Kingston]], dan [[City, Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia|City]].{{sfn|Vaisutis|2009|pp=283-285}} Hampir semua pusat kota memiliki gedung teater umum dan bioskop. Semua pusat kota memiliki perpustakaan.{{sfn|Universal Publishers|2007|pp=10-12}} Kegiatan-kegiatan budaya populer di Canberra meliputi [[National Folk Festival (Australia)|National Folk Festival]], [[Royal Canberra Show]], festival mobil [[Summernats]], festival [[Enlighten Canberra|Enlighten]], [[National Multicultural Festival]] bulan Februari, dan festival ''Celebrate Canberra'' yang diadakan selama 10 hari pada bulan Maret bertepatan dengan Canberra Day.{{sfn|Vaisutis|2009|pp=278}}
Baris 553 ⟶ 554:
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Tiongkok<ref name=Canberra>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/international |title=Canberra's international relationships |publisher=[[Australian Capital Territory Chief Minister's Department|Chief Minister's Department]] |access-date=2019-02-02 |archive-date=2009-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112024145/http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/international |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], Jepang<ref name=Canberra/>
* {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]], Indonesia<ref name=Canberra/>
* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Wellington]], Selandia Baru<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-07/canberra-adopts-wellington-as-sister-city/7576458|title=Canberra adopts New Zealand capital as sister city|date=7 July 2016|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|website=ABC News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710210815/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-07/canberra-adopts-wellington-as-sister-city/7576458|archivedate=10 July 2016}}</ref>
| |||