Chennai: Perbedaan antara revisi

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(35 revisi perantara oleh 21 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{Short description|Salah satu kota metropolitan terbesar di India dan Ibukota negara bagian Tamil Nadu}}
{{Infobox Indian jurisdiction
{{redirect|Madras}}
|native_name = Chennai (சென்னை)
 
|other_name = Madras (மெட்ராஸ்)
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
|former_name = Madras, '''Madarasapatnam'''
{{Infobox settlement
|type = Kota Metropolitan
|type_2 name = KapitalChennai
| native_name = ''Cennaī''
|latd=13 |latm=5 |lats=2
| native_name_lang = ta
|longd=80 |longm=16 |longs=12
|locator_position other_name = leftMadras
| nickname = Gerbang India Selatan (Gateway of South India),<ref name="OI_Turns375">{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Reetu|title=Chennai turns 375: Things you should know about 'Gateway to South India'|newspaper=One India|location=Chennai|date=23 August 2014|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/chennai-turns-375-years-old-things-you-should-know-1507481.html|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref> Detroit di India (Detroit of India),<ref name="USDept1997">{{cite book|title=Business America|date=1997|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce|page=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Aa4AAAAIAAJ|language=en}}</ref> Ibukota Kesehatan India (Health Capital of India)<ref name="HC"/>
|skyline = Chennai Montage.png<!--DO NOT REPLACE THE IMAGE WITHOUT GETTING CONSENSUS IN THE TALK PAGE-->
| settlement_type = [[Megakota]]<!-- Chennai adalah ibu kota dengan populasi lebih dari 10 juta, sehingga merupakan kota besar. Jika halaman tersebut memuat tempat-tempat di sekitarnya, maka dapat disebut sebagai wilayah metropolitan -->
|skyline_caption = Searah jarum jam dari Atas: [[Chennai Central]], [[Marina Beach]], [[Kapaleeswarar Temple]], [[Santhome Basilica]], [[Bharatanatyam|Bharatanatyam recital]]
|state_name image_seal = Tamil= Nadu
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|district = &nbsp;•&nbsp;[[Distrik Chennai|Chennai]]<br />&nbsp;•&nbsp;[[Distrik Kanchipuram|Kanchipuram]]<br />&nbsp;•&nbsp;[[Distrik Tiruvallur|Tiruvallur]]
| photo1a = Chennai Central.jpg
|leader_title_1 = Walikota
| photo2a = Kapaleeswarar_Temple%2C_Mylapore%2C_Chennai.jpg
|leader_name_1 = Saidai Sa. Duraisamy
| photo2b = Valluvar_Kottam_Edit1.JPG
|leader_title_2 = Komisioner Korporasi
| photo3a = Chennai LabourStatue Closeup.jpg
|leader_name_2 = D. Karthikeyan
| photo3b = Chennai - bird's-eye view.jpg
|altitude = 6
| photo4a = Chennai Kathipara bridge.jpg
|population_total = 4,681,087 (2001)
| photo4b = Ripon Building Chennai.JPG
|population_total_cite =<ref name=2011city>{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|work=censusindia|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=17 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Pop_city">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.tn.nic.in/whatsnew/ppt_total2011.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu district wise population |publisher=Tamil Nadu census website |accessdate=5 April 2011}}</ref>{{Ref|a| '''a'''}}
| spacing = 1
|population_as_of = 2011
| size = 250
|population_rank = 6th <!-- DO ''not'' CHANGE TO FOURTH UNLESS THE RANKINGS FOR THE ARTICLE, LIST OF MOST POPULOUS CITIES IN INDIA HAS CHANGED -->
| position = center
|population_metro = 8,696,010
| border = 0
|population_metro_cite =<ref name=2011UA>{{cite web|title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|work=Censusindia|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=17 October 2011}}</ref>
| color = #000000
|population_metro_as_of = 2011
| foot_montage = '''Searah jarum jam dari atas''': [[Stasiun kereta api Pusat Chennai]]; [[Valluvar Kottam]]; [[Marina beach|Pantai Marina]]; [[Gedung Ripon]]; Persimpangan Kathipara; Patung Kemenangan Buruh and [[Kuil Kapalishwarar]]
|population_metro_rank = 4th
|population_density = 26,903
|area_total = 174
|area_total_cite = <ref>[http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/aboutCOC.htm Welcome to Corporation of Chennai<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|area_magnitude = 8
|area_metro = 1189
|area_telephone = 044
|postal_code = 600 xxx
|vehicle_code_range = TN 01 to 10, 18, 20,& 22
|unlocode = IN MAA
|website = chennaicorporation.gov.in
|seal =
|seal_size =
|seal_caption =
|footnotes =
}}
| image_map =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = [[Daftar negara berdaulat|Negara]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Pembagian administratif India|Negara Bahagian]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_type3 = [[Daftar distrik di Tamil Nadu|Distrik]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pesisir Koromandell]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[distrik Chennai]]{{efn|name=CMA|The Chennai Metropolitan Area also includes portions of [[Kanchipuram District|Kanchipuram]], [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]], [[Tiruvallur District|Tiruvallur]] districts adjoining the [[Chennai District]]}}
| established_title = Didirikan
| established_date = 1639
| government_type = Perusahaan kota
| governing_body = [[Korporasi Kota Chennai Raya]]
| leader_party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| leader_title1 = [[walikota]]
| leader_name1 = Priya Rajan
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CET">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-city-just-got-bigger/articleshow/5393680.cms|title=Chennai city just got bigger|date=30 December 2009|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 426
| area_metro_km2 = 5904
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="CMDA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/|title=CMDA, about us|publisher=CMDA|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>{{efn|name=CMA}}
| elevation_m = 7
| elevation_ft = 23
| population_total = 6,748,026
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 6th
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite report|title=Cities having population 1Lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, [[Government of India]]|access-date=17 October 2011|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="UA2011">{{cite report|title=Census 2011: Population of cities in India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=7 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019053153if_/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx|archive-date=19 October 2023}}</ref>
| population_metro = 8,696,010
| population_blank1_title = peringkat metro
| population_blank1 = 4th
| population_demonym = Chennaiite
| demographics_type1 = Bahasa
| demographics1_title1 = Native
| timezone1 = [[Waktu India|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = Kode PIN
| postal_code = 600xxx
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Produk domestik bruto|GDP]]
| blank_info_sec1 = $128.3 billion<ref name="C40">{{cite web|title=Chennai - C40 Cities|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/chennai/|publisher=[[C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group|C40 Group]]|access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/|Chennai Corporation}}
| footnotes =Catatan Populasi: Jumlah penduduk menurut sensus 2011 dihitung berdasarkan luas kota sebelum pemekaran sebesar 174 km persegi. dulu
4.646.732.<ref name="UA2011"/> Pasca perluasan batas kota menjadi 426 km persegi.,<ref name="CET"/> jumlah penduduk termasuk batas kota baru yang disediakan oleh Pemerintah Tamil Nadu adalah 6.748.026 jiwa.<ref name="Cpop">{{cite web|url=https://chennai.nic.in/|title=About Chennai district|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Data sensus aglomerasi perkotaan tahun 2011 tersedia dan telah disediakan.<ref name="UA2011"/>
| demographics1_title2 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br> [[English language|English]]
| pushpin_label = Chennai
| official_name =
}}
'''Chennai''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Ta-ind-Chennai_EshwerShiv.ogg|ˈ|tʃ|ɛ|n|aɪ}}, {{IPA-ta|t͡ʃenːai|lang}}), dulu dikenal sebagai '''Madras''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Madras MW.ogg|m|ə|ˈ|d|r|ɑː|s}} atau {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|d|r|æ|s}},<ref>{{Citation |last = Jones |first = Daniel |author-link = Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title = English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor= Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place = Cambridge |publisher = Cambridge University Press |orig-year = 1917 |year = 2003 |isbn=3-12-539683-2 }}</ref> adalah ibu kota negara bagian [[Tamil Nadu]] di [[India]]. Ia adalah [[Kota prima]] di negara bagian ini dan terletak di [[Pesisir Koromandel]] di [[Teluk Benggala]].Menurut sensus India tahun 2011, Chennai adalah kota metropolitan terbesar keempat di India.
 
Secara historis, wilayah ini merupakan bagian dari kerajaan [[Kerajaan Chola|Chola]],[[Dinasti Pandya|Pandya]], Pallawa, dan [[Kemaharajaan Wijayanagara|Wijayanagara]] pada berbagai era. Tanah pesisir yang saat itu terdapat desa nelayan Madrasapattinam, dibeli oleh [[Perusahaan Hindia Timur Britania]] dari penguasa Nayak Chennapa Nayaka pada abad ke-17.Garnisun Inggris mendirikan kota dan pelabuhan Madras, dan membangun [[Benteng St. George, India|Benteng St. George]], benteng Inggris pertama di [[India]].Kota ini dijadikan ibu kota musim dingin [[Kepresidenan Madras]], sebuah provinsi kolonial [[Kemaharajaan Britania]] di anak benua India.Setelah [[Gerakan Kemerdekaan India
[[Berkas:Chennai 80.26884E 13.04434N.jpg|thumb|right|Chennai terlihat dari angkasa]]
|India merdeka]] pada tahun 1947, Madras tetap menjadi ibu kota Negara Bagian Madras dan sekarang Tamil Nadu. Kota ini secara resmi berganti nama menjadi Chennai pada tahun 1996.
'''Chennai''' ({{lang-ta|சென்னை}}; {{IPA-ta|ˈtɕennəj|}}; dulu dikenal sebagai '''Madras''') ialah ibukota negara bagian [[Tamil Nadu]] di [[India]]. Kota ini adalah kota metropolitan terbesar keempat di India. Luasnya adalah 174 km² (1.180 km² jika menghitung [[wilayah metropolitan]]) dan penduduknya berjumlah 4.352.932 jiwa (2006).
 
Sebagai pintu gerbang ke India Selatan, Chennai adalah salah satu kota yang paling banyak dikunjungi di India, menempati peringkat ke-36 kota yang paling banyak dikunjungi di dunia pada tahun 2019.Chennai adalah pusat utama wisata medis dan disebut sebagai "ibu kota kesehatan India".[[Kawasan Metropolitan Chennai]] adalah salah satu kota ekonomi terbesar di India. Chennai dijuluki sebagai "The [[Detroit]] of India",<ref name="USDept1997">{{cite book|title=Business America|date=1997|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce|page=14|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0Aa4AAAAIAAJ|language=en}}</ref> dengan lebih dari sepertiga industri mobil India berbasis di kota ini. Sebagi rumah bagi [[perfilman Tamil|industri film Tamil]], Chennai juga dikenal sebagai pusat [[produksi film]] utama di India. Chennai adalah salah satu dari 100 kota di India yang akan dikembangkan sebagai [[kota pintar]] di bawah [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/meet-the-smart-cities-bhubaneswar-pune-jaipur-top-the-list-1196114.html|title=Meet the Smart Cities: Bhubaneswar, Pune, Jaipur top the list|date=28 January 2016|publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref>
konomi Chennai memiliki basis industri yang luas di industri mobil, komputer, teknologi, perangkat keras manufaktur dan kesehatan. Kota ini adalah eksportir kedua terbesar India perangkat lunak, teknologi informasi ([[Teknologi Informasi|TI]]) dan informasi-teknologi-diaktifkan layanan ([[Bisnis proses outsourcing|ITES]]).<ref name=Nasscom/><ref name=itchennai2>{{cite news|title=Chennai emerging as India's Silicon Valley?
|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=1 May 2008|accessdate=17 May 2008}}</ref> Sebuah potongan utama industri manufaktur mobil India yang berbasis di dan sekitar kota, yang mengarah untuk disebut sebagai 'The Detroit of Asia'.<ref name="mc1">{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/special-videos/chennai-the-next-global-auto-manufacturing-hub_539405.html|title=Chennai: The next global auto manufacturing hub?|publisher=[[CNBC]]|accessdate=October 15, 2011|date=April 27, 2011}}</ref>
 
 
Chennai adalah pusat penting bagi [[musik Carnatic]] dan host acara budaya besar, [[Musim Musik Madras]], tahunan yang meliputi pertunjukan oleh ratusan seniman. Kota ini memiliki adegan teater yang ramai dan merupakan pusat penting bagi [[Bharata Natyam]] bentuk, tari klasik. Para [[Sinema Tamil|industri film Tamil]], terbesar kedua industri film di [[India]], yang berbasis di Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-04/news-interviews/28269572_1_films-release-exhibitors|title=Crucial time for Kollywood!|publisher=[[Times of India]]|author=Sreedhar Pillai|accessdate=September 15, 2011}}
 
*{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-22/hyderabad/29914569_1_film-industry-k-ramasubba-reddy-tamil|publisher=[[Times of India]]|title=Tollywood loses top slot|accessdate=September 15, 2011}}</ref>
== Etimologi ==
Nama ''Chennai'' berasal dari Telugu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tlpms.in/book-details.php?id=33|title=Origin And Foundation Of Madras {{!}} TLPMS|website=tlpms.in|access-date=2017-01-10|archive-date=2018-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902013856/http://tlpms.in/book-details.php?id=33|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tlpms.in/activities.php|title={{!}} TLPMS|website=tlpms.in|access-date=2017-01-10|archive-date=2017-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210082351/http://tlpms.in/activities.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=S. Muthiah|title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C|year=2008|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|isbn=978-81-8379-468-8}}</ref> Nama ini berasal dari nama penguasa [[Telugu]], [[Damarla Chennapa Nayakadu|Damarla Mudirasa Chennappa Nayakudu]], ayah Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak, seorang penguasa [[Nayak (gelar)|Nayak]] yang menjabat sebagai jenderal di bawah [[Peda Venkata Raya|Venkata III]] dari [[Kekaisaran Vijayanagar]] yang mana [[Perusahaan Hindia Timur Britania|Britania]] mengakuisisi kota tersebut pada tahun 1639.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#hist|title=District Profile, Chennai|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114174944/http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#hist|archive-date=14 January 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=C S Srinivasachari|title=History of the City of Madrae third-largest economys|year=1939|pages=63–69|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofthecity035512mbp}}</ref>
==Transportasi==
===Bandar Udara===
[[Bandar Udara Internasional Chennai]] (IATA: MAA, ICAO: VOMM), merupakan bandara internasional yang melayani penerbangan internasional dan domestik ke Chennai, India, dan daerah lain di [[Tamil Nadu]]. Bandara ini merupakan bandara internasional keempat tersibuk di India.
===Pelabuhan Laut===
Chennai memiliki dua pelabuhan utama, yaitu [[Pelabuhan Chennai]] dan [[Pelabuhan Ennore]]. Kedua pelabuhan ini diatur oleh Kementerian Perhubungan Laut, Pelayaran, dan Jalur Perairan Pemerintah India. Ada tiga pelabuhan lain yang dikelola oleh Departemen Jalan Raya dan Pelabuhan Kecil Pemerintah Tamil Nadu. [[Angkatan Laut India]] memiliki pangkalan utama di Chennai.<ref>https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/about-us/basic-organization.html</ref><ref>https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-southern-naval-command-kochi</ref>
===Transportasi Darat===
Chennai memiliki jaringan jalan raya yang luas, dengan panjang total mencapai 1.780 kilometer (1.110 mil) pada tahun 2023. Transportasi umum bus di Chennai dioperasikan oleh Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC). Sarana transportasi jalan lain di kota Chennai termasuk Angkot, Becak motor, dan Taksi.
===Kereta Api===
Kereta api di Chennai memiliki sejarah panjang. Jalur kereta api pertama di seluruh India bahkan direncanakan di Chennai pada tahun 1832..<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|title=Chennai: The track record|date=16 April 2018|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref> Pembangunan jalur utama dimulai pada tahun 1853, dan pada tahun 1951, Chennai menjadi pusat zona kereta api yang besar. Saat ini, Chennai memiliki empat stasiun kereta api utama, dengan [[Stasiun kereta api Pusat Chennai|Stasiun Chennai Central]] sebagai yang terbesar dan tersibuk<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Central-station-to-shut-down-on-December-13/articleshow/5290066.cms|title=Central station to shut down on December 13|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=28 December 2012|date=2 December 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928014443/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Central-station-to-shut-down-on-December-13/articleshow/5290066.cms|archive-date=28 September 2016}}</ref>.
====Kereta komuter====
{{Main|Chennai Suburban Railway}}
{{Main|MRT Chennai}}
Chennai memiliki jaringan kereta api suburban yang mapan, dioperasikan oleh Kereta Api Selatan yang berdiri pada tahun 1928.<ref name="CSR">{{cite report|title=Brief History of the Division|publisher=Indian Railways—Southern Railways|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|access-date=26 October 2012|lang=en}}</ref> Selain itu, terdapat Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS), sistem angkutan cepat perkotaan layang yang berdiri pada tahun 1995. MRTS beroperasi pada jalur tunggal, yaitu dari [[Stasiun kereta Pantai Chennai]] hingga [[Velachery]].
 
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 100%"
|-
!Sistem
!Jalur
!stasiun
!Panjang sistem
!Opened
|-
| [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]<ref>{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1623903361519-CHENNAI%20DIVISION%20-%20CATEGORY-2021.pdf|title=List of Stations, Chennai|lang=en|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
| 3
| 53
| {{cvt|212|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1928
|-
| [[MRT Chennai]]<ref name="MRTS">{{cite web|url=https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html|title=About MRTS|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|access-date=31 August 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| 1
| 17
| {{cvt|19.715|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1995
|}
====Metro/Angkutan Cepat====
{{Main|Chennai Metro}}
 
[[Chennai Metro]] adalah sistem kereta [[angkutan cepat]] di Chennai yang dibuka pada tahun 2015. Pada tahun 2023, sistem metro terdiri dari dua jalur operasional yang beroperasi sepanjang 54,1 km (33,6 mil) dengan 41 stasiun.Sistem metro Chennai sedang diperluas dengan usulan penambahan tiga jalur lagi dan perpanjangan 116,1 km (72,1 mil).
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 100%"
|-
!Line
!colspan="2"|Terminal
!Opened
!Length<br />(km)
!Stations
|-
| style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}}; text-align: center;| [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|<span style="color:white;">Blue Line</span>]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Wimco Nagar
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bandara Internasional Chennai|Stasiun metro Bandara Internasional Chennai]]
| style="text-align:center;"|21 September 2016
| style="text-align:center;"|32.65
| style="text-align:center;"|26
|-
| style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}; text-align: center;| [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|<span style="color:white;">Green Line</span>]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Stasiun kereta api Pusat Chennai|Stasiun metro Pusat Chennai]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bukit Santo Tomas]]
| style="text-align:center;"|29 Juni 2015
| style="text-align:center;"|22
| style="text-align:center;"|17
|-
!Total
! colspan="3"|
!54.65
!41
|}
 
== Kota kembar ==
Baris 62 ⟶ 170:
|- style="color:#000; background:#ffffef;"
|! !| {{Flagicon|Rusia}} Rusia
|! !| [[Berkas:Coat of Armsarms of Volgograd city.pngsvg|25px]] [[Volgograd]]
|! !| [[Berkas:Flag of Volgograd Oblast.svg|25px]] [[Volgograd Oblast]]
|! !| 1966
|! !| <center><ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.themoscowtimes.com/beyond_moscow/volgograd.html| title =Volgograd: 80 Kilometers of Industry and War Heroes| publisher =[[The Moscow Times]]| date =24 October 2011| accessdate =24 October 2011|archive-date =2016-03-03|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183901/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/beyond_moscow/volgograd.html|dead-url =yes}}</ref></center>
|- style="color:#000; background:#ffffcf;"
|! !| {{Flagicon|USA}} Amerika Serikat
|! !| [[Berkas:DenverCOsealSeal of Denver, Colorado.gifsvg|25px]] [[Denver]]
|! !| [[Berkas:Flag of Colorado.svg|25px|]] [[Colorado]]
|! !| 1984
|! !| <center><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.denversistercities.org/chennai.php | title = Overview of Chennai, India: Denver Sister Cities International | publisher =Denversistercities.org | accessdate =3 March 2009 | archiveurl =httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20080605045557/http://www.denversistercities.org/chennai.php | archivedate =2008-06-05 5| Junedead-url 2008=yes }}</ref></center>
|- style="color:#000; background:#ffffef;"
|! !| {{Flagicon|USA}} Amerika Serikat
|! !| [[San Antonio]]
|! !| [[Berkas:Flag of Texas.svg|25px|]] [[Texas]]
|! !| 2008
|! !| <center><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.sainternationalrelations.org/sister-cities-program.html| title =What is it?| publisher=Official Website of the City of San Antonio | accessdate =October 24, 2011}}</ref></center>
Baris 81 ⟶ 189:
|! !| {{Flagicon|Malaysia}} Malaysia
|! !| [[Kuala Lumpur]]
|! !| [[Berkas:Flag of the Federal Territory - Malaysia.png|25px|]] [[Wilayah Persekutuan]]
|! !| 2010
|! !| <center><ref>{{cite news | url =http://hindu.com/2010/11/26/stories/2010112661760300.htm | title = Chennai, Kuala Lumpur sign sister city pact | date = 26 November 2010 |publisher publisher=The Hindu | accessdate =26 November 2010|archive-date =2010-11-29|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101129155307/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/26/stories/2010112661760300.htm|dead-url =yes}}</ref></center>
|}
 
Baris 90 ⟶ 198:
 
== Bibliografi ==
* <cite id="Muthiah">{{Cite book | title=Madras Rediscovered| last=Muthiah| first=S.| year=2004| authorlink=S. Muthiah| publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd| isbn=81-88661-24-4}}</cite>
* {{cite web|title=Chandigarh is cleanest city, Chennai second: Survey |last=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2007/04/09/stories/2007040902501500.htm|year=2007|month=April}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011354/http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/ Official website of Chennai District]
{{Sister project links}}
* [http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/ Official website of the Corporation of Chennai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202212744/http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/ |date=2012-12-02 }}
* [http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/ Official government website of Chennai District]
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Tamil_Nadu/Localities/Chennai/}}
* [http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/ Official website of the Corporation of Chennai]
* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Chennai Chennai] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry
*{{Wikitravel|Chennai}}
 
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Chennai
|North = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />[[Karnataka]]
|East = ''[[Samudra Hindia]]''
|South = ''[[Samudra Hindia]]''
|West = [[Kerala]]
}}
{{Wilayah urban terpadat dunia}}
{{Subject bar |book=Chennai |portal1=India |portal2=Geografi |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Chennai |n=yes |n-search=Category:Chennai |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q1352}}
 
{{Authority control}}
{{negara-geo-stub|India}}
 
[[Kategori:Kota di India]]
 
 
{{negara-geo-stub|India}}
{{Link FA|ta}}
 
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[[bn:চেন্নাই]]
[[bpy:চেন্নাই]]
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[[kl:Chennai]]
[[kn:ಚೆನ್ನೈ]]
[[ko:첸나이]]
[[kw:Chennai]]
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[[lt:Čenajus]]
[[lv:Čennai]]
[[mi:Chennai]]
[[ml:ചെന്നൈ]]
[[mn:Ченнай]]
[[mr:चेन्नई]]
[[ms:Chennai]]
[[my:ချန်နိုင်းမြို့]]
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[[nl:Madras]]
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[[pt:Chennai]]
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[[sv:Chennai]]
[[sw:Chennai]]
[[szl:Madras]]
[[ta:சென்னை]]
[[te:చెన్నై]]
[[th:เจนไน]]
[[tl:Chennai]]
[[tr:Chennai]]
[[uk:Ченнаї]]
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[[vi:Chennai]]
[[vo:Chennai]]
[[war:Chennai]]
[[wuu:金奈]]
[[zh:金奈]]