Daftar pemimpin Uni Soviet: Perbedaan antara revisi

Setelah [[Josef Stalin]] mendapatkan tampuk kekuasaan di era 1920-an,{{sfn|Armstrong|1986|p=98}} jabatan SekertarisSekretaris Jenderal [[Komite Pusat Partai Komunis Uni Soviet|Komite Pusat]] Partai Komunis Uni Soviet, menjadi serupa dengan 'Pemimpin Uni Soviet'{{sfn|Armstrong|1986|p=93}} karena jabatan ini mengurus Partai Komunis dan [[Pemerintahan Uni Soviet]].{{sfn|Armstrong|1986|p=98}} Di masa pemerintahan Stalin jabatan SekertarisSekretaris Jenderal dihapus. Kemudian [[Nikita Khrushchev]] kembali membuat jabatan ini dengan nama ''SekertarisSekretaris Pertama'' hingga tahun 1966, dimana dipada tahun yang sama [[Leonid Brezhnev]] mengembalikan nama jabatan ini seperi awalnya. Menjadi kepala partai komunis,{{sfn|Ginsburgs|Ajani|van den Berg|1989|p=500}} jabatan SekertarisSekretaris Jenderal menjadi jabatan tertinggi di negara ini, hingga tahun 1990.{{sfn|Armstrong|1989|p=22}} Dalam jabatan SekJen, terjadi kekurangan pedoman yang jelas dalam memilih penerusnya, sehingga setelah kematian atau penggulingan pemimpin Soviet, penerus biasanya memerlukan dukungan dari [[Politbiro]], Komite Sentral, atau aparat pemerintah atau partai untuk dapat menjadi pemimpin dan tetap berkuasa. Hingga akhirnya di bulan Maret 1990, jabatan [[Presiden Uni Soviet]] menggantikan Sekretaris Jenderal sebagai jabatan tertinggi dalam hal politik Soviet. {{sfn|Brown|1996|p=195}}

| [[Berkas:GeorgyГеоргий MalenkovМаксимилианович 1964Маленков (cropped).jpg|100px]]

| [[Berkas:1977Staatshoofden, CPAportretten, Bestanddeelnr 925-6564 4774(Cuttedcropped)(d).jpg|100pxpus|133x133px]]

! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]<br><small>(1931–1931–2022)</small>{{sfn|Service|2009|p=435}}

| rowspan=1 width=10%| [[Berkas:Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (portrait).jpg|100px]]

| rowspan=1 width=10%| [[Berkas:IlDmitry ministro della Difesa dell'Unione SovieticaUstinov (1976-1984)colorized, Dmitrij F. Ustinov (croppedfull).jpg|100px]]

| rowspan=2 | <center>13 Februari 1984<ref>Service, Robert. ''The End of the Cold War:1985-1991.'', First Edition, Public Affairs, New York, 2015, p.105</ref><br>↓<br>20 Desember 1984<ref> Saxon, Wolfgang. ''Succession In Moscow: Siberian Peasant Who Won Power; Konstantin Chernenko, A Brezhnev Protege, Led Brief Regime.'' The New York Times, New York, 1984-03-12</ref>

| align="left" rowspan=2 | Disamping menggantikan [[Yuri Andropov]] sebagai [[Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Uni Soviet|Sekretaris Jenderal]], Konstantin Chernenko tak dapat memegang kontrol penuh atas aparatusnya karena kesehatannya yang menurun<ref> Kenez, Peter. A History of the Soviet Union From the Beginning to the End. , Cambridge University Press, New York, 1999, p. 244 </ref> dan kekurangan mandat dari [[nomenklatura]].<ref>Mitchell, R. Judson. Getting to the Top jn the USSR: Cyclical Patterns in the Leadership Succession Process. First Edition, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, 1990, p.121-22 </ref> Pencaknya membuat [[kepemimpinan kolektif]] memberikan [[Kementerian Urusan Luar Negeri (Uni Soviet)|Menteri Luar Negeri]] Andrei Gromyko dan [[Menteri Pertahanan (Uni Soviet)|Menteri Pertahanan]] Dmitry Ustinov sebuah monopoli atas militer dan kebijakan luar negeri USSR<ref>Zubok, V.M.''A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin To Gorbachev'', Second Edition, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2002, p. 276</ref> sementara meninggalkan Chernenko dalam kontrol kebijakan domestik negara tersebut .<ref> Bialer, Seweryn. The Soviet Paradox: External Expansion, Internal Decline. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, London, 1986 , p. 105.</ref>. Dari titik tersebut dan seterusnya, tiga figur tersebut mendominasi pembuatan keputusan Politbiro sampai Ustinov meninggal pada Desember 1984.

| <span style="display:none">{{Age in days nts|1931|3|2}}</span>{{Age91 intahun years303 and days|1931|3|2}} (Masih hidup)hari

* {{cite book|author = [[Archie Brown|Brown, Archie]]|title = The Gorbachev Factor|url = https://archive.org/details/gorbachevfactor0000brow|ref = CITEREFBrown1996|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]|year = 1996|isbn = 978-0-19-827344-8}}

* {{cite book|author = [[Archie Brown|Brown, Archie]]|title = The Rise & Fall of Communism|url = https://archive.org/details/risefallofcommun00brow|ref = CITEREFBrown2009|publisher = [[Bodley Head]]|year = 2009|isbn = 978-0061138799 }}

* {{Cite book|author = Bacon, Edwin; Sandle, Mark|title = Brezhnev Reconsidered|url = https://archive.org/details/brezhnevreconsid0000unse|location =|publisher = [[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year = 2002|isbn = 978-0333794630|ref = CITEREFBaconSandle2002 }}

* {{cite book|author = Baylis, Thomas A.|title = Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies|url = https://archive.org/details/governingbycommi0000bayl|location =|publisher = [[State University of New York Press]]|year = 1989|isbn = 978-0-88706-944-4|ref = CITEREFBaylis1989 }}

* {{cite book|author = Clark, William|title = Lenin: The Man Behind the Mask|url = https://archive.org/details/leninmanbehindma0000clar_o5e9|publisher = [[Faber and Faber]]|year = 1988|location =|ref = CITEREFClarck1988|isbn = 978-0571154609 }}

* {{cite book|author = Europa Publications Limited|year = 2004|title = Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia|url = https://archive.org/details/easterneuroperus0004unse|publisher = [[Routledge]]|isbn = 978-1857431872|ref = CITEREFEuropa_Publications_Limited2004 }}

* {{cite book|author = Gorbachev, Mikhail|title = Memoirs|url = https://archive.org/details/memoirsgorb00gorb|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|year = 1996|location = [[University of Michigan]]|ref = CITEREFGorbachev1996|isbn = 978-0385480192|authorlink = Mikhail Gorbachev }}

* {{cite book|author = Gregory, Paul|title = The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives|url = https://archive.org/details/politicaleconomy0000greg|publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]|year = 2004|location =|ref = CITEREFGregory2004|isbn = 978-0521533676 }}

* {{cite book|author = Hill, Kenneth|year = 1993|title = Cold War chronology: Soviet–American relations, 1945–1991|url = https://archive.org/details/coldwarchronolog0000hill|location = [[University of Michigan]]|publisher = [[Congressional Quarterly]]|isbn = 978-0871879219|ref = CITEREFHill1993 }}

* {{cite book|author = Marlowe, Lynn Elizabeth|title = GED Social Studies|url = https://archive.org/details/socialstudies0000marl_a5g3|publisher = Research and Education Association|year = 2005|ref = CITEREFMarlowe2005|isbn = 978-0738601274 }}

* {{cite book|author = Paxton, John|year = 2004|title = Leaders of Russia and the Soviet Union: from the Romanov dynasty to Vladimir Putin|url = https://archive.org/details/leadersofrussias0000paxt|publisher = [[CRC Press]]|isbn = 978-1579581329|ref = CITEREFPaxton2004 }}

* {{cite book|author = Phillips, Steven|title = Lenin and the Russian Revolution|year = 2000|url = https://archive.org/details/leninrussianrevo0000phil|location =|publisher = [[Heinemann (book publisher)|Heinemann]]|ref = CITEREFPhillips2000|isbn = 978-0-435-32719-4}}

* {{cite book|author = Sakwa, Richard|title = The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917–1991|url = https://archive.org/details/risefallofsoviet0000sakw|publisher = [[Routledge]]|year = 1999|ref = CITEREFSakwa1999|isbn = 978-0-415-12290-0|authorlink = Richard Sakwa }}

* {{cite book|author = Reim, Melanie|title = The Stalinist Empire|url = https://archive.org/details/stalinistempire0000gott|publisher = [[Lerner Publishing Group|Twenty-first Century Books]]|year = 2002|ref = CITEREFReim2002|isbn = 978-0-7613-2558-1 }}

* {{Cite book|author = [[Robert Service (sejarawan)|Service, Robert]]|title = History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century|url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernr00unse|publisher = [[Penguin Books Ltd]]|year = 2009|isbn = 978-0674034938|ref = CITEREFService2009 }}

* {{cite book|author = Service, Robert|title = Stalin: A Biography|url = https://archive.org/details/stalinbiography00serv_0|publisher = [[Harvard University Press]]|year = 2005|ref = CITEREFService2005|isbn = 978-0674016972|authorlink = Robert Service (historian) }}

* {{Cite book|author = Zemtsov, Ilya|title = Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the Eve of Perestroika|url = https://archive.org/details/chernenkolastbol00zemt|location =|publisher = [[Transaction Publishers]]|year = 1989|isbn = 978-0887382604|ref = CITEREFZemtsov1989 }}

* [http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr Heads of State and Government of the Soviet Union (1922–1991)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514085130/http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr |date=2021-05-14 }}