Demam: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Demam''' adalah suatu keadaan saat suhu badan melebihi 37
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Demam memang menjadi sebuah masalah yang hampir semua orang pasti mengalaminya, bahkan gejala demam ini telah memakan banyak korban jika tidak ditangani dengan baik. Terdapat banyak cara yang dapat digunakan untuk menurunkan suhu tubuh saat demam. Salah satunya adalah minum air hangat, tempelkan handuk basah di bagian kepala atau dahi sebagai kompres, mandi air hangat serta beristirahat total ataupun mengonsumsi makanan bergizi.
== Gejala ==
Seseorang mengalami demam ketika suhu tubuh naik di atas kisaran normal. Selain kenaikan suhu, beberapa gejala dan tanda di bawah ini dapat menjadi gejala tambahan, antara lain: berkeringat, kedinginan dan/atau menggigil, sakit kepala, nyeri otot, kehilangan selera makan, sifat mudah marah, dehidrasi, dan kelemahan umum.
Anak-anak antara usia 6 bulan hingga 5 tahun berkemungkinan mengalami [[kejang demam]]. Kira-kira sepertiga dari anak-anak yang mengalami kejang demam akan mengalami kejang lainnya, paling umum dalam 12 bulan kemudian.
==Diagnosis banding==
Demam merupakan [[gejala]] umum dari banyak kondisi medis:
* [[Penyakit infeksi]], contohnya [[COVID-19]], <ref name="Rod2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutiérrez-Ocampo E, Villamizar-Peña R, Holguin-Rivera Y, Escalera-Antezana JP, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Franco-Paredes C | title = Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 34| pages = 101623| date = 13 March 2020 | pmid = 32179124| doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623 | pmc = 7102608 }}</ref> [[demam berdarah dengue]], [[Penyakit virus Ebola|Ebola]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[HIV]], [[influenza]], [[penyakit Lyme]], [[demam berbintik rocky mountain]], [[Sifilis#Sekunder|sifilis sekunder]], [[malaria]], [[mononukleosis infeksiosa]], serta infeksi pada kulit seperti [[bisul]] dan [[furunkel]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raoult|first1=Didier|last2=Levy|first2=Pierre-Yves|last3=Dupont|first3=Hervé Tissot|last4=Chicheportiche|first4=Colette|last5=Tamalet|first5=Catherine|last6=Gastaut|first6=Jean-Albert|last7=Salducci|first7=Jacques|date=January 1993|title=Q fever and HIV infection|url=http://journals.lww.com/00002030-199301000-00012|journal=AIDS|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=81–86|doi=10.1097/00002030-199301000-00012|pmid=8442921|issn=0269-9370}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=French|first1=Neil|last2=Nakiyingi|first2=Jessica|last3=Lugada|first3=Eric|last4=Watera|first4=Christine|last5=Whitworth|first5=James A. G.|last6=Gilks|first6=Charles F.|date=May 2001|title=Increasing rates of malarial fever with deteriorating immune status in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults|url=https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/05040/Increasing_rates_of_malarial_fever_with.10.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222192422/https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/05040/Increasing_rates_of_malarial_fever_with.10.aspx|archive-date=2022-02-22|journal=AIDS|volume=15|issue=7|pages=899–906|doi=10.1097/00002030-200105040-00010|pmid=11399962|s2cid=25470703|issn=0269-9370}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heymann|first1=D. L.|last2=Weisfeld|first2=J. S.|last3=Webb|first3=P. A.|last4=Johnson|first4=K. M.|last5=Cairns|first5=T.|last6=Berquist|first6=H.|date=1980-09-01|title=Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977-1978|journal=Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=142|issue=3|pages=372–376|doi=10.1093/infdis/142.3.372|pmid=7441008|issn=0022-1899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Feldmann|first1=Heinz|last2=Geisbert|first2=Thomas W|date=March 2011|title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever|journal=The Lancet|volume=377|issue=9768|pages=849–862|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60667-8|pmid=21084112|pmc=3406178|issn=0140-6736}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oakley|first1=Miranda S.|last2=Gerald|first2=Noel|last3=McCutchan|first3=Thomas F.|last4=Aravind|first4=L.|last5=Kumar|first5=Sanjai|date=October 2011|title=Clinical and molecular aspects of malaria fever|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=27|issue=10|pages=442–449|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2011.06.004|pmid=21795115|issn=1471-4922}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Colunga-Salas|first1=Pablo|last2=Sánchez-Montes|first2=Sokani|last3=Volkow|first3=Patricia|last4=Ruíz-Remigio|first4=Adriana|last5=Becker|first5=Ingeborg|date=2020-09-17|title=Lyme disease and relapsing fever in Mexico: An overview of human and wildlife infections|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=9|pages=e0238496|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0238496|pmid=32941463|pmc=7497999|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1538496C|issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Penyakit [[imunologi|imunologis]], contohnya [[polikondritis kambuhan]],<ref name="Puechal 2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Puéchal X, Terrier B, Mouthon L, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Guillevin L, Le Jeunne C | title = Relapsing polychondritis | journal = Joint, Bone, Spine | volume = 81 | issue = 2 | pages = 118–24 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24556284 | doi = 10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.01.001 }}</ref> [[hepatitis autoimun]], [[granulomatosis dengan poliangitiis]], [[penyakit Horton]], [[penyakit radang usus]], [[penyakit Kawasaki]], [[lupus eritematosus sistemik|lupus]], [[sarcoidosis]], dan [[penyakit Still onset dewasa|penyakit Still]].
* Kerusakan jaringan dengan penyebab seperti [[pendarahan otak]], [[rabdomiolisis traumatis]], [[hemolisis]], [[infark]], [[rabdomiolisis]], dan [[pembedahan]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Arnhold |first=Jürgen |title=Cell and Tissue Destruction in Selected Disorders |date=2020 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816388-7.00009-7 |work=Cell and Tissue Destruction |pages=249–287 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-816388-7.00009-7 |isbn=9780128163887 |s2cid=209284148 |access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Arnhold, Jürgen |title=Cell and tissue destruction: mechanisms, protection, disorders |date=28 August 2019 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-816388-7 |oclc=1120070914}}</ref>
* [[Kanker]], khususnya kanker darah seperti [[leukemia]] dan [[limfoma]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms of Cancer {{!}} Do I Have Cancer?|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-basics/signs-and-symptoms-of-cancer.html|access-date=2020-06-20|website=www.cancer.org|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gangguan metabolik]], seperti [[pirai]] dan [[porfiria]];<ref>{{Cite book |author=Centerwall, Willard R. |title=Phenylketonuria: an inherited metabolic disorder associated with mental retardation |date=1965 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Welfare Administration, Children's Bureau |oclc=392284}}</ref> dan<ref>{{Citation |title=Metabolic Disorder |date=2020-02-07 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.32388/7344b1 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/7344b1 |s2cid=42063856 |access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref>
* Penyakit genetik, contohnya [[penyakit Fabry]].<ref name=Harrisons20th>{{cite book | author = Dinarello CA, Porat R | date = 2018 | chapter = Chapter 15: Fever | title = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine | edition = 20th | volume = 1-2 |veditors= Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo, J |location=New York, NY | publisher=McGraw-Hill | isbn=9781259644030 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XGQntQEACAAJ&q=9781259644030 | access-date = 31 March 2020}}</ref>
Demam dapat terjadi karena reaksi terhadap produk darah yang tidak cocok saat transfusi darah.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dean |first1=Laura |title=Blood transfusions and the immune system |date=2005 |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (US) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2265/ |language=en}}</ref>
[[Tumbuh gigi]] pada bayi tidak menyebabkan terjadinya demam.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Massignan C, Cardoso M, Porporatti AL, Aydinoz S, Canto G, Mezzomo LA, Bolan M | title = Signs and Symptoms of Primary Tooth Eruption: A Meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 137 | issue = 3 | pages = e20153501 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26908659 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2015-3501 | url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/02/16/peds.2015-3501 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160221014525/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/02/16/peds.2015-3501 | df = dmy-all | url-status = live | archive-date = 21 February 2016 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
==Fungsi demam==
=== Fungsi terkait sistem imun ===
Demam membantu kerja sistem kekebalan tubuh manusia.<ref name=Sch2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schaffner A | title = Fieber – nützliches oder schädliches, zu behandelndes Symptom? | trans-title = Fever–useful or noxious symptom that should be treated? | journal = Therapeutische Umschau | volume = 63 | issue = 3 | pages = 185–88 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16613288 | doi = 10.1024/0040-5930.63.3.185 | language = de }}</ref> [[Patogen]] yang membutuhkan rentang suhu yang sempit untuk bereproduksi akan terhambat proses reproduksinya. Selain itu, bertambahnya suhu tubuh saat demam akan meningkatkan laju reaksi-reaksi imunologis yang penting.<ref name="Fischler">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fischler MP, Reinhart WH | title = [Fever: friend or enemy?] | language = de | journal = Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift | volume = 127 | issue = 20 | pages = 864–70 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9289813 }}</ref> Demam membantu proses penyembuhan dengan beberapa mekanisme.
:* meningkatkan mobilitas [[leukosit]];<ref name = Craven2003>{{cite book |vauthors=Craven RF, Hirnle CJ | year = 2003 | title = Fundamentals of Nursing: Human Health and Function | edition = 4th | location = Philadelphia, PA | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | isbn = 9780781758185 | url = https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofnu0000unse_c8z5 | url-access = registration | access-date = 2 April 2020 }}</ref>{{rp|1044}}
:* meningkatkan proses [[fagositosis]] oleh leukosit;<ref name = Craven2003/>{{rp|1030}}
:* menurunkan efek [[endotoksin]];<ref name = Craven2003/>{{rp|1029}} dan
:* meningkatkan [[proliferasi sel|proliferasi]] [[sel T]]. <ref name = Craven2003/>{{rp|1030}}<ref name=LewisDirksenHeitkemper2005>{{cite book |vauthors=Lewis SM, Dirksen SR, Heitkemper MM | year = 2005 | title = Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems | edition = 6th | location = Amsterdam, NL | publisher = Elsevier-Health Sciences | isbn = 9780323031059 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3TerPAAACAAJ | access-date = 2 April 2020 }}</ref>{{rp|212}}
=== Manfaat dan kerugian demam ===
Respon demam terhadap penyakit infeksi dianggap memiliki sifat protektif, sedangkan demam pada kasus noninfektif dapat bersifat maladaptif.<ref name="kiek">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kiekkas P, Aretha D, Bakalis N, Karpouhtsi I, Marneras C, Baltopoulos GI |title=Fever effects and treatment in critical care: literature review |journal=Australian Critical Care |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=130–5 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23199670 |doi=10.1016/j.aucc.2012.10.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9917881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kluger MJ, Kozak W, Conn CA, Leon LR, Soszynski D |date=September 1998 |title=Role of fever in disease |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=856 |issue=1 |pages=224–33 |bibcode=1998NYASA.856..224K |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08329.x |pmid=9917881 |s2cid=12408561}}</ref> Berbagai studi masih belum konsisten mengenai apakah pengobatan untuk mengontrol suhu tubuh saat demam akan menambah atau mengurangi risiko kematian.<ref name="SepticReview2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Drewry |first1=Anne M. |last2=Ablordeppey |first2=Enyo A. |last3=Murray |first3=Ellen T. |last4=Stoll |first4=Carolyn R. T. |last5=Izadi |first5=Sonya R. |last6=Dalton |first6=Catherine M. |last7=Hardi |first7=Angela C. |last8=Fowler |first8=Susan A. |last9=Fuller |first9=Brian M. |last10=Colditz |first10=Graham A. |year=2017 |title=Antipyretic Therapy in Critically Ill Septic Patients |journal=Critical Care Medicine |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=806–813 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000002285 |pmc=5389594 |pmid=28221185}}</ref> Sebuah studi yang menggunakan subjek berupa [[vertebrata]] [[hewan berdarah panas|berdarah panas]] menunjukkan bahwa demam membuat hewan-hewan tersebut pulih dari infeksi atau penyakit kritis dengan lebih cepat. <ref name="VUB">{{cite journal |vauthors=Su F, Nguyen ND, Wang Z, Cai Y, Rogiers P, Vincent JL |date=June 2005 |title=Fever control in septic shock: beneficial or harmful? |journal=Shock |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=516–20 |pmid=15897803}}</ref> Pada [[sepsis]], pasien dengan demam memiliki tingkat kematian yang lebih rendah daripada pasien dengan suhu tubuh normal.<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=3 |last1=Rumbus |first1=Z |last2=Matics |first2=R |last3=Hegyi |first3=P |last4=Zsiboras |first4=C |last5=Szabo |first5=I |last6=Illes |first6=A |last7=Petervari |first7=E |last8=Balasko |first8=M |last9=Marta |first9=K |last10=Miko |first10=A |last11=Parniczky |first11=A |last12=Tenk |first12=J |last13=Rostas |first13=I |last14=Solymar |first14=M |last15=Garami |first15=A |title=Fever Is Associated with Reduced, Hypothermia with Increased Mortality in Septic Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=e0170152 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0170152 |pmid=28081244|pmc=5230786 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1270152R |doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Demam gigitan tikus]]
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Gejala penyakit]]
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