Demam: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{penyangkalan medis}}
{{Infobox symptom
|Name = Demam
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== Gejala ==
Seseorang mengalami demam ketika suhu tubuh naik di atas kisaran normal. Selain kenaikan suhu, beberapa gejala dan tanda di bawah ini dapat menjadi gejala tambahan, antara lain: berkeringat, kedinginan dan/atau menggigil, sakit kepala, nyeri otot, kehilangan selera makan, sifat mudah marah, dehidrasi, dan kelemahan umum.
Anak-anak antara usia 6 bulan hingga 5 tahun berkemungkinan mengalami [[kejang demam]]. Kira-kira sepertiga dari anak-anak yang mengalami kejang demam akan mengalami kejang lainnya, paling umum dalam 12 bulan kemudian.
==Diagnosis banding==
▲Anak-anak antara usia 6 bulan hingga 5 tahun berkemungkinan mengalami [[kejang demam]]. Kira-kira sepertiga dari anak-anak yang mengalami kejang demam akan mengalami kejang lainnya, paling umum dalam 12 bulan kemudian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drzuhdy.com/|title=Demam Tinggi|last=Zuhdy|first=Dr|date=11 Februari 2020|website=Informasi Kedokteran Klinis|access-date=10 Maret 2020}}</ref>
Demam merupakan [[gejala]] umum dari banyak kondisi medis:
* [[Penyakit infeksi]], contohnya [[COVID-19]], <ref name="Rod2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutiérrez-Ocampo E, Villamizar-Peña R, Holguin-Rivera Y, Escalera-Antezana JP, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Franco-Paredes C | title = Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 34| pages = 101623| date = 13 March 2020 | pmid = 32179124| doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623 | pmc = 7102608 }}</ref> [[demam berdarah dengue]], [[Penyakit virus Ebola|Ebola]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[HIV]], [[influenza]], [[penyakit Lyme]], [[demam berbintik rocky mountain]], [[Sifilis#Sekunder|sifilis sekunder]], [[malaria]], [[mononukleosis infeksiosa]], serta infeksi pada kulit seperti [[bisul]] dan [[furunkel]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raoult|first1=Didier|last2=Levy|first2=Pierre-Yves|last3=Dupont|first3=Hervé Tissot|last4=Chicheportiche|first4=Colette|last5=Tamalet|first5=Catherine|last6=Gastaut|first6=Jean-Albert|last7=Salducci|first7=Jacques|date=January 1993|title=Q fever and HIV infection|url=http://journals.lww.com/00002030-199301000-00012|journal=AIDS|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=81–86|doi=10.1097/00002030-199301000-00012|pmid=8442921|issn=0269-9370}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=French|first1=Neil|last2=Nakiyingi|first2=Jessica|last3=Lugada|first3=Eric|last4=Watera|first4=Christine|last5=Whitworth|first5=James A. G.|last6=Gilks|first6=Charles F.|date=May 2001|title=Increasing rates of malarial fever with deteriorating immune status in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults|url=https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/05040/Increasing_rates_of_malarial_fever_with.10.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222192422/https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/05040/Increasing_rates_of_malarial_fever_with.10.aspx|archive-date=2022-02-22|journal=AIDS|volume=15|issue=7|pages=899–906|doi=10.1097/00002030-200105040-00010|pmid=11399962|s2cid=25470703|issn=0269-9370}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heymann|first1=D. L.|last2=Weisfeld|first2=J. S.|last3=Webb|first3=P. A.|last4=Johnson|first4=K. M.|last5=Cairns|first5=T.|last6=Berquist|first6=H.|date=1980-09-01|title=Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977-1978|journal=Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=142|issue=3|pages=372–376|doi=10.1093/infdis/142.3.372|pmid=7441008|issn=0022-1899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Feldmann|first1=Heinz|last2=Geisbert|first2=Thomas W|date=March 2011|title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever|journal=The Lancet|volume=377|issue=9768|pages=849–862|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60667-8|pmid=21084112|pmc=3406178|issn=0140-6736}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oakley|first1=Miranda S.|last2=Gerald|first2=Noel|last3=McCutchan|first3=Thomas F.|last4=Aravind|first4=L.|last5=Kumar|first5=Sanjai|date=October 2011|title=Clinical and molecular aspects of malaria fever|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=27|issue=10|pages=442–449|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2011.06.004|pmid=21795115|issn=1471-4922}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Colunga-Salas|first1=Pablo|last2=Sánchez-Montes|first2=Sokani|last3=Volkow|first3=Patricia|last4=Ruíz-Remigio|first4=Adriana|last5=Becker|first5=Ingeborg|date=2020-09-17|title=Lyme disease and relapsing fever in Mexico: An overview of human and wildlife infections|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=9|pages=e0238496|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0238496|pmid=32941463|pmc=7497999|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1538496C|issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Referensi==▼
* Penyakit [[imunologi|imunologis]], contohnya [[polikondritis kambuhan]],<ref name="Puechal 2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Puéchal X, Terrier B, Mouthon L, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Guillevin L, Le Jeunne C | title = Relapsing polychondritis | journal = Joint, Bone, Spine | volume = 81 | issue = 2 | pages = 118–24 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24556284 | doi = 10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.01.001 }}</ref> [[hepatitis autoimun]], [[granulomatosis dengan poliangitiis]], [[penyakit Horton]], [[penyakit radang usus]], [[penyakit Kawasaki]], [[lupus eritematosus sistemik|lupus]], [[sarcoidosis]], dan [[penyakit Still onset dewasa|penyakit Still]].
* Kerusakan jaringan dengan penyebab seperti [[pendarahan otak]], [[rabdomiolisis traumatis]], [[hemolisis]], [[infark]], [[rabdomiolisis]], dan [[pembedahan]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Arnhold |first=Jürgen |title=Cell and Tissue Destruction in Selected Disorders |date=2020 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816388-7.00009-7 |work=Cell and Tissue Destruction |pages=249–287 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-816388-7.00009-7 |isbn=9780128163887 |s2cid=209284148 |access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Arnhold, Jürgen |title=Cell and tissue destruction: mechanisms, protection, disorders |date=28 August 2019 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-816388-7 |oclc=1120070914}}</ref>
* [[Kanker]], khususnya kanker darah seperti [[leukemia]] dan [[limfoma]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms of Cancer {{!}} Do I Have Cancer?|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-basics/signs-and-symptoms-of-cancer.html|access-date=2020-06-20|website=www.cancer.org|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gangguan metabolik]], seperti [[pirai]] dan [[porfiria]];<ref>{{Cite book |author=Centerwall, Willard R. |title=Phenylketonuria: an inherited metabolic disorder associated with mental retardation |date=1965 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Welfare Administration, Children's Bureau |oclc=392284}}</ref> dan<ref>{{Citation |title=Metabolic Disorder |date=2020-02-07 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.32388/7344b1 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/7344b1 |s2cid=42063856 |access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref>
* Penyakit genetik, contohnya [[penyakit Fabry]].<ref name=Harrisons20th>{{cite book | author = Dinarello CA, Porat R | date = 2018 | chapter = Chapter 15: Fever | title = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine | edition = 20th | volume = 1-2 |veditors= Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo, J |location=New York, NY | publisher=McGraw-Hill | isbn=9781259644030 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XGQntQEACAAJ&q=9781259644030 | access-date = 31 March 2020}}</ref>
Demam dapat terjadi karena reaksi terhadap produk darah yang tidak cocok saat transfusi darah.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dean |first1=Laura |title=Blood transfusions and the immune system |date=2005 |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (US) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2265/ |language=en}}</ref>
[[Tumbuh gigi]] pada bayi tidak menyebabkan terjadinya demam.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Massignan C, Cardoso M, Porporatti AL, Aydinoz S, Canto G, Mezzomo LA, Bolan M | title = Signs and Symptoms of Primary Tooth Eruption: A Meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 137 | issue = 3 | pages = e20153501 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26908659 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2015-3501 | url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/02/16/peds.2015-3501 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160221014525/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/02/16/peds.2015-3501 | df = dmy-all | url-status = live | archive-date = 21 February 2016 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
==Fungsi demam==
=== Fungsi terkait sistem imun ===
Demam membantu kerja sistem kekebalan tubuh manusia.<ref name=Sch2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schaffner A | title = Fieber – nützliches oder schädliches, zu behandelndes Symptom? | trans-title = Fever–useful or noxious symptom that should be treated? | journal = Therapeutische Umschau | volume = 63 | issue = 3 | pages = 185–88 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16613288 | doi = 10.1024/0040-5930.63.3.185 | language = de }}</ref> [[Patogen]] yang membutuhkan rentang suhu yang sempit untuk bereproduksi akan terhambat proses reproduksinya. Selain itu, bertambahnya suhu tubuh saat demam akan meningkatkan laju reaksi-reaksi imunologis yang penting.<ref name="Fischler">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fischler MP, Reinhart WH | title = [Fever: friend or enemy?] | language = de | journal = Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift | volume = 127 | issue = 20 | pages = 864–70 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9289813 }}</ref> Demam membantu proses penyembuhan dengan beberapa mekanisme.
:* meningkatkan mobilitas [[leukosit]];<ref name = Craven2003>{{cite book |vauthors=Craven RF, Hirnle CJ | year = 2003 | title = Fundamentals of Nursing: Human Health and Function | edition = 4th | location = Philadelphia, PA | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | isbn = 9780781758185 | url = https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofnu0000unse_c8z5 | url-access = registration | access-date = 2 April 2020 }}</ref>{{rp|1044}}
:* meningkatkan proses [[fagositosis]] oleh leukosit;<ref name = Craven2003/>{{rp|1030}}
:* menurunkan efek [[endotoksin]];<ref name = Craven2003/>{{rp|1029}} dan
:* meningkatkan [[proliferasi sel|proliferasi]] [[sel T]]. <ref name = Craven2003/>{{rp|1030}}<ref name=LewisDirksenHeitkemper2005>{{cite book |vauthors=Lewis SM, Dirksen SR, Heitkemper MM | year = 2005 | title = Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems | edition = 6th | location = Amsterdam, NL | publisher = Elsevier-Health Sciences | isbn = 9780323031059 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3TerPAAACAAJ | access-date = 2 April 2020 }}</ref>{{rp|212}}
=== Manfaat dan kerugian demam ===
Respon demam terhadap penyakit infeksi dianggap memiliki sifat protektif, sedangkan demam pada kasus noninfektif dapat bersifat maladaptif.<ref name="kiek">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kiekkas P, Aretha D, Bakalis N, Karpouhtsi I, Marneras C, Baltopoulos GI |title=Fever effects and treatment in critical care: literature review |journal=Australian Critical Care |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=130–5 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23199670 |doi=10.1016/j.aucc.2012.10.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9917881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kluger MJ, Kozak W, Conn CA, Leon LR, Soszynski D |date=September 1998 |title=Role of fever in disease |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=856 |issue=1 |pages=224–33 |bibcode=1998NYASA.856..224K |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08329.x |pmid=9917881 |s2cid=12408561}}</ref> Berbagai studi masih belum konsisten mengenai apakah pengobatan untuk mengontrol suhu tubuh saat demam akan menambah atau mengurangi risiko kematian.<ref name="SepticReview2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Drewry |first1=Anne M. |last2=Ablordeppey |first2=Enyo A. |last3=Murray |first3=Ellen T. |last4=Stoll |first4=Carolyn R. T. |last5=Izadi |first5=Sonya R. |last6=Dalton |first6=Catherine M. |last7=Hardi |first7=Angela C. |last8=Fowler |first8=Susan A. |last9=Fuller |first9=Brian M. |last10=Colditz |first10=Graham A. |year=2017 |title=Antipyretic Therapy in Critically Ill Septic Patients |journal=Critical Care Medicine |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=806–813 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000002285 |pmc=5389594 |pmid=28221185}}</ref> Sebuah studi yang menggunakan subjek berupa [[vertebrata]] [[hewan berdarah panas|berdarah panas]] menunjukkan bahwa demam membuat hewan-hewan tersebut pulih dari infeksi atau penyakit kritis dengan lebih cepat. <ref name="VUB">{{cite journal |vauthors=Su F, Nguyen ND, Wang Z, Cai Y, Rogiers P, Vincent JL |date=June 2005 |title=Fever control in septic shock: beneficial or harmful? |journal=Shock |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=516–20 |pmid=15897803}}</ref> Pada [[sepsis]], pasien dengan demam memiliki tingkat kematian yang lebih rendah daripada pasien dengan suhu tubuh normal.<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=3 |last1=Rumbus |first1=Z |last2=Matics |first2=R |last3=Hegyi |first3=P |last4=Zsiboras |first4=C |last5=Szabo |first5=I |last6=Illes |first6=A |last7=Petervari |first7=E |last8=Balasko |first8=M |last9=Marta |first9=K |last10=Miko |first10=A |last11=Parniczky |first11=A |last12=Tenk |first12=J |last13=Rostas |first13=I |last14=Solymar |first14=M |last15=Garami |first15=A |title=Fever Is Associated with Reduced, Hypothermia with Increased Mortality in Septic Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=e0170152 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0170152 |pmid=28081244|pmc=5230786 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1270152R |doi-access=free }}</ref>
▲== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
== Lihat
* [[Demam gigitan tikus]]
{{penyakit-stub}}▼
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Gejala penyakit]]
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