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[[Berkas:Japan districts.png|jmpl|Distrik di [[Jepang]]. Perhatikan bahwa ini adalah area yang tersisa dari distrik-distrik yang sebelumnya besar, karena kota-kota kecil bergabung menjadi kota-kota yang terpisah dari distrik-distrik.]]
[[Berkas:Government Office in Higashi Yamanashi.jpg|jmpl|Bekas kantor pemerintah distrik [[Distrik Higashiyamanashi, Yamanashi|Higashi-Yamanashi ("Yamanashi Timur"), Yamanashi]]. Bangunan itu telah direkonstruksi di [[Meiji-mura|museum "Desa Meiji"]] di Aichi.]]
[[Berkas:Kawabe District Assembly.jpg|jmpl|Majelis distrik [[Distrik Kawabe, Akita|Kawabe, Akita]] sebelum dihapus]]
 
{{nihongo|'''Distrik'''|郡|gun}} saat ini merupakan unit geografis dan statistik yang terdiri dari satu atau beberapa desa di Jepang. Distrik berfungsi sebagai [[Pembagian administratif Jepang|unit administrasi di Jepang]] pada tahun 1878<ref>[http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=XYKEY1kBYnRZSZeTmxy0Uw%3d%3d Entry for the ''gun-ku-chō-son-hensei-hō''/"Law on the organization of ku (urban districts/cities&wards), gun (rural districts), chō (urban settlements/towns/neighbourhoods) and son (villages/rural settlements)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011826/http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=XYKEY1kBYnRZSZeTmxy0Uw%3d%3d |date=2013-02-10 }}, the 1878 law that reactivated the districts as administrative units, in the [[National Diet Library]] ''Nihon hōrei sakuin''/"Index of Japanese laws and ordinances" (contains list of changes to the law, list of laws changed by it and links to full text in online archives)</ref> hingga 1921.<ref>The governing law, the district code (''gunsei'', 郡制; [http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=DxKAtvm4IdXvIXi3Whor6Q%3d%3d Entry for the 1890 original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217040004/http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=DxKAtvm4IdXvIXi3Whor6Q%3d%3d |date=2013-02-17 }} and [http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=OiivKKtBrai%2fawstWCxXyg%3d%3d entry for the revised 1899 ''gunsei''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217040046/http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=OiivKKtBrai%2fawstWCxXyg%3d%3d |date=2013-02-17 }} in the [[National Diet Library]] ''Nihon hōrei sakuin''/"Index of Japanese laws and ordinances"), was abolished in 1921, but the district assemblies (''gunkai'', 郡会) existed until 1923, the district chiefs (''gunchō'', 郡長) and district offices (''gun-yakusho'', 郡役所) until 1926.</ref>. Tidak ada satuan administratif di [[Indonesia]] yang sepadan dengan distrik di Jepang, namuntetapi secara umum hampir sama dengan [[county]] di [[Amerika Serikat]].
 
Distrik berstatus di bawah [[prefektur (Jepang)|prefektur]] dan di atas [[kota kecil (Jepang)|kota kecil]] dan [[desa (Jepang)|desa]] serta setara dengan [[kota (Jepang)|kota]].<ref>[http://www.statoids.com/yjp.html Japan Counties<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
== HistorySejarah ==
The district wasDistrik initiallyawalnya calleddisebut ''kōri'' anddan hasmemiliki ancientsejarah rootstersendiri indi JapanJepang. Although theMeskipun ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' saysmenyatakan theybahwa weredistrik establisheddidirikan during theselama [[Reformasi Taika Reform]]s, ''kōri'' wasaslinya originally writtenditulis {{nihongo2|評}}.<ref>{{cite book|author=Masashi Kinoshita 木下 正史|title=Fujiwara-kyō 藤原京|date=2003|publisher=Chūō Kōronsha|page=64|language=Japanese}} The discovery of thousands of ''[[wiktionary:木簡|mokkan]]'' wooden tablets in a buried moat around the ancient capital of [[Fujiwara-kyō]] confirmed the theory that ''kōri'' had originally been written with the character 評, and not the character 郡 that appears in the ''Nihon Shoki''.</ref> ItHingga was not until thekemudian [[Kode Taihō Code]] that ''kōri'' came to be writtenmengubahnya asmenjadi {{nihongo2|郡}} (imitatingmeniru [[Jun (countrysubdivisi subdivisionnegara)|thepembagian wilayah Chinesedi divisionCina]]). UnderDi thebawah Kode Taihō Code, thestatus administrativedistrik unit ofdibawah {{nihongo4|provinceprovinsi|国|kuni}} wasdan abovedi district, and theatas villagedesa ({{nihongo2|里}} oratau {{nihongo2|郷}} ''sato'') was below.
 
Ketika kekuatan pemerintah pusat melemah (dan dalam beberapa periode dihidupkan kembali) selama berabad-abad, provinsi dan distrik, meskipun tidak pernah secara resmi dihapuskan dan masih terhubung dengan posisi administratif yang diberikan oleh pengadilan Kekaisaran (atau siapa pun yang mengendalikannya), sebagian besar kehilangan relevansinya sebagai unit administratif dan digantikan oleh hierarki kepemilikan feodal. Pada periode Edo, subdivisi utama adalah kota shogun, yang diperintah oleh administrator kota ''([[machi-bugyō]])'', domain shogun (''[[Tenryō|bakuryō]]'', biasanya dimaksudkan untuk memasukkan kepemilikan yang lebih kecil dari Hatamoto, dll.), kepemilikan besar ([[Sistem han|''han''/domain]]), dan ada juga sejumlah wilayah kecil seperti kepemilikan spiritual (kuil); sementara wilayah shogun terdiri dari wilayah yang luas dan bersebelahan, domain umumnya terdiri dari hanya satu kastil dan kota kastil, biasanya merupakan wilayah di daerah sekitarnya, tetapi di luar itu kadang-kadang serangkaian ekslave dan kantong yang terputus, dalam beberapa kasus didistribusikan di beberapa distrik di beberapa provinsi. Untuk alasan ini saja, mereka tidak praktis sebagai unit geografis, dan di samping itu, feodalisme periode Edo terikat pada pendapatan nominal suatu wilayah, bukan wilayah itu sendiri, sehingga shogun dapat dan melakukan redistribusi wilayah antar domain, perbatasan mereka umumnya tunduk untuk berubah, bahkan jika di beberapa tempat kepemilikan tetap tidak berubah selama berabad-abad. Provinsi dan distrik tetap menjadi kerangka referensi geografis terpenting sepanjang abad pertengahan dan awal modern hingga masa restorasi dan seterusnya – pada awalnya, prefektur diciptakan secara berurutan dengan pembagian feodal era shogun dan perbatasannya terus bergeser melalui merger, pemisahan, dan transfer teritorial sampai mereka mencapai sebagian besar negara mereka saat ini pada tahun 1890-an.
As the power of the central government decayed (and in some periods revived) over the centuries, the provinces and districts, although never formally abolished and still connected to administrative positions handed out by the Imperial court (or whoever controlled it), largely lost their relevance as administrative units and were superseded by a hierarchy of feudal holdings. In the Edo period, the primary subdivisions were the shogunate cities, governed by urban administrators ''([[machi-bugyō]])'', the shogunate domain (''[[Tenryō|bakuryō]]'', usually meant to include the smaller holdings of Hatamoto, etc.), major holdings ([[Han system|''han''/domains]]), and there was also a number of minor territories such as spiritual (shrine/temple) holdings; while the shogunate domain comprised vast, contiguous territories, domains consisted of generally only one castle and castle town, usually a compact territory in the surrounding area, but beyond that sometimes a string of disconnected exclaves and enclaves, in some cases distributed over several districts in several provinces. For this reason alone, they were impractical as geographical units, and in addition, Edo period feudalism was tied to the nominal income of a territory, not the territory itself, so the shogunate could and did redistribute territories between domains, their borders were generally subject to change, even if in some places holdings remained unchanged for centuries. Provinces and districts remained the most important geographical frame of reference throughout the middle and early modern ages up to the restoration and beyond – initially, the prefectures were created in direct succession to the shogunate era feudal divisions and their borders kept shifting through mergers, splits and territorial transfers until they reached largely their present state in the 1890s.
 
Kota ''(-shi)'', sejak tahun 1889 selalu menjadi milik langsung ke prefektur dan independen dari distrik. Sebelum 1878, distrik telah membagi seluruh negara dengan hanya beberapa pengecualian (Edo / Tokyo sebagai ibu kota shogun dan beberapa kelompok pulau). Pada tahun 1878, distrik-distrik diaktifkan kembali sebagai unit administratif, tetapi kota-kota besar dipisahkan dari distrik-distrik. Semua prefektur (''-fu'' dan ''-ken'' saat itu) – kecuali beberapa pulau terpencil – dibagi ke dalam distrik pedesaan (''-gun'') distrik perkotaan (''-ku''), rintisan awal dari ''shi''. Secara geografis, distrik-distrik pedesaan terutama didasarkan pada distrik-distrik kuno, tetapi di banyak tempat distrik-distrik tersebut digabung, dipisah-pisah atau diganti namanya, di beberapa daerah, perbatasan prefektur melewati distrik-distrik kuno dan distrik-distrik diorganisir ulang untuk menyamai; distrik perkotaan benar-benar dipisahkan dari distrik pedesaan, kebanyakan dari mereka mencakup satu kota pada umumnya, tetapi kota terbesar dan paling penting, periode Edo "tiga ibu kota" Edo / Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka terdiri dari beberapa distrik perkotaan. (Ini hanya merujuk pada wilayah kota yang tidak diorganisasikan sebagai unit administrasi tunggal sebelum 1889, bukan prefektur Tokyo, Kyoto dan Osaka yang pada awalnya dibuat pada tahun 1868 sebagai penerus administrasi kota shogun, tetapi segera diperluas ke shogun sekitarnya domain pedesaan dan kepemilikan feodal dan pada tahun 1878 juga terdapat distrik pedesaan dan dalam kasus Osaka, satu distrik / kota urban lainnya dari tahun 1881.)
Cities ''(-shi)'', since their introduction in 1889, have always belonged directly to prefectures and are independent from districts. Before 1878, districts had subdivided the whole country with only few exceptions (Edo/Tokyo as shogunate capital and some island groups). In 1878, the districts were reactivated as administrative units, but the major cities were separated from the districts. All prefectures (at that time only ''-fu'' and ''-ken'') were – except for some remote islands – contiguously subdivided into [rural] districts/counties (''-gun'') and urban districts/cites (''-ku''), the precursors to the 1889 ''shi''. Geographically, the rural districts were mainly based on the ancient districts, but in many places they were merged, split up or renamed, in some areas, prefectural borders went through ancient districts and the districts were reorganized to match; urban districts were completely separated from the rural districts, most of them covered one city at large, but the largest and most important cities, the Edo period "three capitals" Edo/Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka comprised several urban districts. (This refers only to the city areas which were not organized as a single administrative unit before 1889, not the prefectures Tokyo, Kyoto and Osaka which had initially been created in 1868 as successor to the shogunate city administrations, but were soon expanded to surrounding shogunate rural domain and feudal holdings and by 1878 also contained rural districts and in the case of Osaka, one other urban district/city from 1881.)
 
DistrictAdministrasi administrationsdistrik weredibentuk setpada up intahun 1878, buttetapi districtmajelis assembliesdistrik werehanya onlydibentuk createdpada intahun 1890 withdengan thediperkenalkannya introductionkode of the district codedistrik (''(gunsei)'') assebagai partbagian ofdari thereformasi Prussian-influencedpemerintah localdaerah governmentyang reformsdipengaruhi ofPrusia pada tahun 1888-90. FromDari thetahun 1890s1890-an, districtpemerintah governmentsdistrik weredijalankan runoleh bydewan aeksekutif collective executive councilkolektif (''gun-sanjikai'', 郡参事会), headeddipimpin byoleh thebupati appointedyang district chiefditunjuk (''gunchō'') anddan consistingterdiri ofdari 3 additionalanggota memberstambahan electedyang bydipilih theoleh districtmajelis assemblydistrik anddan onesatu appointedditunjuk byoleh thegubernur prefectural governorprefektur – similarmirip todengan citieskota (''shi-sanjikai'', headeddipimpin byoleh thewali mayorkota) anddan prefecturesprefektur (''fu- / ken-sanjikai'', headed bydipimpin theoleh governorgubernur).
 
Pada tahun 1921, Hara Takashi, perdana menteri non-oligarki pertama (meskipun sebenarnya dari keluarga samurai domain Morioka sendiri, tetapi dalam karier sebagai politisi biasa di DPR) berhasil mendapatkan penghapusan lama dicari dari distrik – tidak seperti majelis kota dan prefektur yang telah menjadi platform awal untuk Gerakan Kebebasan dan Hak Rakyat sebelum Diet Kekaisaran didirikan dan menjadi basis kekuatan partai, pemerintah distrik dianggap sebagai kubu pengikut Yamagata Aritomo yang anti-liberal dan tradisi Kementerian Dalam Negeri sentralis-birokrasi. Majelis dan pemerintah distrik dihapuskan beberapa tahun kemudian.
In 1921, [[Hara Takashi]], the first non-oligarchic prime minister (although actually from a Morioka domain samurai family himself, but in a career as commoner-politician in the House of Representatives), managed to get his long-sought abolition of the districts passed – unlike the municipal and prefectural assemblies which had been an early platform for the [[Freedom and People's Rights Movement]] before the Imperial Diet was established and became bases of party power, the district governments were considered to be a stronghold of anti-liberal [[Yamagata Aritomo]]'s followers and the centralist-bureaucratic [[Home Ministry]] tradition. The district assemblies and governments were abolished a few years later.
 
== Districtsdistrik todayhari ini ==
AsPada ofhari todayini, townskota-kota anddan villagesdesa-desa alsojuga belongtermasuk directlylangsung toke prefecturesprefektur; thedistrik districtstidak nolagi longermemiliki possessadministrasi anyatau administrationsmajelis orsejak assemblies1920-an, sincedan thekarena 1920s,itu andjuga thereforetidak alsoada nootoritas administrative authorityadministratif – althoughmeskipun thereada waspengaktifan a briefkembali de facto reactivationsingkat ofdistrik theselama districtsPerang duringPasifik thedalam Pacificbentuk Warkantor incabang the form of prefectural branch officesprefektur (calleddisebut ''chihō jimusho'', 地方事務所, "localkantor offices/bureaus biro lokal") whichyang generallyumumnya hadmemiliki onesatu districtdistrik indi theirwilayah jurisdictionhukumnya. HoweverNamun, foruntuk geographicaltujuan andgeografis statisticaldan purposesstatistik, districtsdistrik continueterus todigunakan bedan useddiperbarui anduntuk aremerger updatedkota foratau municipal mergers orperubahan status changes: ifjika akota townatau or villagedesa (countrywidedi seluruh negeri:> >15,.000 inpada tahun 1889, <1,.000 todayhari ini) isdigabungkan mergedmenjadi intoatau ordipromosikan promotedke to akota [bymenurut definitiondefinisi: district-independenttidak tergantung distrik] city (countrywidedi seluruh negeri: 39 intahun 1889, 791 intahun 2017),<ref>[[Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications|MIC]]: [http://www.soumu.go.jp/gapei/gapei2.html Change of the number of municipalities and characteristics of the Great Meiji and Shōwa mergers] {{ja}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mayors.or.jp/ ''Zenkoku shichōkai''] ("Japan Association of City Mayors" [special ward mayors are also members, but not part of the name]; title bar contains current/recent number of cities and special wards)</ref>, thewilayah territoryitu istidak nolagi longerdihitung countedsebagai asbagian partdari of the districtdistrik. InDengan thiscara wayini, manybanyak districtsdistrik havetelah become extinctpunah, anddan manybanyak ofdari thosemereka thatyang stillmasih existada containhanya onlyberisi asegelintir handfulatau ofsering orhanya oftensatu onlykota oneyang remainingtersisa municipalitykarena asbanyak manykota ofdan today'sdesa townssaat andini villagesjuga arejauh alsolebih muchbesar largerdaripada thanpada in theera Meiji era. TheDistrik-distrik districtstersebut aredigunakan usedterutama primarilydalam in"sistem thepengalamatan [[JapaneseJepang" addressingdan system]]untuk andmengidentifikasi toarea identifygeografis theyang relevantrelevan geographicaldan areaskoleksi andkota collectionsdan of nearby towns anddesa villagesterdekat.
 
== ConfusingKasus casesmembingungkan indi Hokkaidō ==
Banyak terjadi ambiguitas. Hal ini disebabkan karena nama-nama distrik mengambil nama-nama dari [[Provinsi (Jepang)|provinsi]] zaman dahulu. Hal ini ditambah dengan kebijakan [[Prefektur (Jepang)|prefektur]] 2008 yang menarik batas distrik serupa dengan perbatasan provinsi-provinsi zaman dahulu.
Because district names had been unique within a single [[provinces of Japan|province]] and as of 2008 [[prefectures of Japan|prefecture]] boundaries are roughly aligned to provincial boundaries, most district names are unique within their prefectures.
 
[[Hokkaidō|Prefektur Hokkaidō Prefecture]], however,lahir camejauh muchsetelah latersistem to theprovinsi ''[[ritsuryō]]'' provincial systemberlaku, onlydan aberjarak fewhanya yearsbeberapa beforetahun thedengan prefecturalpenerapan systemsistem wasprefektur introducedterbaru, sosehingga itsterdapat eleven11 [[provincesProvinsi of Japan(Jepang)|provincesprovinsi]] included severaltermasuk districtsbeberapa withdistrik theyang samebernama namesserupa:
 
* ThreeTiga Distrik Kamikawa Districtsdan anddua twoDistrik Nakagawa Districtsdi inPrefektur the [[Hokkaidō|Hokkaidō Prefecture]]. EachPenamaan jurisdictionmengacu referspada toletak itsdistrik geographicalterhadap position along the river from which the former province, and subsequent subprefecture, takes its namesungai. "''Kamikawa''" means upper courseberarti ofhulu thesungai river;sedangkan "''Nakagawa''" meansberarti middletengah coursesungai.
** [[Distrik Kamikawa (Ishikari) District, HokkaidōHokkaido|KamikawaDistrik Dist.Kamikawa]] ([[IshikariProvinsi ProvinceIshikari|Ishikari]]), manageddikelola by theoleh [[Subprefektur Kamikawa Subprefecture]]
** [[Distrik Kamikawa (Teshio) District, HokkaidōHokkaido|KamikawaDistrik Dist.Kamikawa]] ([[TeshioProvinsi ProvinceTeshio|Teshio]]), manageddikelola by theoleh [[Subprefektur Kamikawa Subprefecture]]
** [[Distrik Kamikawa (Tokachi) District, HokkaidōHokkaido|KamikawaDistrik Dist.Kamikawa]] ([[TokachiProvinsi ProvinceTokachi|Tokachi]]), manageddikelola by theoleh [[Subprefektur Tokachi Subprefecture]]
** [[Distrik Nakagawa (Teshio) District, HokkaidōHokkaido|NakagawaDistrik Dist.Nakagawa]] ([[TeshioProvinsi ProvinceTeshio|Teshio]]), manageddikelola by theoleh [[Subprefektur Kamikawa Subprefecture]]
** [[Distrik Nakagawa (Tokachi) District, HokkaidōHokkaido|NakagawaDistrik Dist.Nakagawa]] ([[TokachiProvinsi ProvinceTokachi|Tokachi]]), manageddikelola by theoleh [[Subprefektur Tokachi Subprefecture]]
* AbutaDistrik DistrictAbuta, Rumoi District, Sorachi, DistrictUryū, anddan Yufutsu Districtmemiliki arekasus similaryang serupa, butnamun eachsetiap ofdistrik themini ismemiliki akesamaan singledimana districtwilayahnya allottedterbagi todi twoantara dua [[subprefectures ofSubprefektur Japan(Jepang)|subprefecturessubprefektur]].
** [[AbutaDistrik DistrictAbuta, HokkaidōHokkaido|AbutaDistrik DistrictAbuta]], manageddikelola byoleh [[IburiSubprefektur Subprefecture|Iburi]] anddan [[ShiribeshiSubprefektur SubprefectureShiribeshi|Shiribeshi]]s
** [[SorachiDistrik DistrictSorachi, HokkaidōHokkaido|SorachiDistrik DistrictSorachi]], manageddikelola byoleh [[KamikawaSubprefektur Subprefecture|Kamikawa]] anddan [[SorachiSubprefektur SubprefectureSorachi|Sorachi]]s
** [[TeshioDistrik DistrictTeshio, HokkaidōHokkaido|TeshioDistrik DistrictTeshio]], manageddikelola byoleh [[RumoiSubprefektur Subprefecture|Rumoi]] anddan [[SōyaSubprefektur SubprefectureSōya|Sōya]]s
** [[Distrik Uryū, Hokkaido|Distrik Uryū]], dikelola oleh [[Subprefektur Sorachi]] dan [[Subprefektur Kamikawa|Kamikawa]]
** [[Yūfutsu District, Hokkaidō|Yūfutsu District]], managed by [[Iburi Subprefecture|Iburi]] and [[Kamikawa Subprefecture]]s
** [[Distrik Yūfutsu, Hokkaido|Distrik Yūfutsu]], dikelola oleh [[Subprefektur Iburi]] dan [[Subprefektur Kamikawa|Kamikawa]]
 
== Lihat juga ==
Baris 52 ⟶ 54:
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/usr/2011/692764/ "Japan's Evolving Nested Municipal Hierarchy: The Race for Local Power in the 2000s,"] by A.J. Jacobs at ''Urban Studies Research,'' Vol. 2011 (2011); [[doi:10.1155/2011/692764]]
* [http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/en/activity/01/05/ Historical Development of Japanese Local Governance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612230447/http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/en/activity/01/05/ |date=2013-06-12 }} (bilingual Japanese/English series of papers by the Institute for Comparative Studies in Local Governance, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies): [http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/activity/01/05/file/Seiritsu-1_en.pdf Volume 1: Akio Kamiko, The Start of Modern Local Government (1868 – 1880)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221192905/http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/activity/01/05/file/Seiritsu-1_en.pdf |date=2021-02-21 }}, [http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/activity/01/05/file/Seiritsu-2_en.pdf Volume 2: Akio Kamiko, Implementation of the City Law and the Town and Village Law (1881 – 1908)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610035549/http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/activity/01/05/file/Seiritsu-2_en.pdf |date=2015-06-10 }} and [http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/activity/01/05/file/Seiritsu-3_en.pdf Volume 3: Hiroshi Ikawa, The Development of the Prewar Local Autonomy System (1909－1929)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203336/http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/activity/01/05/file/Seiritsu-3_en.pdf |date=2019-01-24 }} (Links are to the English versions; English translations of Japanese administrative units and government institutions often vary [even within this series], in this case, one can refer directly to the Japanese articles which are accessible from the main page)
 
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