Dua-jiwa: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Dua-jiwa''' (juga '''dua jiwa''') adalah sebuah [[istilah payung]], modern, dan [[Pan-Indianisme|pan-Indian]] yang digunakan oleh beberapa [[Penduduk Asli Amerika|penduduk asli Amerika Utara]] untuk menjelaskan orang tertentu dalam komunitas mereka yang memenuhi peran seremonial gender ketiga tradisional (atau varian gender lainnya) dalam budaya mereka.<ref name=Estrada>{{cite journal|last1=Estrada|first1=Gabriel|title=''Two Spirits'', ''Nádleeh'', and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze|journal=American Indian Culture and Research Journal|date=2011|volume=35|issue=4|pages=167–190|doi=10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/318264790/Two-Spirits-Nadleeh-and-Navajo-LGBTQ2-Gaze-pdf}}{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=NYT2>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/fashion/08SPIRIT.html?_r=0|title=A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out|publisher=The New York Times|date=8 Oct 2006|accessdate=28 July 2016 |quote='The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit,' [Criddle] said, underscoring the idea that simply being gay and Indian does not make someone a Two-Spirit.}}</ref><ref name=NCIA>{{cite journal|last1=Pruden|first1=Harlan|last2=Edmo|first2=Se-ah-dom|title=Two-Spirit People: Sex, Gender & Sexuality in Historic and Contemporary Native America|journal=[[National Congress of American Indians]] Policy Research Center |date=2016|url=http://www.ncai.org/policy-research-center/initiatives/Pruden-Edmo_TwoSpiritPeople.pdf}}</ref> Banyak orang salah mengaitkannya dengan istilah "Pribumi LGBT", istilah dan identitas dua-jiwa "tidak masuk akal" kecuali dalam konteks kerangka [[Penduduk Asli Amerika|Pribumi Amerika]] atau [[Bangsa-Bangsa Pertama]] dan pemahaman budaya tradisional. Istilah ini digunakan setelah kesepakatan pada tahun 1990 dalam sebuah pertemuan internasional lesbian dan gay pribumi yang mendorong penggantian istilah antropologis ''berdache'' yang sudah ketinggalan zaman dan kurang pantas.<ref name="NYT1">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/fashion/08SPIRIT.html?_r=0|title=A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out|date=8 Oct 2006|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=NativeOut101>"[http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ Two Spirit 101] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210110520/http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ |date=2014-12-10 }}" at ''NativeOut'': "The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute.'" Accessed 23 Sep 2015</ref><ref name=Pember1>{{cite web|url=https://rewire.news/article/2016/10/13/two-spirit-tradition-far-ubiquitous-among-tribes/|title=‘Two Spirit’ Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes|publisher=[[Rewire (website)|Rewire]]|first=Mary Annette |last=Pember |date=Oct 13, 2016|accessdate=Oct 17, 2016 |quote= Non-Native anthropologist Will Roscoe gets much of the public credit for coining the term two spirit. However, according to Kristopher Kohl Miner of the Ho-Chunk Nation, Native people such as anthropologist Dr. Wesley Thomas of the Dine or Navajo tribe also contributed to its creation. (Thomas is a professor in the School of Dine and Law Studies.)}}</ref><ref name=BMedicine>{{cite journal |last=Medicine |first=Beatrice |date=August 2002 |title=Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories |url=http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=orpc |journal=Online Readings in Psychology and Culture |publisher= International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=7 |issn=2307-0919 |doi=10.9707/2307-0919.1024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208071034/http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=orpc |archive-date=2012-12-08 |accessdate=2016-06-25 |quote=At the Wenner Gren conference on gender held in Chicago, May, 1994... the gay American Indian and Alaska Native males agreed to use the term "Two Spirit" to replace the controversial "berdache" term. The stated objective was to purge the older term from anthropological literature as it was seen as demeaning and not reflective of Native categories. Unfortunately, the term "berdache" has also been incorporated in the psychology and women studies domains, so the task for the affected group to purge the term looms large and may be formidable.}}</ref>