Ekonomi Rusia: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 3:
|image = Moscow-city-MIBC.jpg
|image_size = 300
|caption = [[Pusat Bisnis Internasional
|currency = [[Rubel Rusia]] (RUB)
|year = tahun kalender
Baris 10:
|gdp = $1,178 triliun (2016) (nominal)<ref name="imfoct2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=63&pr.y=15&sy=2016&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=922&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|publisher=Imf.org|accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref><br>$3.493 trillion (2016) (PPP)<ref name="imfoct2015" />
|per capita = $8.058 (2016) ([[Daftar negara menurut PDB (nominal) per kapita|nominal]])<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=63&pr.y=15&sy=2016&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=922&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Russia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=January 2016}}</ref><br>$23.875 (2016) ([[Daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB) per kapita|KKB]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=63&pr.y=15&sy=2016&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=922&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (PPP) per capita GDP|publisher=IMF|date=January 2016|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref>
|growth = {{Decrease}}-1.2% <small>(Q1 2016 Est.)</small><ref name="gks.ru">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B16_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk04/1-0.doc |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-24 |archive-date=2016-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610213143/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B16_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk04/1-0.doc |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|sectors = Pertanian: 4%, Industri: 36.3%, Jasa: 59.7% (2014 est.)<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html |title=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=2 June 2015 |archive-date=2015-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703195129/https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|inflation = {{IncreaseNegative}}12.9% (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/russia-cenbank-inflation-idUSR4N12R02G|title=Russia c.bank forecasts inflation will slow to 9.7-10.0 pct in Jan|author=Reuters Editorial|date=20 January 2016|work=Reuters}}</ref>
|poverty = 13.4% (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b04_03/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d06/53.htm|title=О соотношении денежных доходов населения с величиной прожиточного минимума и численности малоимущего населения в целом по Российской Федерации в IV квартале 2015 года|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-24|archive-date=2016-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404144353/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b04_03/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d06/53.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|labor = 76.9 juta (Juni 2016)<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B16_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk06/7-0.doc |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-24 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816232754/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B16_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk06/7-0.doc |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|edbr = ke-51 (2016)<ref name="World Bank and IFC">{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/russia/|title= Doing Business in Russia 2015|publisher=[[World Bank]]|accessdate=23 June 2015}}</ref>
|occupations = Pertanian: 9.7%, Industri: 27.8%, Jasa: 62.5% (2012 est.)<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency"/>
|unemployment = 5.4% (Juni 2016)<ref name="ReferenceA"
|average gross salary = RUB 463.080/€6.615/$7.569, annualized (June 2016)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B16_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk06/1-0.doc |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-24 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816231217/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B16_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk06/1-0.doc |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|average net salary = RUB 354,000/€5,200/$5,800, yearly (2015)
|industries = {{Collapsible list| Migas<br /> Kimia<br />Pertambangan<br /> Logam olahan<br /> Alat pertahanan<br /> Perkapalan<br />Penerbangan<br />Otomotif<br /> Peralatan komunikasi<br /> Pembangkitan listrik dan transmisi<br /> Tekstil<br /> Makanan dan minuman<br />Ritel<br />Real estate<br />Kesehatan<br />Utilitas}}
|exports = $82.1 milyar (Jan-Apr 2016)<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b04_03/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d06/123.htm |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-24 |archive-date=2016-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808023744/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b04_03/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d06/123.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|export-goods = Minyak bumi dan produk turunannya, gas alam, logam, kayu dan produk kayu, kimia, dan perlengkapan militer
|export-partners = {{flag|Belanda}} 11.9%<br /> {{flag|
|imports = $53.0 milyar (Jan-Apr 2016)<ref name="ReferenceB"
|import-goods = Kebutuhan rumah tangga, mesin, kendaraan, obat-obatan, plastik, produk logam semi jadi, daging, buah dan kacang, peralatan optik dan medis, besi dan baja
|import-partners = {{flag|
|FDI = $360.9 milyar (2015 est.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2198.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-24|archive-date=2015-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209003243/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2198.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|current account = $29.1 milyar(Jan-Apr 2016)<ref name="ReferenceB"
|debt = 14% PDB (2016)<ref>{{cite news|format=PDF|title=Nabiullina recalled the debt trap in the case of public debt growth|url=http://www.interfax.ru/business/513734|date=16 June 2016|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref>
|gross external debt = $538.1 milyar (December 2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5685302e9a79479262ac9377|title=Внешний долг России за 9 месяцев снизился на 10% — до $538 млрд|work=РБК}}</ref>
Baris 35:
|reserves = $396.4 milyar (August 2016)<ref>https://lenta.ru/news/2016/08/11/rusreserves/</ref>
|credit =
* [[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{cite web |title=Sovereigns rating list |publisher=Standard & Poor's |url=http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/eu/?subSectorCode=39|website=Standardandpoors.com|accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref><br />BBB- (Domestic)<br />BB+ (Foreign)<br />BB+ (T&C Assessment)<br />Outlook: Negatif<ref>{{cite web|title=Sovereigns Rating List: Standard & Poor's Ratings Services|url=http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/us/?sectorName=null&subSectorCode=&start=100&range=50|publisher=Standardandpoors.com|accessdate=8 December 2014|archive-date=2015-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013854/http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/us/?sectorName=null&subSectorCode=&start=100&range=50|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* [[Moody's]]:<ref>{{cite news |title=Moody's downgrades Russia's sovereign rating to Ba1 from Baa3; outlook negative |date=20 February 2015 |work=Moody's |url=https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-downgrades-Russias-sovereign-rating-to-Ba1-from-Baa3-outlook--PR_318857 |accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref><br />Ba1<br />Outlook: Negatif
* [[Fitch Group|Fitch]]:<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia’s Investment Grade Shielded by Reserves, Fitch Says |date=9 March 2015 |work=Bloomberg |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-09/russia-s-investment-grade-shielded-by-reserves-stash-fitch-says |accessdate=19 March 2015 |first=Agnes |last=Lovasz}}</ref><br />BBB-<br />Outlook: Negatif
Baris 45:
[[Rusia]] terkategori sebagai negara berpendapatan tinggi berekonomi campuran <ref name="http://data.worldbank.org"> [http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income Country and Lending Groups], ''[[World Bank]]''</ref> dengan kepemilikan negara pada bidang-bidang strategis. Reformasi pasar tahun 1990-an banyak menswastakan banyak industri dan pertanian Rusia, kecuali bidang-bidang [[energi]] dan pertahanan.
Geografi Rusia yang begitu luas menjadi bagian penting bagi aktivitas ekonomi negara, beberapa sumber menyebutkan bahwa Rusia memiliki lebih dari 30% sumber daya alam dunia.<ref name="ems.psu.edu">Kevin M. Korabik, [http://www.ems.psu.edu/~williams/russia.htm Russia's Natural Resources and their Economic Effects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720062114/https://www.ems.psu.edu/~williams/russia.htm |date=2019-07-20 }}, ''[[Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences]]'', 1 December 1997</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eepcindia.com/download/Circular-160411115935.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-24 |archive-date=2016-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611000234/http://www.eepcindia.com/download/Circular-160411115935.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oceanunite.org/round-up/pre-empting-russias-year-ecology/|title=Pre-empting Russia’s Year of Ecology|work=Ocean Unite|access-date=2016-08-24|archive-date=2016-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904133942/http://www.oceanunite.org/round-up/pre-empting-russias-year-ecology/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Bank Dunia]] mengestimasikan total nilai sumber daya alam Rusia sektar 75 triliun dolar AS.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epthinktank.eu/2015/03/16/the-russian-economy-will-russia-ever-catch-up/eprs-ida-551320-russian-natural-resources/|title=Russian natural resources|work=European Parliamentary Research Service Blog}}</ref><ref>http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/551320/EPRS_IDA(2015)551320_EN.pdf</ref> Rusia mengandalkan pendapatan energi untuk menggerakkan pertumbuhannya. Rusia memiliki [[minyak]], [[gas alam]], dan [[logam berharga]] dengan jumlah sangat besar, yang menyumbang sebagian besar dari ekspor negara ini. {{As of|2012}}, sektor migas menyumbang 16% [[PDB]], 52% pendapatan budget federal, dan lebih dari 70% ekspor.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.15 |title= World Development Indicators: Contribution of natural resources to gross domestic product |publisher= [[World Bank]] |accessdate= 21 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="EIA">{{cite web|url= http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=RS|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140324135804/http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=rs|archivedate= 2014-03-24 |title= Russia - Analysis |publisher= [[U.S. Energy Information Administration|EIA]] |date= 12 March 2014|accessdate= 21 July 2014}}</ref>
Rusia memiliki [[Industri pertahananRusia|industri senjata]] yang besar dan canggih, mereka memiliki kemampuan mendesain dan manufaktur peralatan militer teknologi tinggi, termasuk [[Sukhoi PAK FA|jet tempur generasi kelima]], [[kapal selam nuklir]], [[senjata api]], dan [[misil balistik|misil balistik jarak dekat/jauh]]. Nilai ekspor senjata Rusia mencapai $15.7 miliar tahun 2013-urutan kedua di belakang Amerika Serikat. Top military exports from Russia include combat aircraft, air defence systems, ships and submarines.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/07/us-russia-arms-idUSKBN0FC10X20140707 |publisher= Reuters |title= Putin says Russia must boost arms exports: RIA news agency |date= 7 July 2014
Pada tahun 2015, ekonomi Rusia berada pada urutan [[Daftar negara menurut PDB (PPP)|keenam terbesar]] di dunia menurut [[Keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja|KKB]] dan ke-12 terbesar menurut nilai tukar pasar. Antara tahun 2000 dan 2012, ekspor energi Rusia meningkatkan [[standar hidup]] sedemikian cepat, dan [[pendapatan bersih]] naik hingga 160%.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b13_13/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d1/06-05.htm |script-title= ru:ДИНАМИКА РЕАЛЬНЫХ ДОХОДОВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ |language= russian |publisher= Rosstat |accessdate= 21 July 2014 |archive-date= 2021-01-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210113160837/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b13_13/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d1/06-05.htm |dead-url= yes }}</ref> Dalam dolar AS, nilai pendapatan bersih ini naik 7 kali lipat bila dibandingkan tahun 2000.<ref name="KPMG">{{cite web|url= https://www.kpmg.com/NL/nl/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/PDF/High-Growth-Markets/Investing-in-Russia1.pdf |title= Investing in Russia |publisher= [[KPMG]] |date= April 2013|accessdate= 21 July 2014}}</ref> Dalam periode yang sama, tingkat pengangguran dan kemisikinan berkurang setengah, dan kepuasan penduduk juga meningkat signifikan.<ref name="challenges_p12">{{cite book|editors=Anders Åslund, Sergei Guriev, Andrew C. Kuchins|title=Russia After the Global Economic Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/russiaaftergloba00aslu|chapter=Challenges Facing the Russian Economy after the Crisis|last1=Guriev|first1=Sergei|last2=Tsyvinski|first2=Aleh|publisher=Peterson Institute for International Economics; Centre for Strategic and International Studies; New Economic School|year=2010|isbn=9780881324976|pages=[https://archive.org/details/russiaaftergloba00aslu/page/12 12]–13}}</ref> Pertumbuhan ini merupakan akibat dari [[lonjakan komoditas 2000-an]], tingginya harga minyak, ekonomi yang cermat dan kebijakan fiskal.<ref name="Putin 2007">''Putin: Russia's Choice'', (Routledge 2007), by [[Richard Sakwa]], Chapter 9</ref> Namun, pertumbuhan ini tidak terdistribusi merata. 110 orang terkaya menguasai 35% dari seluruh total [[aset keuangan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Wealth Report 2013 - Pg. 53|url=https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=BCDB1364-A105-0560-1332EC9100FF5C83|publisher=Credit Suisse|accessdate=13 April 2015|archive-date=2015-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214155424/https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=BCDB1364-A105-0560-1332EC9100FF5C83|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/09/russia-wealth-inequality_n_4070455.html |work= [[Huffington Post]]| title= Russia's Wealth Inequality One Of Highest In The World | date= 9 October 2013| accessdate= 21 July 2014}}</ref> Pemerintah yang buruk juga menandakan bahwa negara ini mengalami arus keluar uang haram terbesar kedua di dunia, dengan jumlah sekitar 880 miliar dolar antara tahun 2002-2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gfintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Illicit_Financial_Flows_from_Developing_Countries_2002-2011-HighRes.pdf | title= Illicit Financial Flows from Developing Countries: 2002-2011 | publisher= Global Financial Integrity | date= 2013 | accessdate= 2014-12-05}}</ref> Sejak 2008 [[Forbes]] telah berulang kali menyebut [[
Ekonomi Rusia riskan menuju resesi sejak awal 2014 - utamanya akibat jatuhnya [[harga minyak]], [[intervensi militer Rusia di Ukraina 2014]] dan [[pelarian modal]].<ref name="Mark Adomanis">{{cite news|url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/markadomanis/2014/05/01/according-to-the-imf-russias-economy-is-already-in-a-recession/|title= According To The IMF, Russia's Economy Is Already In A Recession|author= Mark Adomanis|date= 1 May 2014|work= Forbes|accessdate= 8 December 2014|archive-date= 2014-05-01|archive-url= https://archive.today/20140501184827/http://www.forbes.com/sites/markadomanis/2014/05/01/according-to-the-imf-russias-economy-is-already-in-a-recession/|dead-url= yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Tim Bowler|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-29643612|title=Falling oil prices: Who are the winners and losers?|work=BBC News|date=19 January 2015|accessdate=30 April 2015}}</ref> Pertumbuhan GDP 2014 hanya sebesar 0.6%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b04_03/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d05/75.htm|script-title=ru:О состоянии внешней торговли в январе-феврале 2015 года|trans-title=On the state of foreign trade in January–February 2015|language=ru|work=gks.ru|accessdate=30 April 2015|archive-date=2015-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143206/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b04_03/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d05/75.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada tahun 2015, ekonomi Rusia bahkan anjlok 3,7% dan diperkirakan akan lebih parah pada tahun 2016.<ref name="bloom1">{{cite web | url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-28/russia-s-economy-faces-long-term-decline | title=Russia's Great Downward Shift | publisher=Bloomberg | accessdate=28 January 2016 | author=Matlack , Carol}}</ref> [[Bank Dunia]] dan [[IMF]] mengestimasi bahwa ekonomi Rusia akan kembali bangkit pada tahun 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Bank Keeps 2015 Growth Projections for Russia, and Slightly Revises 2016-2017 Outlook|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/12/18/world-bank-keeps-2015-growth-projections-for-russia-and-slightly-revises-2016-2017-outlook|publisher=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World Economic Outlook|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/update/01/pdf/0116.pdf|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=19 January 2016}}</ref>
Bulan Januari 2016, [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] menempatkan ekonomi Rusia sebagai yang paling inovatif ke-12 di dunia,<ref name="bloomberg.com">[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-19/these-are-the-world-s-most-innovative-economies These Are the World's Most Innovative Economies] Bloomberg Business.</ref> naik dari urutan ke-14 tahun 2015<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/visual-data/best-and-worst//most-innovative-countries Most Innovative: Countries] Bloomberg Business.</ref> dan ke-18 tahun 2014.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2014-01-22/30-most-innovative-countries.html#slide14 30 Most Innovative Countries] Bloomberg Business.</ref> Rusia memiliki paten aplikasi terbanyak ke-15 di dunia dan perusahaan teknologi tinggi ke-8 terbanyak, terutama di bidang internet dan aeronautika, serta memiliki tingkat lulusan insinyur dan saintis ketiga tertinggi di dunia.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/>
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== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.quandl.com/collections/russia/russia-economy-data Russia Economy Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083319/https://www.quandl.com/collections/russia/russia-economy-data |date=2016-03-04 }} di [[Quandl]]
* [http://www.ictrussia.com/ IT & Telecoms Market in Russia]
* [http://www.constructionrussia.com/ Construction Sector in Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906163336/http://www.constructionrussia.com/ |date=2016-09-06 }}
* [http://www.russiaretail.com/ Retail & FMCG Sector in Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821202750/http://www.russiaretail.com/ |date=2016-08-21 }}
* [http://inflationinrussia.com/ Inflation in Russia – history, tables, charts, calculators] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104061711/http://inflationinrussia.com/ |date=2012-11-04 }}
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/RUS/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Trade Summary Statistics Russia 2012]
* [https://www.quandl.com/collections/russia Comprehensive current and historical economic data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205075940/https://www.quandl.com/collections/russia |date=2017-02-05 }}
* Tariffs applied by Russia as provided by ITC's [http://www.macmap.org/QuickSearch/FindTariff/FindTariff.aspx?subsite=open_access&country=643&source=1|ITC Market Access Map ]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements
* [http://en.russian-trade.com/ Russia’s Foreign Trade]
* [http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21633816-more-decade-oil-income-and-consumer-spending-have-delivered-growth-vladimir-putins The Russian Economy: The end of the line], ''The Economist'', 20 November 2014.
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