Elektrodinamika kuantum: Perbedaan antara revisi

Kesulitan dengan teori ini semakin meningkat pada akhir tahun 1940-an. Perbaikan dalam teknologi [[gelombang mikro]] memungkinkan perhitungan pergeseran tingkat [[atom hidrogen]] yang lebih presisi,<ref name="lamb">{{cite journal|last1=Lamb|first1=Willis|last2=Retherford|first2=Robert|authorlink2=Robert Retherford|year=1947|title=Fine Structure of the Hydrogen Atom by a Microwave Method,|journal=[[Physical Review]]|volume=72|issue=3|pages=241–43|bibcode=1947PhRv...72..241L|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.72.241|authorlink1=Willis Lamb}}</ref> yang sekarang dikenal dengan nama [[pergeseran Lamb]] dan [[momen magnetik]] elektron.<ref name="foley">{{cite journal|last1=Foley|first1=H.M.|last2=Kusch|first2=P.|authorlink2=Polykarp Kusch|year=1948|title=On the Intrinsic Moment of the Electron|journal=[[Physical Review]]|volume=73|issue=3|page=412|bibcode=1948PhRv...73..412F|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.73.412|authorlink1=Henry M. Foley}}</ref>

 

[[File:Feynman_and_Oppenheimer_at_Los_Alamos.jpg|pra=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/File:Feynman_and_Oppenheimer_at_Los_Alamos.jpg|ka|jmpl|[[Richard Feynman|Feynman]] (center) and [[Robert Oppenheimer|Oppenheimer]] (right) at [[:en:Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory|Los Alamos]].]]

Berdasarkan intuisi Bethe dan makalah oleh [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga|Shin'ichirō Tomonaga]],<ref name="tomonaga">{{cite journal|author=S. Tomonaga|authorlink=Sin-Itiro Tomonaga|year=1946|title=On a Relativistically Invariant Formulation of the Quantum Theory of Wave Fields|journal=[[Progress of Theoretical Physics]]|volume=1|issue=2|pages=27–42|doi=10.1143/PTP.1.27}}</ref> [[Julian Seymour Schwinger|Julian Schwinger]],<ref name="schwinger1">{{cite journal|author=J. Schwinger|authorlink=Julian Schwinger|year=1948|title=On Quantum-Electrodynamics and the Magnetic Moment of the Electron|journal=[[Physical Review]]|volume=73|issue=4|pages=416–17|bibcode=1948PhRv...73..416S|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.73.416}}</ref><ref name="schwinger2">{{cite journal|author=J. Schwinger|authorlink=Julian Schwinger|year=1948|title=Quantum Electrodynamics. I. A Covariant Formulation|journal=[[Physical Review]]|volume=74|issue=10|pages=1439–61|bibcode=1948PhRv...74.1439S|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.74.1439}}</ref> [[Richard Feynman]]<ref name="feynman1">{{cite journal|author=R. P. Feynman|authorlink=Richard Feynman|year=1949|title=Space–Time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamics|journal=[[Physical Review]]|volume=76|issue=6|pages=769–89|bibcode=1949PhRv...76..769F|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.76.769}}</ref><ref name="feynman2">{{cite journal|author=R. P. Feynman|authorlink=Richard Feynman|year=1949|title=The Theory of Positrons|journal=[[Physical Review]]|volume=76|issue=6|pages=749–59|bibcode=1949PhRv...76..749F|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.76.749}}</ref><ref name="feynman3">{{cite journal|author=R. P. Feynman|authorlink=Richard Feynman|year=1950|title=Mathematical Formulation of the Quantum Theory of Electromagnetic Interaction|journal=[[Physical Review]]|volume=80|issue=3|pages=440–57|bibcode=1950PhRv...80..440F|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.80.440}}</ref> dan [[Freeman Dyson]],<ref name="dyson1">{{cite journal|author=F. Dyson|authorlink=Freeman Dyson|year=1949|title=The Radiation Theories of Tomonaga, Schwinger, and Feynman|journal=[[Physical Review]]|volume=75|issue=3|pages=486–502|bibcode=1949PhRv...75..486D|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.75.486}}</ref><ref name="dyson2">{{cite journal|author=F. Dyson|authorlink=Freeman Dyson|year=1949|title=The S Matrix in Quantum Electrodynamics|journal=[[Physical Review]]|volume=75|issue=11|pages=1736–55|bibcode=1949PhRv...75.1736D|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.75.1736}}</ref> akhirnya dimungkinkan untuk dapat formulasi [[Kovariansi Lorentz|kovarian]] yang terbatas pada orde berapapun untuk penyimpangan elektrodinamika kuantum. Shin'ichirō Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger dan Richard Feynman memperoleh [[Nobel Fisika|hadiah Nobel Fisika]] pada tahun 1965 atas hasil kerja mereka pada bidang ini.<ref name="nobel65">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1965/index.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>