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Baris 1: {{distinguish\|Florin\|Fluorida\|Fluorena\|Fluoron}} {{Kotak info fluorin}} '''Fluorin''' atau '''fluor''' adalah sebuah [[unsur kimia]] dengan [[Lambang unsur\|lambang]] '''F''' dan [[nomor atom]] 9. Ia merupakan [[halogen]] yang paling ringan dan muncul dalam [[Temperatur dan tekanan standar\|kondisi standar]] sebagai gas [[Molekul diatomik\|diatomik]] kuning pucat yang sangat beracun. Sebagai unsur yang paling [[Elektronegativitas\|elektronegatif]], ia sangat reaktif, karena bereaksi dengan semua unsur lain kecuali [[argon]], [[neon]], dan [[helium]]. Di antara semua unsur, fluorin menempati [[Kelimpahan unsur\|urutan ke-24 dalam kelimpahan universal dan ke-13 dalam kelimpahan terestrial]]. [[Fluorit]], sumber mineral utama fluorin yang memberi nama unsur tersebut, pertama kali dijelaskan pada tahun 1529; karena ia ditambahkan ke pada [[bijih]] logam untuk menurunkan titik leburnya agar dapat mempermudah [[Peleburan (metalurgi)\|peleburan]], kata kerja Latin ''fluo'' yang berarti 'mengalir' memberi nama mineral tersebut. Diusulkan sebagai unsur pada tahun 1810, fluorin terbukti sulit dan berbahaya untuk dipisahkan dari senyawanya, dan beberapa peneliti awal meninggal atau menderita luka akibat percobaan mereka. Baru pada tahun 1886 ahli kimia Prancis [[Henri Moissan]] mengisolasi fluorin unsur menggunakan [[elektrolisis]] suhu rendah, sebuah proses yang masih digunakan untuk produksi modern. Produksi industri gas fluorin untuk [[Pengayaan uranium#Metode pengayaan\|pengayaan uranium]], aplikasi terbesarnya, dimulai selama [[Proyek Manhattan]] dalam [[Perang Dunia II]]. Baris 97: Pada tahun 1529, [[Georgius Agricola]] menggambarkan fluorit sebagai aditif yang digunakan untuk menurunkan titik lebur logam selama [[Peleburan (metalurgi)\|peleburan]].{{sfn\|Greenwood\|Earnshaw\|1998\|p=790}}<ref name="assassinated">{{harvnb\|Senning\|2007\|p=[https://books.google.com/?id=Fl4sdCYrq3cC&pg=PA149 149]}}.</ref>{{refn\|[[Basilius Valentinus]] diduga menggambarkan fluorit pada akhir abad ke-15, tetapi karena tulisannya ditemukan 200 tahun kemudian, kebenaran daripada karya ini diragukan.<ref name="PopSci">{{Harvnb\|Stillman\|1912}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Principe\|2012\|pp=140, 145}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb\|Agricola\|Hoover\|Hoover\|1912\|loc=catatan kaki dan komentar, hlm. xxx, 38, 409, 430, 461, 608}}.</ref>\|\|group="note"}} Dia menulis kata Latin ''fluorēs'' (''fluor,'' alir) untuk batuan fluorit. Nama tersebut kemudian berkembang menjadi ''fluorspar'' (masih umum digunakan) dan kemudian ''fluorit''.<ref name="KGS fluorite terminology">{{harvnb\|Norwood\|Fohs\|1907\|p=[https://archive.org/stream/bulletin01kentgoog#page/n94/mode/2up 52]}}.</ref>{{sfn\|Greenwood\|Earnshaw\|1998\|p=109}}<ref>{{Harvnb\|Agricola\|Hoover\|Hoover\|1912\|loc=kata pengantar, hlm. [https://archive.org/stream/georgiusagricola00agririch#page/380/mode/2up 380–381]}}.</ref> Komposisi fluorit kemudian ditentukan sebagai [[Kalsium fluorida\|kalsium difluorida]].<ref name="Weeks">{{harvnb\|Weeks\|1932}}.</ref> [[Asam fluorida]] digunakan dalam [[etsa kaca]] dari tahun 1720 dan seterusnya.{{refn\|Atau mungkin sejak tahun 1670 dan seterusnya; Partington<ref name="Partington">{{harvnb\|Partington\|1923}}.</ref> dan Weeks<ref name="Weeks" /> memberikan penjelasan yang berbeda.\|\|group="note"}} [[Andreas Sigismund Marggraf]] pertama kali mengkarakterisasinya pada tahun 1764 ketika dia memanaskan fluorit dengan asam sulfat, dan larutan yang dihasilkan merusak wadah kacanya.<ref>{{harvnb\|Marggraf\|1770}}.</ref><ref name="ModFcchem" /> Kimiawan Swedia [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] mengulangi percobaan pada tahun 1771, dan menamakan produk asamnya sebagai ''fluss-spats-syran'' (asam fluorspar).<ref name="ModFcchem" /><ref>{{harvnb\|Scheele\|1771}}.</ref> Pada tahun 1810, fisikawan Prancis [[André-Marie Ampère]] memperkirakan bahwa hidrogen dan unsur yang analog dengan klorin merupakan asam fluorida.<ref>{{harvnb\|Ampère\|1816}}.</ref> Dia juga mengusulkan dalam sebuah surat kepada [[Humphry Davy]] tertanggal 26 Agustus 1812 bahwa zat yang saat itu tidak diketahui ini dapat diberi nama ''fluorin'' dari asam fluorat dan akhiran ''-in'' dari halogen lainnya.<ref>{{Cite book\|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kslaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3\|title = Fluorine: A Paradoxical Element\|isbn = 9780128129913\|last1 = Tressaud\|first1 = Alain\|date = 6 October 2018\|access-date = 2022-08-04\|archive-date = 2023-07-22\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230722094701/https://books.google.com/books?id=kslaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3\|dead-url = no}}</ref>{{sfn\|Davy\|1813\|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dhdGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA278 278]}} Kata ini, seringkali dengan modifikasi, digunakan di sebagian besar bahasa Eropa; namun, bahasa Yunani, Rusia, dan beberapa lainnya, mengikuti saran Ampère berikutnya, menggunakan nama ''ftor'' atau turunannya, dari bahasa Yunani φθόριος (''phthorios'', destruktif).{{sfn\|Banks\|1986\|p=11}} Nama Latin Baru ''fluorum'' memberikan unsur tersebut dengan lambangnya saat ini, '''F'''; Fl digunakan dalam beberapa makalah awal.<ref name="dissolve" />{{refn\|Fl, sejak 2012, digunakan untuk [[flerovium]].\|\|group="note"}} ===Isolasi=== Baris 169: :CaF<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> → 2 HF(g) + CaSO<sub>4</sub> Gas HF kemudian dapat diserap dalam air atau dicairkan.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Norris Shreve \|last2=Joseph Brink, Jr. \|title=Chemical Process Industries \|url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalprocessi0000shre_s8m7 \|date=1977 \|isbn=0070571457 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/chemicalprocessi0000shre_s8m7/page/321 321] \|edition=4}}</ref> Sekitar 20% HF yang diproduksi adalah produk sampingan dari produksi pupuk, yang menghasilkan [[asam heksafluorosilikat]] (H<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub>), yang dapat didegradasi untuk melepaskan HF secara termal dan hidrolisis: Baris 304: [[File:Future ozone layer concentrations.gif\|thumb\|alt=Animasi yang menunjukkan representasi berwarna dari distribusi ozon berdasarkan tahun di atas Amerika Utara dalam 6 langkah. Dimulai dengan banyak ozon tetapi pada tahun 2060 semuanya telah hilang.\|Proyeksi NASA mengenai ozon stratosfer di Amerika Utara tanpa Protokol Montreal<ref>{{Harvnb\|Beck\|Newman\|Schindler\|Perkins\|2011}}.</ref>]] {{Lihat pula\|Penipisan ozon\|pemanasan global}} [[Protokol Montreal]], yang ditandatangani pada tahun 1987, menetapkan peraturan ketat mengenai klorofluorokarbon (CFC) dan [[bromofluorokarbon]] karena potensi pengrusakan ozon (''ozone damaging potential'', ODP) mereka. Stabilitas tinggi yang sesuai dengan aplikasi aslinya juga berarti bahwa mereka tidak membusuk sampai mereka mencapai ketinggian yang lebih tinggi, di mana atom klorin dan bromin yang dibebaskan menyerang molekul ozon.<ref name="UNEP FAQ Ozone">{{Harvnb\|Aucamp\|Björn\|2010\|pp=4–6, 41, 46–47}}.</ref> Bahkan dengan larangan, dan indikasi awal kemanjurannya, prediksi memperingatkan bahwa beberapa generasi akan berlalu sebelum pemulihan penuh.<ref>{{harvnb\|Mitchell Crow\|2011}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb\|Barry\|Phillips\|2006}}.</ref> Dengan sepersepuluh ODP CFC, hidroklorofluorokarbon (HCFCs) adalah pengganti saat ini,<ref name="EPA OLP Science">{{Harvnb\|EPA\|2013a}}.</ref> dan dijadwalkan untuk diganti pada tahun 2030–2040 oleh hidrofluorokarbon (HFC) tanpa klorin dan nol ODP.<ref name="HCFC0">{{Harvnb\|EPA\|2013b}}.</ref> Pada tahun 2007 tanggal ini dimajukan menjadi tahun 2020 untuk negara maju;<ref name="HCFC Elim speedup">{{harvnb\|McCoy\|2007}}.</ref> [[Badan Perlindungan Lingkungan Amerika Serikat\|Badan Perlindungan Lingkungan AS ]]telah melarang satu produksi HCFC dan membatasi produksi dua lainnya pada tahun 2003.<ref name="HCFC0" /> Gas fluorokarbon umumnya merupakan [[gas rumah kaca]] dengan [[potensi pemanasan global]] (''global-warming potential'', GWP) sekitar 100 hingga 10.000; belerang heksafluorida memiliki nilai sekitar 20.000.{{sfn\|Forster et al.\|2007\|pp=212–213}} Sebuah outlier adalah [[2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropena\|HFO-1234yf]] yang merupakan jenis refrigeran baru yang disebut [[Hidrofluoroolefin]] (HFO) dan telah menarik permintaan global karena GWP-nya kurang dari 1 dibandingkan dengan 1.430 untuk standar refrigeran saat ini, [[1,1,1,2-Tetrafloroetana\|HFC-134a]].<ref name="HFO" /> ===Biopersistensi=== Baris 332: ===Referensi terindeks=== {{Refbegin\|30em\|indent=yes}} {{cite book\|last1=Agricola\|first1=Georgius\|author1-link=Georgius Agricola\|last2=Hoover\|first2=Herbert Clark\|last3=Hoover\|first3=Lou Henry\|date=1912\|title=De Re Metallica\|location=London\|publisher=The Mining Magazine \|url=https://archive.org/stream/georgiusagricola00agririch#page/n5/mode/2up}} {{Ullmann \| last1 = Aigueperse \| first1 = J.\| last2 = Mollard \| first2 = P.\| last3 = Devilliers \| first3 = D.\| last4 = Chemla \| first4 = M.\| last5 = Faron \| first5 = R.\| last6 = Romano \| first6 = R. 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P.\| title= Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic\| doi = 10.1002/14356007\| year = 2000 \| pages = 397–441\| isbn = 3527306730 \|ref={{harvid\|Aigueperse et al.\|2000}}}} {{cite web \|author=Air Products and Chemicals \|date=2004 \|title=Safetygram #39 Chlorine Trifluoride \|url=http://www.airproducts.com/nr/rdonlyres/8479ed55-2170-4651-a3d4-223b2957a9f3/0/safetygram39.pdf \|access-date=4 Agustus 2022 \|publisher=Air Products and Chemicals \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060318221608/http://www.airproducts.com/nr/rdonlyres/8479ed55-2170-4651-a3d4-223b2957a9f3/0/safetygram39.pdf \|archive-date=18 Maret 2006 }} Baris 338: {{cite journal\|last=Ampère\|first=André-Marie\|author-link=André-Marie Ampère\|date=1816\|title=Suite d'une classification naturelle pour les corps simples\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA5\|journal=Annales de chimie et de physique\|volume=2\|pages=1–5\|language=fr}} {{cite journal \| last1 = Arana \| first1 = L. R. \| last2 = Mas \| first2 = N. \| last3 = Schmidt \| first3 = R. \| last4 =Franz \| first4 = A. J. \| last5 = Schmidt \| first5 = M. A. \| last6 = Jensen \| first6 = K. F. \| year = 2007 \| title = Isotropic Etching of Silicon in Fluorine Gas for MEMS Micromachining \| journal = Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering \| volume = 17 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 384–392 \| doi = 10.1088/0960-1317/17/2/026 \| bibcode = 2007JMiMi..17..384A \| ref={{harvid\|Arana et al.\|2007}} }} {{Cite journal \| last1 = Armfield \| first1 = J. 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H.\|date=1991\|title=Fluoride Ingestion in Children: A Review of 87 cases \|journal=Pediatrics\|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/5/907 \|volume=88\|issue=5\|pages=907–912\|doi=10.1542/peds.88.5.907\|pmid=1945630\|s2cid=22106466\|ref={{harvid\|Augenstein et al.\|1991}}\|access-date=2022-08-04\|archive-date=2010-10-02\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002045752/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/5/907\|dead-url=no}} {{cite book\|last1=Babel\|first1=Dietrich\|last2=Tressaud\|first2=Alain\|date=1985\|chapter=Crystal Chemistry of Fluorides\|title=Inorganic Solid Fluorides: Chemistry And Physics\|editor-last=Hagenmuller\|editor-first=Paul\|pages=78–203 \|location=Orlando\|publisher=Academic Press\|isbn=978-0-12-412490-5}} {{cite book\|last1=Baelum\|first1=Vibeke\|last2=Sheiham\|first2=Aubrey\|last3=Burt\|first3=Brian\|date=2008\|chapter=Caries Control for Populations\|title=Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management\|url=https://archive.org/details/dentalcariesdise0000unse_j7w4\|editor-first1=Ole\|editor-last1=Fejerskov\|editor-first2=Edwina\|editor-last2=Kidd\|pages=~~505–526~~[https://archive.org/details/dentalcariesdise0000unse_j7w4/page/505 505]–526\|edition=2nd\|location=Oxford\|publisher=Blackwell Munksgaard\|isbn=978-1-4051-3889-5}} {{cite journal\|last1=Baez\|first1=Ramon J.\|last2=Baez\|first2=Martha X.\|last3=Marthaler\|first3=Thomas M. \|title=Urinary Fluoride Excretion by Children 4–6 Years Old in a South Texas Community\|journal=Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública \|volume=7\|issue=4\|date=2000\|pages=242–248\|doi=10.1590/S1020-49892000000400005 \|doi-access=free\|pmid=10846927}} {{cite journal\|volume=33\|issue=1–4\|date=1986\|pages=3–26\|first=R. 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S.\| last2 = Meyer \| first2 = L.\| last3 = Wasserman \| first3 = J.\| title = Argon—Fluorine Phase Diagram \| doi = 10.1063/1.1711946 \| journal = The Journal of Chemical Physics \| volume = 47 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 740–743 \| year = 1967\|bibcode = 1967JChPh..47..740B }} {{cite web\|last1=Barry\|first1=Patrick L.\|last2=Phillips\|first2=Tony\|date=26 May 2006\|title=Good News and a Puzzle\|url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/26may_ozone/\|access-date=4 Agustus 2022\|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration\|archive-date=2010-05-27\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527062059/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/26may_ozone/\|dead-url=no}} {{Cite journal \| last1 = Bartlett \| first1 = N. \| year = 1962 \| title = Xenon Hexafluoroplatinate (V) Xe<sup>+</sup>[PtF<sub>6</sub>]<sup>−</sup> \| journal = Proceedings of the Chemical Society \| issue = 6 \| page = 218 \| doi = 10.1039/PS9620000197 }} {{cite book\|last=Beasley\|first=Michael\|date=Agustus 2002\|title=Guidelines for the safe use of sodium fluoroacetate (1080)\|url=http://www.business.govt.nz/healthandsafetygroup/information-guidance/all-guidance-items/sodium-fluoroacetate-1080-guidelines-for-the-safe-use-of/1080guidelines.pdf\|access-date=4 Agustus 2022\|location=Wellington\|publisher=Occupational Safety & Health Service, Department of Labour (New Zealand)\|isbn=0-477-03664-3\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111104912/http://www.business.govt.nz/healthandsafetygroup/information-guidance/all-guidance-items/sodium-fluoroacetate-1080-guidelines-for-the-safe-use-of/1080guidelines.pdf \|archive-date=11 November 2013}} {{cite web\|last1=Beck\|first1=Jefferson\|last2=Newman\|first2=Paul\|last3=Schindler\|first3=Trent L.\|last4=Perkins\|first4=Lori\|date=2011\|title=What Would have Happened to the Ozone Layer if Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had not been Regulated?\|url=http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a003500/a003586/index.html\|access-date=4 Agustus 2022\|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration\|archive-date=2020-08-04\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804050324/https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a003500/a003586/index.html\|dead-url=yes}} {{Cite journal \| last1 = Becker \| first1 = S. \| last2 = Müller \| first2 = B. G. \| doi = 10.1002/anie.199004061 \| title = Vanadium Tetrafluoride \| journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English \| volume = 29 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 406–407 \| year = 1990 }} {{cite book\|last1=Bégué\|first1=Jean-Pierre\|last2=Bonnet-Delpon\|first2=Danièle\|date=2008\|title=Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry of Fluorine\|location=Hoboken\|publisher=John Wiley & Sons\|isbn=978-0-470-27830-7}} {{Cite journal \| last1 = Betts \| first1 = K. S. \| title = Perfluoroalkyl Acids: What is the Evidence Telling Us? \| doi = 10.1289/ehp.115-a250 \| journal = Environmental Health Perspectives \| volume = 115 \| issue = 5 \| pages = A250–A256 \| year = 2007 \| pmid = 17520044\| pmc =1867999 }} {{Cite journal \| last1 = Bihary \| first1 = Z. \| last2 = Chaban \| first2 = G. M. \| last3 = Gerber \| first3 = R. B. \| doi = 10.1063/1.1506150 \| title = Stability of a Chemically Bound Helium Compound in High-pressure Solid Helium \| journal = The Journal of Chemical Physics \| volume = 117 \| issue = 11 \| pages = 5105–5108 \| year = 2002 \| bibcode = 2002JChPh.117.5105B }} {{cite book\|title=Interface of Neurology and Internal Medicine\|edition=illustrated\|first1=José\|last1=Biller\|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins\|date=2007\|location=Philadelphia\|isbn=978-0-7817-7906-7\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRIvmTVcYBwC\|access-date=2022-08-04\|archive-date=2023-07-22\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722094721/https://books.google.com/books?id=SRIvmTVcYBwC\|dead-url=no}} {{cite journal\|last1=Blodgett\|first1=D. W.\|last2=Suruda\|first2=A. J.\|last3=Crouch\|first3=B. I.\|date=2001\|title=Fatal Unintentional Occupational Poisonings by Hydrofluoric Acid in the U.S\|url=http://www.chem.purdue.edu/chemsafety/Equip/HFfacts12.pdf\|journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine\|volume=40\|issue=2\|pages=215–220\|doi=10.1002/ajim.1090\|pmid=11494350\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717015515/http://www.chem.purdue.edu/chemsafety/Equip/HFfacts12.pdf\|archive-date=17 Juli 2012}} {{cite web\|last=Bombourg\|first=Nicolas\|date=4 July 2012\|title=World Fluorochemicals Market, Freedonia\|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/world-fluorochemicals-market-freedonia-161338935.html\|access-date=4 Agustus 2022\|publisher=Reporterlinker\|archive-date=2020-04-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423143216/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/world-fluorochemicals-market-freedonia-161338935.html\|dead-url=no}} {{cite journal\|last=Brantley\|first=L. R.\|date=1949\|title=Fluorine\|editor-last1=Squires\|editor-first1=Roy\|editor-last2=Clarke\|editor-first2=Arthur C.\|editor-link2=Arthur C. Clarke\|journal=Pacific Rockets: Journal of the Pacific Rocket Society\|volume=3\|issue=1\|pages=11–18\|publisher=Sawyer Publishing/Pacific Rocket Society Historical Library\|location=South Pasadena\|isbn=978-0-9794418-5-1}} {{cite web\|last=Brody\|first=Jane E.\|date=10 September 2012\|title=Popular Antibiotics May Carry Serious Side Effects\|url=http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/10/popular-antibiotics-may-carry-serious-side-effects/\|access-date=4 Agustus 2022\|publisher=The New York Times Well Blog\|archive-date=2020-08-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172249/https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/10/popular-antibiotics-may-carry-serious-side-effects/\|dead-url=no}} {{cite book\|last1=Brown\|first1=Paul L.\|last2=Mompean\|first2=Federico J.\|last3=Perrone\|first3=Jane\|last4=Illemassène\|first4=Myriam\|date=2005\|title=Chemical Thermodynamics of Zirconium\|location=Amsterdam\|publisher=Elsevier B. 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W.\|editor2-last=Hendley II\|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs087-02/\|access-date=4 Agustus 2022\|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey}} {{cite book\|editor-last=Haynes\|editor-first=William M.\|title=Handbook of Chemistry and Physics\|url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche0000unse_e9l0\|publisher=CRC Press\|edition=92\|date=2011\|location=Boca Raton\|isbn=978-1-4398-5511-9}} {{cite book\|last1=Hoffman\|first1=Robert\|last2=Nelson\|first2=Lewis\|last3=Howland\|first3=Mary\|last4=Lewin\|first4=Neal\|last5=Flomenbaum\|first5=Neal\|last6=Goldfrank\|first6=Lewis\|date=2007\|title=Goldfrank's Manual of Toxicologic Emergencies\|location=New York\|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional\|isbn=978-0-07-144310-4\|ref={{Harvid\|Hoffman et al.\|2007}}}} {{cite book\|author=Honeywell\|date=2006\|title=Recommended medical treatment for hydrofluoric acid exposure\|url=http://www.colorado.edu/ehs/pdf/HWMedHFExpo.pdf\|access-date=4 Agustus 2022\|location=Morristown\|publisher=Honeywell International\|ref={{Harvid\|HSM\|2006}}\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008080825/http://www.colorado.edu/ehs/pdf/HWMedHFExpo.pdf\|archive-date=8 Oktober 2013\|url-status=dead}} {{cite book\|last=Hoogers\|first=G.\|editor-last=Hoogers\|editor-first=G.\|date=2002\|title=Fuel Cell Technology Handbook\|publisher=CRC Press\|location=Boca Raton\|isbn=0-8493-0877-1\|section=Fuel Cell Components and Their Impact on Performance\|pages=4-1–4-27}} {{cite book\|last1=Hounshell\|first1=David A.\|last2=Smith\|first2=John Kelly\|title=Science and Corporate Strategy: DuPont R & D, 1902–1980\|date=1988\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|location=Cambridge\|isbn=0-521-32767-9\|url=https://archive.org/details/sciencecorporate0008houn}} {{Cite journal \| last1 = Hultén \| first1 = P. \| last2 = Höjer \| first2 = J. \| last3 = Ludwigs \| first3 = U. \| last4 = Janson \| first4 = A. \| title = Hexafluorine vs. Standard Decontamination to Reduce Systemic Toxicity After Dermal Exposure to Hydrofluoric Acid \| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-toxicology_2004-06_42_4/page/355 \| doi = 10.1081/CLT-120039541 \| journal = Clinical Toxicology \| volume = 42 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 355–361 \| year = 2004 \| pmid = 15461243 \| s2cid = 27090208 \| ref = {{harvid\|Hultén et al.\|2004}} }} {{cite web\|author=ICIS\|date=2 October 2006\|title=Fluorine's Treasure Trove\|url=http://www.icis.com/Articles/2006/09/30/2016413/fluorines-treasure-trove.html\|access-date=4 Agustus 2022\|publisher=Reed Business Information\|archive-date=2009-02-26\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226100836/http://www.icis.com/Articles/2006/09/30/2016413/fluorines-treasure-trove.html\|dead-url=no}} {{Ullmann \| last1 = Jaccaud \| first1 = M. \| last2 = Faron \| first2 = R. \| last3 = Devilliers \| first3 = D. \| last4 = Romano \| first4 = R. \| doi = 10.1002/14356007.a11_293 \| pages = 381–395\| year = 2000 \| isbn = 3527306730 \| title= Fluorine \|ref={{harvid\|Jaccaud et al.\|2000}}}} {{cite news\|last=Johnson\|first=Linda A.\|date=28 Desember 2011\|title=Against Odds, Lipitor Became World's Top Seller\|newspaper=The Boston Globe\|access-date=4 Agustus 2022 \|url=http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2011/12/28/against_odds_lipitor_became_worlds_top_seller/\|archive-date=2016-03-04\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100348/http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2011/12/28/against_odds_lipitor_became_worlds_top_seller/\|dead-url=no}} {{cite journal\|doi=10.1164/rccm.200508-1196OC\|pmid=16254269\|title=Partial Liquid Ventilation in Adult Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome\|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine \|volume=173 \|issue=8\|pages=882–9\|year=2006\|last1=Kacmarek\|first1=Robert M.\|last2=Wiedemann \|first2=Herbert P.\|last3=Lavin\|first3=Philip T.\|last4=Wedel\|first4=Mark K.\|last5=Tütüncü \|first5=Ahmet S.\|last6=Slutsky\|first6=Arthur S.\|ref={{harvid\|Kacmarek et al.\|2006}} }} {{cite book\|last1=Katakuse\|first1=Itsuo\|last2=Ichihara\|first2=Toshio\|last3=Ito\|first3=Hiroyuki \|last4=Sakurai\|first4=Tohru\|last5=Matsuo\|first5=Takekiyo\|date=1999\|chapter=SIMS Experiment\|title=Mesoscopic Materials and Clusters: Their Physical and Chemical Properties\|editor-first1=T.\|editor-last1=Arai\|editor-first2=K.\|editor-last2=Mihama\|editor-first3=K.\|editor-last3=Yamamoto\|editor-first4=S.\|editor-last4=Sugano \|pages=259–273\|publisher=Kodansha \|location=Tokyo\|isbn=4-06-208635-2\|ref={{harvid\|Katakuse et al.\|1999}}}} {{cite web\|last1=Kelly\|first1=T. D.\|last2=Miller\|first2=M. M.\|date=2005\|title=Historical Fluorspar Statistics\|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/ds/2005/140/ds140-fluor.xlsx\|access-date=4 Agustus 2022\|publisher=U.S. Geological Service\|archive-date=2013-05-22\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522170009/http://minerals.usgs.gov/ds/2005/140/ds140-fluor.xlsx\|dead-url=no}} {{Cite journal \| last1 = Keplinger \| first1 = M. L. \| last2 = Suissa \| first2 = L. W. \| title = Toxicity of Fluorine Short-Term Inhalation \| journal = American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal \| volume = 29 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 10–18 \| year = 1968 \| pmid = 5667185 \| doi = 10.1080/00028896809342975}} {{Cite journal \| last1 = Kern \| first1 = S. \| last2 = Hayward \| first2 = J. \| last3 = Roberts \| first3 = S. \| last4 = Richardson \| first4 = J. W. \| last5 = Rotella \| first5 = F. 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E.\|last2=Malone\|first2=R.\|last3=Lilley\|first3=S. H.\|date=2000\|title=New Classification and Update on the Quinolone Antibiotics\|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0501/p2741.html\|access-date=4 Agustus 2022\|journal=American Family Physician\|volume=61\|issue=9\|pages=2741–2748\|pmid=10821154\|archive-date=2020-08-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806132813/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0501/p2741.html\|dead-url=no}} {{cite book\|last=Kirsch\|first=Peer\|date=2004\|title=Modern Fluoroorganic Chemistry: Synthesis, Reactivity, Applications\|url=https://archive.org/details/modernfluoroorga0000kirs\|location=Weinheim\|publisher=Wiley-VCH\|isbn=978-3-527-30691-6}} {{cite book\|last=Kissa\|first=Erik\|date=2001\|title=Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellents\|edition=2nd\|location=New York\|publisher=Marcel Dekker\|isbn=978-0-8247-0472-8}} {{Cite journal \| last1 = Kuriakose \| first1 = A. K. \| last2 = Margrave \| first2 = J. L. \| title = Kinetics of the Reactions of Elemental Fluorine. IV. Fluorination of Graphite \| journal = Journal of Physical Chemistry \| volume = 69 \| issue = 8 \| pages = 2772–2775 \| year = 1965 \| doi = 10.1021/j100892a049 }} {{cite thesis\|last=Lagow\|first=R. J.\|date=1970\|title=The Reactions of Elemental Fluorine; A New Approach to Fluorine Chemistry \|url=http://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/16744/9514194.PDF \|type=PhD, Rice University, TX \|location=Ann Arbor\|publisher=UMI}} {{Cite journal \| last1 = Lau \| first1 = C. \| last2 = Anitole \| first2 = K. \| last3 = Hodes \| first3 = C. \| last4 = Lai \| first4 = D. \| last5 = Pfahles-Hutchens \| first5 = A. \| last6 = Seed \| first6 = J. \| doi = 10.1093/toxsci/kfm128 \| title = Perfluoroalkyl Acids: A Review of Monitoring and Toxicological Findings \| journal = Toxicological Sciences \| volume = 99 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 366–394 \| year = 2007 \| pmid = 17519394\| ref={{harvid\|Lau et al.\|2007}} \| doi-access = free }} {{cite journal \|last1=Lee \|first1=Stephen \|display-authors=etal \|title=Monofluoroacetate-Containing Plants That Are Potentially Toxic to Livestock \|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry \|volume=62 \|issue=30 \|pages=7345–7354 \|publisher=ACS Publications \|doi=10.1021/jf500563h \|pmid=24724702 \|year=2014 \|ref={{harvid\|Lee et al.\|2014}}}} {{cite book\|last=Lewars\|first=Errol G.\|title=Modeling Marvels: Computational Anticipation of Novel Molecules\|date=2008\|publisher=Springer\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IoFzgBSSCwEC&pg=PA70\|isbn=978-1-4020-6972-7\|location=Dordrecht\|access-date=2022-08-04\|archive-date=2023-07-22\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722094704/https://books.google.com/books?id=IoFzgBSSCwEC&pg=PA70\|dead-url=no}} {{cite book\|last=Lide\|first=David R.\|title=Handbook of Chemistry and Physics \|url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide\|url-access=registration\|publisher=CRC Press \|date=2004\|edition=84\|isbn=0-8493-0566-7 \|location=Boca Raton}} {{cite book\|last1=Lidin\|first1=R.\|last2=Molochko\|first2=V. A.\|last3=Andreeva\|first3=L. L.\|title=Химические свойства неорганических веществ\|trans-title=Chemical Properties of Inorganic Substances\|date=2000\|language=ru\|publisher=Khimiya\|location=Moscow\|isbn=5-7245-1163-0}} {{cite book\|last1=Liteplo\|first1=R.\|last2=Gomes\|first2=R.\|last3=Howe\|first3=P.\|last4=Malcolm\|first4=H. \|date=2002\|title=Environmental Health Criteria 227 (Fluoride)\|location=Geneva \|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme; International Labour Organization; World Health Organization \|isbn=92-4-157227-2 \|url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc227.htm \|access-date=4 Agustus 2022\|ref={{Harvid\|Liteplo et al.\|2002}}\|archive-date=2020-01-12\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112200529/http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc227.htm\|dead-url=no}} {{cite web\|last1=Lusty\|first1=P. A. J.\|last2=Brown\|first2=T. J.\|last3=Ward\|first3=J.\|last4=Bloomfield\|first4=S.\|date=2008\|title=The Need for Indigenous Fluorspar Production in England\|url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1328 \|access-date=4 Agustus 2022\|publisher=British Geological Survey\|ref={{Harvid\|Lusty et al.\|2008}}\|archive-date=2016-08-07\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807022840/http://bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1328\|dead-url=no}} {{cite book\|last1=Mackay\|first1=Kenneth Malcolm\|last2=Mackay\|first2=Rosemary Ann\|last3=Henderson\|first3=W.\|title=Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry\|date=2002\|edition=6th\|publisher=Nelson Thornes\|location=Cheltenham\|isbn=0-7487-6420-8}} {{cite book\|last=Macomber\|first=Roger\|date=1996\|title=Organic chemistry\|volume=1\|location=Sausalito\|publisher=University Science Books\|isbn=978-0-935702-90-3}} {{cite journal\|last=Marggraf\|first=Andreas Sigismun\|date=1770\|volume=XXIV\|title=Observation concernant une volatilisation remarquable d'une partie de l'espece de pierre, à laquelle on donne les noms de flosse, flüsse, flus-spaht, et aussi celui d'hesperos; laquelle volatilisation a été effectuée au moyen des acides\|trans-title=Observation of a remarkable volatilization of part of a type of stone to which one gives the name flosse, flüsse, flus-spaht, as well as that of hesperos; which volatilization was effected by means of acids\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f28pAXS5SGIC&pg=PA3\|journal=Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres\|pages=3–11\|language=fr}} {{cite book\|editor-last=Martin\|editor-first=John W.\|date=2007\|title=Concise Encyclopedia of the Structure of Materials\|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780080451275\|location=Oxford and Amsterdam\|publisher=Elsevier\|isbn=978-0-08-045127-5}} {{cite book\|last=Marya\|first=C. 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Michael\|year=2003a\|chapter=Fluorspar\|chapter-url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/fluorspar/fluormyb03.pdf\|title=U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook\|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey\|pages=27.1–27.12\|access-date=2022-08-04\|archive-date=2004-11-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101104211/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/fluorspar/fluormyb03.pdf\|dead-url=no}} {{cite web\|last=Miller\|first=M. Michael\|year=2003b\|title=Mineral Resource of the Month, Fluorspar\|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/mineralofthemonth/fluorspar.pdf\|access-date=4 Agustus 2022\|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey\|archive-date=2017-02-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217064221/https://minerals.usgs.gov/mineralofthemonth/fluorspar.pdf\|dead-url=no}} {{cite book\|last=Mitchell\|first=E. Siobhan\|date=2004\|title=Antidepressants\|location=New York\|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers\|isbn=978-1-4381-0192-7 \|url=https://archive.org/details/antidepressants0000mitc\|url-access=registration}} {{cite book\|last1=Moeller\|first1=T.\|last2=Bailar\|first2=J. C.\|last3=Kleinberg\|date=1980\|title=Chemistry, with Inorganic Qualitative Analysis\|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistrywithino0000unse_m9g0\|edition=3\|publisher=Academic Press\|location=New York\|isbn=0-12-503350-8}} {{cite journal\|last=Moissan\|first=Henri\|author-link=Henri Moissan\|date=1886\|title=Action d'un courant électrique sur l'acide fluorhydrique anhydre\|journal=Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences\|volume=102\|pages=1543–1544\|language=fr \|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3058f/f1541.chemindefer\|access-date=4 Agustus 2022\|archive-date=2020-08-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806185415/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3058f/f1541.chemindefer\|dead-url=no}} {{Cite journal \| last1 = McCoy \| first1 = M. \| title = SURVEY Market Challenges Dim the Confidence of the World's Chemical CEOs \| doi = 10.1021/cen-v085n023.p011a \| journal = Chemical & Engineering News \| volume = 85 \| issue = 23 \| pages = 11 \| year = 2007 }} {{cite book\|last1=Moore\|first1=John W.\|last2=Stanitski\|first2=Conrad L.\|last3=Jurs\|first3=Peter C.\|date=2010\|title=Principles of Chemistry: The Molecular Science\|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofchem0000moor\|location=Belmont\|publisher=Brooks/Cole\|isbn=978-0-495-39079-4}} {{Cite journal \| last1 = Morrow \| first1 = S. I. \| last2 = Perry \| first2 = D. D. \| last3 = Cohen \| first3 = M. S. \| doi = 10.1021/ja01532a066 \| title = The Formation of Dinitrogen Tetrafluoride in the Reaction of Fluorine and Ammonia \| journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society \| volume = 81 \| issue = 23 \| pages = 6338–6339 \| year = 1959 }} {{cite web\|last=Müller\|first=Peter\|date=2009\|title=5.067 Crystal Structure Refinement\|location=Cambridge\|publisher=MIT OpenCourseWare \|url=http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemistry/5-067-crystal-structure-refinement-fall-2009/lecture-notes/MIT5_067F09_lec4.pdf\|access-date=4 Agustus 2022\|archive-date=2020-08-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806214055/https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemistry/5-067-crystal-structure-refinement-fall-2009/lecture-notes/MIT5_067F09_lec4.pdf\|dead-url=no}} {{Cite journal \| last1 = Murphy \| first1 = C. D. \| last2 = Schaffrath \| first2 = C. \| last3 = O'Hagan \| first3 = D. \| doi = 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00191-7 \| title = Fluorinated Natural Products: The Biosynthesis of Fluoroacetate and 4-Fluorothreonine in ''Streptomyces cattleya'' \| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_chemosphere_2003-07_52_2/page/455 \| journal = Chemosphere \| volume = 52 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 455–461 \| year = 2003 \| pmid = 12738270 \| bibcode = 2003Chmsp..52..455M }} {{cite book\|last1=Murthy\|first1=C. Parameshwara\|last2=Mehdi Ali\|first2=S. 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