Front Barat (Perang Dunia I): Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
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Baris 5:
|caption=Tentara Britania terluka di Bernafay Wood selama [[Pertempuran Somme]], 19 Juli 1916.
|date=4 Agustus 1914 – 11 November 1918<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=08|day1=04|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}})
|place=[[Belgia]], [[
|result= Kemenangan menentukan [[Sekutu Perang Dunia I|Entente]]
* [[Peletakan Senjata tahun 1918|Gencatan senjata Compiègne]]
|combatant1= '''[[Sekutu Perang Dunia I|Kekuatan
{{flagicon|France}} [[Republik Ketiga
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Kekaisaran kolonial
{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Imperium Britania]]
* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]]
Baris 21:
* {{flagcountry|Uni Afrika Selatan|1912}}
* {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}
{{flag|Amerika Serikat|1912}} (dari 1917)<br />{{flag|Belgia}}<br />{{flagcountry|Kerajaan Italia}} (dari 1915)<br />{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Republik Portugis Pertama|Portugal]] (dari 1916)<br />{{flagicon|Kekaisaran Rusia}} [[Pasukan Ekspedisi Rusia di
<!-- They are not mentioned in the body (notability?)...{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[República Velha|Brazil]]<ref>See [[Brazil during World War I]]</ref> ...-->
|combatant2= '''[[Kekuatan Sentral]]''':<br />
{{flag|German Empire|name=Kekaisaran Jerman}}<br />{{flag|Austria-
|strength1= {{flagicon|France}} 7.935.000{{sfn|ILO|1925|p=29}}<br />{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} 5.399.563{{sfn|SWO|1922|p=742}}<br />{{flagicon|United States|1912}} 2.200.000{{sfn|Ayres|1919|p=105}}<br />{{flagicon|Belgium}} 267.000<ref>Military Casualties-World War-Estimated", Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924; cited in World War I: People, Politics, and Power, published by Britannica Educational Publishing (2010) Page 219</ref><br />'''Total: ~16.000.000'''
|strength2= {{flagicon|German Empire}} 13.250.000{{sfn|ILO|1925|p=29}}
Baris 52:
{{Kotak kampanye Perang Dunia I}}
'''Front Barat''' atau '''Teater Barat''' adalah [[teater (perang)|teater perang]] utama selama [[Perang Dunia I]].
Menyusul pecahnya perang pada bulan Agustus 1914, [[Angkatan Darat
Antara tahun 1915 dan 1917 ada beberapa serangan besar di sepanjang [[Front (militer)|front]] ini. Serangan tersebut menggunakan pengeboman [[artileri]] besar-besaran dan memobilisasi gerakan maju [[infanteri]]. Namun, kombinasi pertahanan parit, emplasemen senapan mesin, [[kawat berduri]], dan [[artileri]] berulang kali menimbulkan korban parah pada penyerang dan pembela serangan balik. Akibatnya, tidak ada kemajuan signifikan yang dibuat. Di antara yang paling mematikan dari serangan-serangan ini adalah [[Pertempuran Verdun]], pada tahun 1916, dengan gabungan 700.000 korban (perkiraan), [[Pertempuran Somme]], juga pada tahun 1916, dengan lebih dari satu juta korban jiwa (perkiraan), dan [[Pertempuran Passchendaele]], pada tahun 1917, dengan sekitar 600.000 korban (perkiraan).
Dalam upaya untuk memecahkan kebuntuan,
Meskipun front ini umumnya bersifat stagnan, teater ini akan terbukti menentukan. Kemajuan yang tak terhindarkan dari [[Sekutu Perang Dunia I|tentara Sekutu]] selama paruh kedua tahun 1918 meyakinkan komandan Jerman bahwa kekalahan tidak dapat dielakkan, dan pemerintah dipaksa untuk menuntut syarat [[Peletakan Senjata tahun 1918|gencatan senjata]]. Ketentuan perdamaian disepakati dengan ditandatanganinya [[Perjanjian Versailles]] pada tahun 1919.
Baris 64:
{{see also|Rencana Schlieffen|Rencana XVII|Pertempuran Perbatasan}}
[[Berkas:Stabilization of Western Front WWI.PNG|jmpl|Peta Front Barat dan [[Perlombaan menuju Laut]], 1914]]
{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=French bayonet charge.jpg|image2=German infantry 1914 HD-SN-99-02296.JPEG|width=305|caption1=Serangan [[bayonet]]
Pada saat pecahnya Perang Dunia I, Angkatan Darat Jerman (meliputi tujuh tentara gabungan di barat) menjalankan versi modifikasi dari [[Rencana Schlieffen]], yang dirancang untuk menyerang
Untuk wilayah mereka,
Angkatan Darat Jerman menyapu bersih Belgia, mengeksekusi warga sipil dan menghancurkan desa-desa. Penerapan "tanggung jawab kolektif" terhadap penduduk sipil selanjutnya mengejutkan sekutu, dan surat kabar mengecam invasi Jerman dan kekerasan tentara terhadap warga sipil dan properti, yang serentak disebut "[[Pemerkosaan Belgia]]".{{sfn|Horne|Kramer|2001|pp=1–608}}{{efn|Seorang penulis modern menggunakan istilah ini hanya dalam pengertian yang lebih sempit untuk menggambarkan [[kejahatan perang]] yang dilakukan oleh Angkatan Darat Jerman selama periode ini.{{sfn|Zuckerman|2004|p=23}}}} Setelah berpawai melalui Belgia, Luksemburg, dan [[Ardennes]], Angkatan Darat Jerman bergerak maju, pada paruh akhir Agustus, ke utara
=== Pertempuran Pertama Marne ===
{{Main|Pertempuran Marne Pertama}}
Angkatan Darat Jerman berada dalam jarak {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}} dari Paris namun pada [[Pertempuran Marne Pertama]] (6-12 September), pasukan
Di pihak [[Sekutu Perang Dunia I|Entente]] (negara-negara yang menentang aliansi Jerman), lini akhir ditempati oleh tentara negara-negara Sekutu, dengan masing-masing negara mempertahankan sebagian dari front. Dari pantai di utara, pasukan utama berasal dari Belgia, Imperium Britania dan kemudian
=== Pertempuran Ypres Pertama ===
Baris 83:
== 1915 ==
[[Berkas:Western front 1915-16.jpg|jmpl|Peta Front Barat, 1915–1916]]
Antara pantai dan [[Pegunungan Vosges|Vosges]] terdapat tonjolan ke barat di garis parit, dinamakan tonjolan [[Noyon]] untuk kota
=== Peperangan gas ===
{{Main|Senjata kimia dalam Perang Dunia I}}
Semua pihak telah menandatangani [[Konvensi Den Haag 1899 dan 1907]], yang melarang penggunaan senjata kimia dalam peperangan. Pada tahun 1914, ada upaya kecil baik dari
Meskipun Jerman berencana untuk mempertahankan kebuntuan dengan
Keberhasilan serangan ini tidak terulang, karena Sekutu melawannya dengan memperkenalkan masker gas dan [[tindakan penanggulangan|tindakan-tindakan penanggulangan]] lainnya. Contoh keberhasilan tindakan-tindakan ini datang setahun kemudian, pada 27 April dalam [[Pertempuran Hulluch|serangan gas di Hulluch]], {{convert|25|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} di selatan Ypres, di mana [[Divisi ke-16 (Irlandia)]] bertahan menghadapi beberapa serangan gas Jerman.{{sfn|Jones|2002|pp=22–23}} Britania membalas, mengembangkan gas klorin mereka sendiri dan menggunakannya dalam [[Pertempuran Loos]] pada bulan September 1915. Angin yang berubah-ubah dan kurangnya pengalaman menyebabkan lebih banyak korban gas di pihak Britania daripada Jerman.{{sfn|Richter|1994|pp=69–73, 88}} Pasukan
=== Peperangan udara ===
Pesawat khusus untuk pertempuran udara diperkenalkan pada tahun 1915. Pesawat udara telah digunakan untuk kepanduan dan pada tanggal 1 April, pilot
=== Serangan musim semi ===
[[Berkas:Capture of Carency aftermath 1915 1.jpg|jmpl|Reruntuhan [[Carency]] setelah direbut kembali oleh
Serangan Entente terakhir pada musim semi adalah [[Pertempuran Artois Kedua]], sebuah serangan untuk merebut [[Pertempuran Vimy Ridge|Vimy Ridge]] dan bergerak maju ke Dataran Douai. Angkatan Darat
Selama musim gugur 1915, "[[Fokker Scourge]]" mulai memiliki pengaruh dalam medan perang ketika pesawat udara pengintaian Sekutu hampir diusir dari angkasa. Pesawat-pesawat [[pengintaian]] ini digunakan untuk mengarahkan senjata tempur dan memotret benteng musuh namun kini Sekutu hampir dibutakan oleh pejuang Jerman.{{sfn|Campbell|1981|pp=26–27}} Namun, dampak superioritas udara Jerman berkurang oleh keengganan doktrin mereka untuk mengambil risiko tertawannya pilot mereka dengan bertempur di atas wilayah yang dikuasai Sekutu.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}
=== Serangan musim gugur ===
Bulan September 1915 para sekutu Entente melancarkan serangan lainnya, dengan [[Pertempuran Artois Ketiga]], [[Pertempuran Champagne Kedua]] oleh
== Catatan ==
Baris 118:
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|ASB|1922}}
|title=Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919 |trans_title=Statistical Yearbook of Belgium and the Belgian Congo 1915–1919 |location=Bruxelles |year=1922 |others=no OCLC}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Ayres|1919}} |title=The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary |last=Ayres |first=L. P. |authorlink= |date=1 August 1919 |publisher=United States War Department, General Staff |location=Washington, DC |edition=2nd [online] |url=https://ia800200.us.archive.org/6/items/cu31924027816820/cu31924027816820.pdf |accessdate=4 March 2017 |oclc=869902118 }}▼
▲|title=The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary |last=Ayres |first=L. P. |authorlink= |date=1 August 1919 |publisher=United States War Department, General Staff |location=Washington, DC |edition=2nd [online] |url=https://ia800200.us.archive.org/6/items/cu31924027816820/cu31924027816820.pdf |accessdate=4 March 2017 |oclc=869902118}}
* {{cite book |last=Bailey |first=Jonathan B. A. |year=2004 |title=Field artillery and firepower |series=AUSA Institute of Land Warfare book |edition=2nd |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-59114-029-0 |ref={{harvid|Bailey|2004}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Barton |first1=Peter |last2=Doyle |first2=Peter |last3=Vandewalle |first3=Johan |year=2005 |title=Beneath Flanders Fields: The Tunnellers' War, 1914–1918 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-2949-6 |ref={{harvid|Barton|Doyle|Vandewalle|2005}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Bostyn |first=Franky |year=2002 |editor=Peter Doyle, Matthew R. Bennett |chapter=Zero Hour: Historical Note on the British Underground War in Flanders, 1915–17 |title=Fields of Battle: Terrain in Military History |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-0433-9 |ref={{harvid|Bostyn|2002}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Christopher |year=1981 |title=Aces and Aircraft of World War I |url=https://archive.org/details/acesaircraftofwo0000camp_e2f9 |publisher=Blandford Press |location=Dorset |isbn=978-0-7137-0954-4 |ref={{harvid|Campbell|1981}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Chickering |first=Roger |first2=Stig |last2=Förster |title=Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914–1918 |year=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-77352-2 |ref={{harvid|Chickering|Förster|2000}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=W. S. |title=The World Crisis |publisher=Thornton Butterworth |location=London |year=1938 |others=1923–1931 |edition=2nd Odhams |oclc=4945014 |ref={{harvid|Churchill|1938}}}}
Baris 129 ⟶ 128:
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Corkerry|2001}}
|title=Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action, Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action (1917) |editor-last=Corkerry |editor-first=S. |authorlink= |year=2001 |orig-year=1917 |publisher=Military Press |location=Milton Keynes |edition=repr. |isbn=978-0-85420-250-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Dockrill |first=Michael L. |last2=French |first2=David |title=Strategy and Intelligence: British Policy During the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/strategyintellig00dock |page=[https://archive.org/details/strategyintellig00dock/page/77 77] |year=1996 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-1-85285-099-9 |ref={{harvid|Dockrill|French|1996}} }}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Doughty|2005}}
|last=Doughty |first=R. A. |title=Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/pyrrhicvictoryfr0000doug
|location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-674-01880-8}} * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Edmonds|1991}}
|series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |title=Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele) |volume=II |last=Edmonds |first=J. E. |authorlink=James Edward Edmonds |year=1991 |orig-year=1948 |publisher=Imperial War Museum and Battery Press |location=Nashville, TN |isbn=978-0-89839-166-4}}
Baris 138:
* {{cite book |last=Ekins |first=Ashley |year=2010 |title=1918: Year of Victory: The End of the Great War and the Shaping of History |publisher=Exisle |isbn=978-1-921497-42-1 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Ellis|1993}}
|last=Ellis |first=John |title=The World War I Databook |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwariidatabo0000elli
|year=1993 |publisher=Aurum Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-85410-766-4}} * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Ellis|2001}}
|last=Ellis |first=John |title=The World War I Databook |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwaridataboo0000elli
|date=2001 |publisher=Aurum Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-85410-766-4}} * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Foley|2005}}
|title=German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916 |last=Foley |first=R. T. |authorlink= |year=2007 |orig-year=2005 |publisher=CUP |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-04436-3}}
* {{cite book | last=Fuller | first=John F. C. | authorlink=J. F. C. Fuller | year=1992 | title=The Conduct of War, 1789–1961: A Study of the Impact of the French, Industrial and Russian Revolutions on War and its Conduct | url=https://archive.org/details/conductofwar17890000full_o0u7 | publisher=Da Capo Press | location=New York | isbn=978-0-306-80467-0 | ref={{harvid|Fuller|1992}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Granatstein |first=Jack |last2=Morton |first2=Desmond |title=Canada and the Two World Wars |url=https://archive.org/details/canadatwoworldwa0000gran |location=Toronto |publisher=Key Porter |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-55263-509-4 |ref={{harvid|Granatstein|Morton|2003}} }}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Grebler|Winkler|1940}}
|series=Economic and Social History of the World War, Supplementary Volumes |title=The Cost of the World War to Germany and to Austria-Hungary |last1=Grebler |first1=L. |last2=Winkler |first2=W. |authorlink= |year=1940 |publisher=Yale University Press for Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Division of Economics and History |location=New Haven, CT |edition= |oclc=254453292}}
Baris 150 ⟶ 152:
|last=Gray |first=Randal |title=Chronicle of the First World War: 1917–21 |volume=II |year=1991 |publisher=Facts on File |location=Oxford/New York |isbn=978-0-8160-2139-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Griffith |first=Paddy |year=2004 |title=Fortifications of the Western Front 1914–18 |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-84176-760-4 |ref={{harvid|Griffith|2004}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=William R. |editor=Thomas E. Griess |year=1986 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/greatwar0000grif |location=Wayne, NJ |publisher=Avery |isbn=978-0-89529-312-1 |ref={{harvid|Griffiths|1986}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=William R. |year=2003 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/greatwar0000grif_o3z9 |publisher=Square One |isbn=978-0-7570-0158-1 |ref={{harvid|Griffiths|2003}} }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Hamilton |editor1-first=Richard F. |editor2-last=Herwig |editor2-first=Holger H. |title=The Origins of World War I |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0521817358 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-81735-6 |ref={{harvid|Hamilton|Herwig|2003}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Hartesveldt |first=Fred R. van |year=2005 |title=The Battles of the British Expeditionary Forces, 1914–1915: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography |issue=25 |series=Bibliographies of Battles and Leader |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-30625-9 |ref={{harvid|Hartesveldt|2005}} }}
* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Hersch|1927}}
|last=Hersch |first=L. |title=La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron-|trans_title=Causes of Death in the First World War |journal=The International Review of Statistics |year=1927 |volume=VII |issn=}}
* {{cite book |last=Herwig |first=Holger H. |year=1997 |title=The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914–1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/firstworldwarger0000herw |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-340-67753-7 |ref={{harvid|Herwig|1997}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Herwig |first=Holger |year=1996 |title=Forging the Collective Memory |url=https://archive.org/details/forgingcollectiv0000unse | editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=Keith | publisher=Berghahn Books |chapter=Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany After the Great War |isbn=978-1-57181-862-1 |ref={{harvid|Herwig|1996}}}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Horne|Kramer|2001}} |last=Horne |first=John N. |first2=Alan |last2=Kramer |title=German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial |url=https://archive.org/details/germanatrocities00horn |publisher=Yale University Press |location=Newhaven, CT |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-300-08975-2 }}▼
▲|last=Horne |first=John N. |first2=Alan |last2=Kramer |title=German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial |publisher=Yale University Press |location=Newhaven, CT |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-300-08975-2}}
* {{cite book | last=Hull | first=Isabel V. | authorlink=Isabel V. Hull | year=2005 | title=Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-84193-3 |ref={{harvid|Hull|2005}}}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Jackson|2001}}
|last=Jackson |first=J. |title=France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-820706-1}}
* {{cite book | last=Jones | first=Simon | year=2002 | title=World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment | publisher=Osprey | isbn=1-84603-151-6 |ref={{harvid|Jones|2002}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Jones | first=Simon | last2=Hook | first2=Richard | title=World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment | url=https://archive.org/details/worldwarigaswarf0000jone | year=2007 | publisher=Osprey | isbn=1-84603-151-6 |ref={{harvid|Jones|Hook|2007}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Kennedy | first=Paul | year=1989 | title=The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers | url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofgreatp00kenn_0 | publisher=Vintage Books | isbn=0-679-72019-7 |ref={{harvid|Kennedy|1989}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Knox | first=MacGregor | year=2007 | title=To the Threshold of Power, 1922/33: Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and National Socialist Dictatorships | volume=1 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-87860-8 |ref={{harvid|Knox|2007}}}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|ILO|1925}}
|<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |series=International Labour Office: Enquête sur la production. Rapport général [Survey of production. General Report] |title=Les tués et les disparus |trans_title=The Dead and the Missing |location=Paris et al. |publisher=Berger-Levrault, 1923–25. |volume=Tome 4 |others=Part II |oclc=6445561}}
* {{cite book |last=Lupfer |first=Timothy T. |date=July 1981 |title=The Dynamics of Doctrine, The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War |
* {{cite book | last=Lyons | first=Michael J. | year=2000 | title=World War I: A Short History | url=https://archive.org/details/worldwarishorthi0000lyon | edition=2nd | publisher=Prentice Hall | isbn=0-13-020551-6 |ref={{harvid|Lyons|2000}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Marshall | first=Samuel L. A. | authorlink=Samuel Lyman Atwood Marshall | year=1964 | title=The American Heritage History of World War I | url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00mars | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=American Heritage | isbn=0-517-38555-4
|ref={{harvid|Marshall|1964}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Martin | first=William | year=2001 | title=Verdun 1916: They Shall Not Pass | publisher=Osprey | isbn=1-85532-993-X |ref={{harvid|Martin|2001}}}}
Baris 188 ⟶ 189:
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Sheldon|2012}}
|title=The German Army on the Western Front 1915 |last=Sheldon |first=J. |authorlink= |year=2012 |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |location=Barnsley |edition= |isbn=978-1-84884-466-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Leonard V. |last2=Audoin-Rouzeau |first2=Stéphane |last3=Becker |first3=Annette |title=France and the Great War, 1914–1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/francegreatwar190000smit |series=New Approaches to European History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-66631-2 |ref={{harvid|Smith|Audoin-Rouzeau|Becker|2003}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Spick |first=Mike |year=2002 |title=The Illustrated Directory of Fighters |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-0-7603-1343-5 |ref={{harvid|Spick|2002}}}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|SWO|1922}} |title=Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=1922 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |edition= |url=https://ia800502.us.archive.org/23/items/statisticsofmili00grea/statisticsofmili00grea.pdf |accessdate=4 March 2017 |oclc=924169428 }}▼
▲|title=Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=1922 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |edition= |url=https://ia800502.us.archive.org/23/items/statisticsofmili00grea/statisticsofmili00grea.pdf |accessdate=4 March 2017 |oclc=924169428}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Strachan|2001}}
|title=The First World War: To Arms |volume=I |last=Strachan |first=H. |authorlink= |year=2001 |publisher=OUP |location=Oxford |edition= |isbn=978-0-19-926191-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Terraine |first=John |year=2002 |title=Mons: The Retreat to Victory |url=https://archive.org/details/monsretreattovic0000terr |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |isbn=978-1-84022-243-2 |ref={{harvid|Terraine|2002}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Warner |first=Philip |year=2000 |title=The Battle of Loos |url=https://archive.org/details/battleofloos0000warn |series=Wordsworth Military History |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |isbn=978-1-84022-229-6 |ref={{harvid|Warner|2000}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Wiest |first=Andrew A. |year=2005 |title=Haig: The Evolution of a Commander |publisher=Brassey's |isbn=978-1-57488-684-9 |ref={{harvid|Wiest|2005}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Watson |first=Alexander |year=2008 |title=Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914–1918 |series=Cambridge military histories |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88101-2 |ref={{harvid|Watson|2008}}}}
Baris 202:
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Wynne|1976}}
|title=If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West |last=Wynne |first=G. C. |authorlink= |year=1976 |orig-year=1939 |publisher=Faber & Faber |location=London |edition=Greenwood Press, NY |isbn=978-0-8371-5029-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Zuckerman |first=Larry |year=2004 |title=The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I |url=https://archive.org/details/rapeofbelgiumunt0000zuck |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-9704-4 |ref={{harvid|Zuckerman|2004}} }}
{{refend}}
Baris 211:
'''Jurnal'''
* {{cite journal |last=Bailey |first=George |year=2005 |title=Modern Project Management and the Lessons from the Study of the Transformation of the British Expeditionary Force in the Great War |journal=Management Decision |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=56–71 |doi=10.1108/00251740510572489}}
* {{cite journal |last=Heller |first=Charles E. |date=September 1984 |url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p16040coll3/id/144/rec/8 |accessdate=4 March 2017 |title=Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917–1918 |publisher=US Army Command and General Staff College |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |oclc=463454950 |journal= |archive-date=2017-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305034458/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p16040coll3/id/144/rec/8 |dead-url=yes }}
== Pranala luar ==
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}}
{{commons category|Western Front theatre of World War I}}
* [http://www.westernfront.nl/ The Western Front Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203083444/http://www.westernfront.nl/ |date=2009-02-03 }}
* [http://battlefieldseurope.co.uk/default.aspx Articles on the Western Front in Lorraine & Alsace at Battlefields Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313102625/http://battlefieldseurope.co.uk/default.aspx |date=2011-03-13 }}
* [http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Contemptible_Army/Contemptible_Army_01.htm 'That Contemptible Little Army'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025095324/http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Contemptible_Army/Contemptible_Army_01.htm |date=2008-10-25 }} by [[E. Alexander Powell]]. The British Army Seen by an American Journalist in 1916
* [http://www.forgingtheanzacs.com/ Information and multimedia on the Western Front. An interactive forum area where Western front stories and pictures can be posted] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810141326/http://www.forgingtheanzacs.com/ |date=2012-08-10 }}
* Watch clips from the [[Australian War Memorial]]'s collection of [http://aso.gov.au/titles/collections/awm-western-front/ films made on the Western Front 1917–1918] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422130916/http://aso.gov.au/titles/collections/awm-western-front/ |date=2011-04-22 }} on the [[National Film and Sound Archive]]'s [http://aso.gov.au/ australianscreen online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201123853/http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/1930-australian-xi-ashes/ |date=2011-12-01 }}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=s4lHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA38&dq=Harvard+Alumni+in+the+Great+War&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjq46m357bOAhVB7yYKHa-ECywQ6AEIMjAD#v=onepage&q=Harvard%20Alumni%20in%20the%20Great%20War&f=false "Our Part in the Great War" by Arthur Gleason 1917. Includes quotations from German Army War Diaries of 1914]
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