Gamal Abdul Nasir: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 1:
{{Infobox President
|
|
|office1=Presiden [[Republik Arab Bersatu]] Ke-1
|term_start1=22 Februari 1958
|term_end1=28 September 1970
|predecessor1=Kantor didirikan
|successor1=[[Anwar Sadat]]
|office2 =[[Presiden Mesir]] [[Daftar Presiden Mesir|ke-2]]
|term_start2=23 Juni 1956
|term_end2=28 September 1970
|predecessor2=[[Muhammad Naguib]]
|successor2=[[Anwar Sadat]]
|order3=[[Perdana Menteri Mesir]]
|term_start3=19 Juni 1967
|term_end3=28 September 1970
|predecessor3=Muhammad Sedki Sulayman
|successor3=Mahmoud Fawzi
|term_start4= 18 April 1954
|term_end4=29 September 1962
|predecessor4=[[Muhammad Naguib]]
|successor4=Ali Sabri
|term_start5=25 Februari 1954
|term_end5=8 Maret 1954
|predecessor5 =[[Muhammad Naguib]]
|successor5=[[Muhammad Naguib]]
|office6=Sekretaris Jenderal [[Gerakan Non-Blok]]
|term_start6=5 Oktober 1964
|term_end6=8 September 1970
|predecessor6=[[Josip Broz Tito]]
|successor6=[[Kenneth Kaunda]]
|office7=Ketua [[Organisasi Kesatuan Afrika]]
|term_start7=17 Juli 1964
|term_end7=21 Oktober 1965
|predecessor7=[[Haile Selassie I dari Ethiopia|Haile Selassie I]]
|successor7=[[Kwame Nkrumah]]
|birth_name = Gamal Abdul Nasir Hussein
|birth_date = {{birth date|1918|1|15|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Iskandariyah]], Kesultanan Mesir
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1970|09|28|1918|01|15|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Kairo]], [[Mesir]]
|nationality = [[Mesir]]
|spouse = [[Tahia Kazem]]
|children = [[Hoda Abdul Nasir]]<br>[[Mona Abdul Nasir]]<br>[[Khalid Abdul Nasir]] (mendiang)<br>[[Abdul Hamid Abdul Nasir]]<br>[[Abdul Hakim Abdul Nasir]]
|party = [[Persatuan Sosialis Arab (Mesir)]]
|occupation = Instruktur Militer
|religion = [[Islam Sunni]]
|allegiance = [[Berkas:Flag of Egypt.svg|30px]] [[Mesir]]
|branch = [[Berkas:Flag of the Army of Egypt.svg|30px]] [[Angkatan Darat Mesir]]
|serviceyears = 1938–1952
|rank = [[Berkas:Turco-Egyptian ka'im makam.gif|25px]] [[Kolonel]]
|battles = Perang Arab-Israel pada tahun 1948
|signature = Sign Gamal Abdel Nasser.png
}}
'''Gamal Abdul Nasir''' ([[bahasa Arab]]: جمال عبد الناصر; {{lahirmati||15|1|1918||8|9|1970}}) merupakan [[Presiden Mesir|presiden kedua]] [[Mesir]], dan mungkin merupakan salah seorang negarawan [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]] yang paling terkemuka dalam sejarah.
Gamal Abdul Nasser dilahirkan di [[Iskandariah]] (Alexandria) dan aktif dalam gerakan [[Mesir]] menentang penjajahan dan kekuasaan asing ketika di Akademi Militer. Gamal Abdul Nasser berpangkat [[Mayor]] ketika terlibat dalam [[Perang Kemerdekaan Israel]] pada tahun [[1948]].
Selama beberapa bulan pada akhir perperangan, Gamal Abdel Nasser dan pasukannya terperangkap dalam kawasan yang dikenal sebagai "[[Poket Faluja]]". Ketika perdamaian tercapai, Gamal Abdel Nasir kembali ke Mesir. Pada tahun 1952, Gamal Abdel Nasser memimpin Angkatan Bersenjata Mesir dalam kudeta yang menggulingkan Raja [[Farouk I]].
Pada awal [[1954]], Gamal Abdul Nasser menangkap dan menahan presiden Mesir ketika itu, jendral [[Muhammad Naguib]], dan pada [[25 Februari]] 1954 Gamal Abdul Nasser menjadi Kepala Negara Mesir. Dua tahun kemudian, Gamal Abdul Nasser menjadi calon tunggal dalam pemilu presiden dan dilantik menjadi presiden [[Mesir]] kedua. Pada masa pemerintahannya, Gamal Abdul Nasser membangkitkan Nasionalisme Arab dan Pan Arabisme, menasionalisasi [[terusan Suez]] yang mengakibatkan [[krisis Suez]] yang membuat Mesir berhadapan dengan [[Prancis]], [[Inggris]] dan [[Israel]] yang memilii kepentingan terhadap terusan itu. Krisis ini berakhir dengan keputusan dunia Internasional yang menguntungkan Mesir serta terusan Suez resmi berada dalam kedaulatan Mesir. Kemudian mengadakan proyek infrastruktur besar-besaran diantaranya adalah proyek [[Bendungan Aswan]] dengan bantuan pemerintah [[Uni Soviet]].
Setelah kalah dalam [[Perang Enam Hari]] dengan [[Israel]] pada tahun [[1967]], Gamal Abdul Nasser ingin menarik diri dari dunia politik tetapi rakyat Mesir menolaknya. Gamal Abdul Nasser sekali lagi memimpin Mesir dalam [[Perang Atrisi]] (1969–1970).
Gamal Abdul Nasser meninggal akibat penyakit [[jantung]] dua minggu setelah peperangan usai pada [[28 September]] [[1970]]. Gamal Abdul Nasir digantikan oleh [[Anwar Sadat]] sebagai presiden Mesir.
== Kehidupan awal ==
[[Berkas:Gamal Abdel Nasser.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|Nasser, 1931]]
Gamal Abdel Nasser lahir pada 15 Januari 1918 di [[Bakos]], [[Iskandariyah]], sebagai putra pertama dari Fahima dan Abdel Nasser Hussein.<ref name="V23">{{Harvnb|Vatikiotis|1978|pp=23–24}}</ref> Ayah Nasser adalah tukang pos<ref>{{Harvnb|Joesten|1974|p=14}}</ref> yang lahir di [[Beni Mur]], [[Mesir Hulu]] dan dibesarkan di Iskandariyah,<ref name="V23"/> dan keluarga ibunya berasal dari [[Mallawi]], [[Keugubernuran Minya|el-Minya]].<ref name="Stephens 23">{{Harvnb|Stephens|1972|p=23}}</ref> Orangtuanya menikah pada 1917,<ref name="Stephens 23"/> dan kemudian memiliki dua putra lebih, Izz al-Arab dan al-Leithi.<ref name="V23"/> Biografer Nasser Robert Stephens dan [[Said Aburish]] menyatakan bahwa keluarga Nassersangat meyakini "pencapaian kejayaan Arab", karena nama saudara Nasser, Izz al-Arab, artinya "Kejayaan bangsa Arab"—sebuah nama langka di Mesir.<ref name="Aburish12-13">{{Harvnb|Aburish|2004|pp=12–13}}</ref>
Keluarga Nasser kemudian berpindah-pindah karena pekerjaan ayahnya. Pada 1921, mereka pindah ke [[Asyut]] dan, pada 1923, ke [[Khatatba]], dimana ayah Nasser menjalankan sebuah kantor pos. Nasser masuk sebuah SD khusus anak-anak para karyawan perkeretaapian sampai 1924, saat ia dikirim untuk tinggal dengan paman pihak ayahnya di [[Kairo]], dan masuk SD Nahhasin.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stephens|1972|p=26}}</ref>
Nasser surat menyurat dengan ibunya dan mengunjunginya pada hari-hari libur. Ia berhenti meraih pesan pada akhir April 1926. Setelah kembali Khatatba, ia mengetahui bahwa ibunya telah wafat setelah melahirkan adik ketiganya, Shawki, dan bahwa keluarganya telah menyembunyikan kabar tersebut darinya.<ref name="Stephens 28-32">{{Harvnb|Stephens|1972|pp=28–32}}</ref><ref name="Alexander14">{{Harvnb|Alexander|2005|p=14}}</ref> Nasser kemudian menyatakan bahwa "kehilangannya dengan cara ini sangat mengejutkan pada waktu itu sehingga sulit untuk dipulihkan".<ref name="BibliothecaHoda">{{cite web |url=http://nasser.bibalex.org/Common/pictures01-%20sira_en.htm#1 |title=A Historical Sketch of Gamal Abdel Nasser |publisher=[[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]] |first=Hoda |last=Abdel Nasser |accessdate=23 July 2013 |archive-date=2023-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606232933/http://nasser.bibalex.org/common/pictures01-%20sira_en.htm#1 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Ia kehilangan ibunya dan luka kematiannya makin mendalam saat ayahnya menikah lagi sebelum akhir tahun tersebut.<ref name="Stephens 28-32"/><ref name="Aburish8-9">{{Harvnb|Aburish|2004|pp=8–9}}</ref><ref name="V24">{{Harvnb|Vatikiotis|1978|p=24}}</ref>
Pada 1928, Nasser datang ke Iskandariyah untuk tinggal dengan kakek pihak ibunya dan masuk SD Attarin di kota tersebut.<ref name="Alexander14"/><ref name="BibliothecaHoda"/> Pada 1929, ia pindah ke sekolah asrama swasta di [[Helwan]], dan kemudian kembali ke Iskandariyah untuk masuk SMP Ras el-Tin dan bergabung dengan ayahnya, yang bekerjanpada layanan pos di kota tersebut.<ref name="Alexander14"/><ref name="BibliothecaHoda"/> Di Iskandariyah, Nasser ikut dalam kegiatan politik.<ref name="Alexander14"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Stephens|1972|pp=33–34}}</ref> Setekahbmenyaksikan pertikaian antara para pengunjuk rasa dan polisi di Lapangan Manshia,<ref name="BibliothecaHoda"/> ia bergabung dengan unjuk rasa tersebut tanpa menyadari tujuannya.<ref>{{Harvnb|Joesten|1974|p=19}}</ref> Unjuk rasa tersebut, yang diadakan oleh [[ultranasionalis]] [[Partai Mesir Muda (1933)|Serikat Mesir Muda]], menyerukan akhir kolonialisme di Mesir dalam rangka menanggapi [[Konstitusi Mesir 1923]] oleh Perdana Menteri [[Isma'il Sidqi]].<ref name="BibliothecaHoda"/> Nasser ditangkap dan ditahan selama semalam<ref name="Litvin39">{{Harvnb|Litvin|2011|p=39}}</ref> sebelum ayahnya membebaskannya.<ref name="Alexander14"/>
== Referensi ==
=== Catatan ===
{{Reflist|30em| refs=
<ref name="Wistrich1985p188">{{cite book|author=Robert S. Wistrich|title=Hitler's apocalypse: Jews and the Nazi legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acBtAAAAMAAJ|date=17 October 1985|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=978-0-297-78719-8|page=188|quote="President Nasser of Egypt in a notorious interview with the editor of the neo-Nazi Deutsche Soldaten und National Zeitung, published on 1 May 1964, insisted that No one, not even the simplest man in our country, takes seriously the lie about six million Jews who were murdered"}}</ref>
<ref name="Parker1993p79">{{cite book|author=Richard Bordeaux Parker|title=The Politics of Miscalculation in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUtO8GT52IwC|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34298-0|page=79|quote="Zakaria Muhieddin...was vice president )of Nasser)...All of this was out of character. In the early days of the revolution Nasser had been the most cautious member of the RCC; that was why he was its leader. He was forever saying, after they had taken a decision, "Let's think this over until tomorrow." After he came to power he gradually changed. He ceased consulting his colleagues and made more and more of the decisions himself. His tendencies in this regard may have been accentuated by diabetes, which Muhieddin said sometimes leads people to make rash decisions. That was the only rational explanation for his actions in 1967."}}</ref>
}}
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{{Refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
* {{
* {{en}} [http://theindb.com/names/a/gamal_abdel-nasser.html Gamal Abdel Nasser di The Internet Name Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515233929/http://theindb.com/names/a/gamal_abdel-nasser.html |date=2007-05-15 }}
{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{kotak suksesi |pendahulu = [[Muhammad Naguib]] |jabatan = [[Presiden Mesir]] |tahun = 1954-1970
|pengganti = [[Anwar Sadat]]}}
{{s-dip}}
{{kotak suksesi|jabatan=[[Ketua Uni Afrika]]|pendahulu=[[Haile Selassie]]|tahun=1964-1965|pengganti=[[Kwame Nkrumah]]}}
{{kotak selesai}}
{{lifetime|1918|1970|Nasir, Gamal Abdul}}
{{Ketua Uni Afrika}}
{{Presiden Suriah}}
{{Sekretaris Jenderal Gerakan Non-Blok}}
{{Perang Dingin}}
[[Kategori:Presiden Mesir]]
[[Kategori:Perdana Menteri Mesir]]
[[Kategori:Pemimpin Perang Dingin]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh militer Mesir]]
[[Kategori:Kolonel]]
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