Genosida Yunani: Perbedaan antara revisi

| title = Provokasi Genosida Yunani

'''Politik Genosida yang dimainkan Yunani''' (oleh [[bangsa Yunani|orang Yunani]] disebut juga '''Pembantaian''' (''η Σφαγή''), '''Malapetaka Besar''' (''η Μεγάλη Καταστροφή''), atau '''Tragedi Besar''' (''η Μεγάλη Τραγωδία'')<ref>{{CiteCitation book|date last =2005 Hatzidimitriou | first = Constantine G | title = American accountsAccounts documentingDocumenting the destructionDestruction of Smyrna by the Kemalist Turkish forces Forces: September 1922 |location place = New Rochelle, [[New York|NY]] | publisher =Melissa InternationalCaratzas |isbn year =0-89241-592-4|editor-last=Hatzidimitriou|editor-first=Constantine G2005 |pages page = 1|others=|oclc=62572051|name-list-format=vanc|url-status=live}}.</ref>), sebagiannya disebut '''Genosida Pontos''', adalah pemusnahan sistematis penduduk [[orang Yunani Utsmaniyah|Yunani Utsmaniyah]] yangKristen beragamadari Kristenitanah diair wilayahhistoris mereka di [[Anatolia]] selama [[Perang Dunia I]] dan [[Pasca Perang Dunia I|sesudahnya]] (1914–23) atas dasar agama dan etnis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Adam|date=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kBZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|title=Genocide : a comprehensive introduction|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-84696-4|edition=revisi|pages=163|oclc=672333335|url-status=live}}</ref> Peristiwa ini diinisiasidilakukan oleh pemerintahanpemerintah [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] terhadap warga Yunani di wilayah kesultananKesultanan dan meliputi pembantaian, deportasi paksa yang melibatkan [[pawaiperjalanan kematian]]maut, pengusiran di tempat, eksekusi acak, dan penghancuran unsur budaya, sejarah, dan monumen [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur|Ortodoks Kristen]]. Menurut berbagai sumber, beberapa ratus ribu orang Yunani Utsmaniyah tewas akibat peristiwa ini.{{Sfn | Jones | 2006 |p pp = 154–55}} Sebagian besar pengungsi dan korban selamat melarikan diri ke Yunani, jumlahnya sekitar lebih dari seperempat dari total penduduk Yunani saat itu.<ref name="Greece and Her Refugees">Howland, Charles P. [http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68710/charles-p-howland/greece-and-her-refugees "Greece and Her Refugees"], ''Foreign Affairs,'' [[The Council on Foreign Relations]]. July, 1926.</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Howland|first=Charles P.|date=2011-10-11|title=Greece and Her RefugeesWebarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407210749/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/greece68710/1926charles-07p-01howland/greece-and-her-refugees|work=Foreign Affairs|language=en-US|issn=0015-7120|access-date=2020-092015-04-07}}, ''Foreign Affairs,'' [[The Council on Foreign Relations]]. July, 1926.</ref> Beberapa lainnya, terutama dari provinsi-provinsi Timur, mengungsi ke [[Kekaisaran Rusia]]. Akibatnya, setelah [[Perang Yunani-Turki (1919-1922)|Perang Yunani-Turki 1919–22]] berakhir, sebagian besar orang Yunani di [[Anatolia|Asia Kecil]] telah pergi atau dibunuh.<ref name="Gibney">{{cite book|author=Matthew J. Gibney, [[Randall Hansen]].|first=|date=|year=2005|url=https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt/page/377|title=Immigration and Asylum: from 1900 to the Present, Volume 3|locationurl=https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=|year=2005|page=[https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt/page/377 377]|isbn=1-57607-796-9|volume=3|page=377|pages=|oclc=250711524|quote=JumlahThe umattotal Kristennumber yangof melarikanChristians diriwho kefled Yunanito berjumlahGreece sekitarwas 1probably in the region of I.2 jutamillion orangwith denganthe gelombangmain utamawave yangoccurring terjadiin pada1922 tahunbefore 1922the sebelumsigning penandatangananof the konvensiconvention. BerdasarkanAccording rekamanto resmithe dariofficial Komisrecords Campuranof yangthe diperuntukkanMixed untukCommission memonitorset pergerakan,up "to Orangmonitor the movements, the Yunani"Greeks' yangwho pindahwere setelahtransferred tahunafter 1923 berjumlahnumbered 189,916 orangand danthe jumlahnumber Muslimof yangMuslims diusirexpelled keto TurkiTurkey berjumlahwas 355,635 [Ladas 1932 halamanI932, 438-439; sumberbut yangusing samathe darisame source Eddy 1931 halaman, 201 menyatakanstates bahwathat pasca tahunthe post-1923, pertukaranexchange melibatkaninvolved 192,356 orangGreeks Yunanifrom dariTurkey Turki danand 354,647 MuslimMuslims darifrom Yunani|name-list-format=vanc|url-status=liveGreece.}}</ref> Mereka yang tetap tinggal di [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] dipindahkan ke Yunani sesuai perjanjian [[pertukaran penduduk antara Yunani dan Turki]] 1923, yang mengesahkan eksodus dan melarang kembalinya para pengungsi. Suku bangsa lain juga diserang oleh Kesultanan Utsmaniyah pada masa itu, termasuk [[Genosida Asiria|Asiria]] dan [[genosida Armenia|Armenia]], dan beberapa sejarawan serta organisasi menganggap penyerangan tersebut sebagai bagian dari kebijakan pemusnahan yang sama.{{Sfn | Jones |2010| pp = [http://books.google.com/books?id=BqdVudSuTRIC&pg=PA172 171–2] | ps =: ‘Sebuah‘A resolusiresolution diumumkanwas sebelumplaced keanggotaanbefore the IAGS untukmembership mengenalito komponenrecognize Yunanithe danGreek Assyriaand Assyrian/KasdimChaldean daricomponents genosidaof the Ottoman terhadapgenocide umatagainst KristenChristians, bersamaanalongside denganthe komponenArmenian Armeniastrand dariof genosidathe tersebut.genocide (yangwhich the IAGS telahhas resmialready mengakuiformally acknowledged). HasilThe dariresult, resolusipassed iniyangemphatically cukupin kuatDecember adalah2007 sebuahdespite resolusinot yanginconsiderable telahopposition, dirancangwas bersamaa sebagairesolution berikutwhich I co-drafted, reading as follows:.|p=..’}}<ref>{{Citecitation web|last=|first publisher =|date=|title=Resolution onInternational genocidesAssociation committedof byGenocide theScholars Ottoman| format = [[PDF]] Empire| url = http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf |website title =genocidescholars.org IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive | accessdate = 2013-05-19 | archive-date = 2008-04-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080428051032/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf |archive-date=2008-04-28|access-date=2020-09-04| dead-url =no yes }}</ref><ref>{{CiteCitation web|last url =|first=|date=15 Marethttp://news.am/eng/news/16644.html 2010| title = Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament —| type = full text | newspaper = News | place = AM | accessdate = 2013-05-19 | archive-date = 2019-04-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190416235256/https://news.am/eng/news/16644.html |website dead-url =news no }}, containing both the IAGS and the Swedish resolutions.am|location</ref><ref>Gaunt, David. ''[http://books.google.se/books?id=AM|language4mug9LrpLKcC&printsec=en|access-datefrontcover&dq=2020-09-04|postscriptMassacres,+Resistance,+Protectors&cd=Mengandung1#v=onepage&q=&f=false resolusiMassacres, SwediaResistance, danProtectors: IAGS}}Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I]''. Piscataway, [[New Jersey|NJ]]: Gorgias Press, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last doi = 10.1080/14623520801950820 | last1 = Schaller |first first1 = Dominik J. | last2 = Zimmerer | first2 = Jürgen |date year = 2008-03-01 | title = Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies—introductionpolicies&nbsp;– introduction | url =https://doi.org/10.1080/14623520801950820 | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 7–14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi publisher =10 International Association of Genocide Scholars | format = PDF | url = http://www.1080genocidescholars.org/14623520801950820sites/default/files/document%09%5Bcurrent-page%3A1%5D/documents/IAGS-Resolution-Assyrian%20and%20Greek%20Genocide.pdf |issn title =1462 Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire }}{{Pranala mati|date=Desember 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-3528attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{CiteCitation book| last = Gaunt | first = David |date=2006| url =https http://wwwbooks.worldcatgoogle.orgse/oclc/85766950books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Massacres,+Resistance,+Protectors&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false | title = Massacres, resistanceResistance, protectors Protectors: Muslim-Christian relationsRelations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I |location place = Piscataway, N.J.[[New Jersey|NJ]] | publisher = Gorgias Press|isbn year =1-59333-301-3 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |edition doi =1 oleh10.1080/14623520801950820 Gorgias| last1 = Schaller Press|pages first1 = Dominik J |oclc last2 =85766950 Zimmerer |url-status first2 =live Jürgen | year = 2008 | title = Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies&nbsp;– introduction | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 7–14}}</ref>

Pihak [[Sekutu pada Perang Dunia I|Sekutu Perang Dunia I]] mengutuk pembantaian yang didukung pemerintah Utsmaniyah ini dan menyebutnya [[kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan]]. Tahun 2007, [[International Association of Genocide Scholars|Asosiasi Peneliti Genosida Internasional]] mengesahkan sebuah resolusi yang mengakui bahwa kampanye Utsmaniyah terhadap minoritas [[Kristen]] di wilayah Kekaisaran, termasuk bangsa Yunani, adalah genosida.<ref>{{Citation | title = IAGS officially recognizes Assyrian, Greek genocides | format = PDF | url = http://genocidescholars.org/images/PRelease16Dec07IAGS_Officially_Recognizes_Assyrian_Greek_Genocides.pdf | publisher = International Association of Genocide Scholars | accessdate = 2013-05-19 | archive-date = 2008-02-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227043831/http://genocidescholars.org/images/PRelease16Dec07IAGS_Officially_Recognizes_Assyrian_Greek_Genocides.pdf | dead-url = yes }}.</ref> Sejumlah organisasi lainnya juga telah mengeluarkan resolusi yang menyebut kampanye ini genosida, begitu pula dengan parlemen [[Yunani]], [[Siprus]], [[Swedia]], [[Armenia]], [[Belanda]], [[Jerman]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.armradio.am/en/2016/06/02/german-bundestag-recognizes-the-armenian-genocide/|title=German Bundestag recognizes the Armenian Genocide|date=2016-06-02|newspaper=Public Radio of Armenia|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-23|archive-date=2018-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005144918/http://www.armradio.am/en/2016/06/02/german-bundestag-recognizes-the-armenian-genocide/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/world.php?yyyy=2016&mm=06&dd=02&nav_id=98202|title=Bundestag calls Turkish crimes against Armenians genocide - - on B92.net|newspaper=B92.net|language=en|access-date=2017-02-23|archive-date=2017-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820160322/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/world.php?yyyy=2016&mm=06&dd=02&nav_id=98202|dead-url=no}}</ref> dan [[Austria]].

Keberadaan bangsa Yunani di [[Asia Kecil]] berakar setidaknya sejak masa [[Homeros]] sekitar 800-an SM.<ref>{{Cite book|last =Hobsbawm|first = EJ|title=Nations and nationalism since 1780 programme, myth, reality|url =https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.320.54.hob.2.14868|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location= Cambridge, UK|year= 1992|page = [https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.320.54.hob.2.14868/page/133 133]|isbn = 0-521-43961-2}}</ref> Geografer [[Strabo]]n menyebut [[Smyrna]] sebagai kota Yunani pertama di Asia Kecil.{{Sfn | Travis | 2009 | p= 637}} Orang Yunani menyebut [[Laut Hitam]] sebagai "Euxinos Pontos" atau "laut ramah" dan sejak abad kedelapan SM mereka mulai melayari pesisirnya serta bermukim di sepanjang pantainya.{{Sfn | Travis | 2009| p= 637}} Kota-kota Yunani yang paling terkenal di Laut Hitam adalah [[Trabzon|Trebizond]], [[Samsun|Sampsounta]], [[Sinop, Turki|Sinope]] dan [[Heraclea Pontica]].{{Sfn | Travis | 2009 | p = 637}}

Selama [[periode HelenistikHellenistik]] (334 SM - abad ke-1 SM) yang mengikuti penaklukan [[Aleksander Agung]], kebudayaan dan bahasa Yunani mulai mendominasi Asia Kecil bahkan sampai ke kawasan tengahnya. [[HelenisasiHellenisasi]] kawasan tersebut dipercepat di bawah kekuasaan Romawi dan Bizantium awal, dan pada abad-abad awal Masehi [[Rumpun bahasa Anatolia|bahasa-bahasa Anatolia]] India-Eropa lokal telah punah, digantikan oleh [[bahasa Yunani Koine]].<ref name="FreedmanMyers2000">{{cite book|author1=David Noel Freedman|author2=Allen C. Myers|author3=Astrid Biles Beck|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&pg=PA61|accessdate=24 March 2013|year=2000|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4|page=61|archive-date=2023-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731091223/https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&pg=PA61&hl=en|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Hout2011">{{cite book|author=Theo van den Hout|title=The Elements of Hittite|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QDJNg5Nyef0C&pg=PA1|accessdate=24 March 2013|date=27 October 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50178-1|page=1|archive-date=2023-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211065715/https://books.google.com/books?id=QDJNg5Nyef0C&pg=PA1&hl=en|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Swain|first1=Simon|last2=Adams|first2=J. Maxwell|last3=Janse|first3=Mark|title=Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|year=2002|pages=246–266|isbn=0-19-924506-1}}</ref>

Menyusul kesepakatan serupa yang dibuat dengan [[Bulgaria]] dan [[Serbia]], Kesultanan Utsmaniyah menetapkan persetujuan pertukaran populasi kecil sukarela dengan Yunani pada 14 November 1913.{{sfn|Akçam|2012|p=65}} Perjanjian lainnya semacam ini disepakati pada 1 Juli 1914 untuk pertukaran sejumlah "[[Muslim|penduduk Turk]]" dari [[Makedonia (Yunani)|Yunani]] dengan sejumlah penduduk Yunani dari [[Provinsi Aydın|Aydin]] dan [[Thrakia Barat]], setelah Utsmaniyah mengusir para warga Yunani ini dari rumah-rumah mereka sebagai balasan atas perebutan beberapa pulau oleh Yunani.<ref name="Greece and Her Refugees"/> Pertukaran ini tidak pernah diselesaikan karena meletusnya Perang Dunia I.{{sfn|Akçam|2012|pp=65-7}} Pola Utsmaniyah ini, menggunakan pertukaran penduduk untuk mengesahkan pengusiran penduduk yang telah dilaksanakan, akan terulang dengan [[pertukaran penduduk antara Yunani dan Turki]], yang mengesahkan dan menjadikan permanen eksodus penduduk Yunani Asia Kecil sebelumnya akibat genosida Yunani.<ref name=Gibney>{{cite book|author=Matthew J. Gibney, [[Randall Hansen]].|title=Immigration and Asylum: from 1900 to the Present, Volume 3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=|year=2005|page=377|isbn=1-57607-796-9|quote=The total number of Christians who fled to Greece was probably in the region of I.2 million with the main wave occurring in 1922 before the signing of the convention. According to the official records of the Mixed Commission set up to monitor the movements, the "Greeks' who were transferred after 1923 numbered 189,916 and the number of Muslims expelled to Turkey was 355,635 [Ladas I932, 438-439; but using the same source Eddy 1931, 201 states that the post-1923 exchange involved 192,356 Greeks from Turkey and 354,647 Muslims from Greece.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sofos|first=Spyros A.|author-link=Spyros Sofos|last2=Özkirimli|first2=Umut|author2-link=Umut Özkirimli|title=Tormented by History: Nationalism in Greece and Turkey|publisher=C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd|location=|year=2008|pages=116–117|isbn=1-85065-899-4 }}</ref>

Bermula pada musim semi 1913, Utsmaniyah menerapkan program pengusiran dan migrasi paksa, berfokus pada orang Yunani di kawasan [[laut Aegea|Aigeia]] dan Thrakia timur, yang keberadaannya di daerah ini dianggap sebagai ancaman terhadap keamanan nasional.{{sfn|Akçam|2012|pp=68-9}} Walaupun perbincangan untuk pertukaran penduduk masih dilakukan, satuan-satuan [[Organisasi Khusus]] (Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa) menyerang desa-desa Yunani dan memaksa warganya meninggalkan rumah-rumah mereka, digantikan oleh para pengungsi Muslim.{{sfn|Akçam|2012|p=69}} Pemerintah Utsmaniyah mengadopsi "mekanisme jalur ganda," memungkinkannya untuk menyangkal tanggung jawab dan pengetahuan sebelumnya mengenai tindakan intimidasi ini, mengosongkan pedesaan Kristen.{{sfn|Akçam|2012|p=71}} Insiden semacam ini terjadi di [[Phokaia]] pada 12 Juni 1914, sebuah kota di [[Anatolia]] barat sekitar dua puluh lima mil ({{convert|25|mi|abbr=out|disp=output only}}) sebelah barat laut Smyrna, di mana pasukan ireguler Turki [[Pembantaian Phokaia|membantai penduduknya]]. Dalam peristiwa tersebut, jenazah-jenazah dilemparkan ke dalam sumur, sedangkan warga yang selamat melarikan diri ke Yunani.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Late Ottoman Genocides: The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish Population and Extermination Policies |last1=Bjornlund|first1=Matthias|title=The 1914 Cleansing of Aegean Greeks as a Case of Violent Turkification|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9781317990451|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=_Q3cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41&dq=1914+menemen+cleansing&hl=el&sa=X&ei=VD2XU6j0MIua1AXFtYHoAg&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=menemen&f=false|accessdate=10 June 2014|archive-date=2023-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731091223/https://books.google.gr/books?id=_Q3cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41&dq=1914+menemen+cleansing&hl=el&sa=X&ei=VD2XU6j0MIua1AXFtYHoAg#v=onepage&q=menemen&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Pada musim panas 1914 Organisasi Khusus, dibantu oleh pejabat pemerintah dan angkatan bersenjata, merekrut pria Yunani dengan usia militer dari Thrakia dan Anatolia barat untuk diikutsertakan ke dalam [[Batalion Buruh]] di mana ratusan ribu anggotanya meninggal.{{Sfn | Hull | 2005 | p = 273}} Dikirim ratusan mil jauhnya ke pedalaman Anatolia, para anggota batalion ini ini dikerahkan dalam pembuatan jalan, konstruksi bangunan, penggalian terowongan serta kerja lapangan lainnya. Jumlah mereka banyak menyusut akibat privatisasi serta perlakukan yang buruk atau oleh pembantaian langsung oleh petugas Utsmaniyah.{{Sfn | King | 1922 | p = 437}} Kebijakan penyiksaan dan pembersihan etnis diperluas ke wilayah-wilayah lainnya di Kesultanan termasuk [[Pontus|Pontos]], [[Kapadokia|Kappadokia]] dan [[Kilikia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vryonis|first1=Speros|title=The Great Catastrophes: Asia Minor/Smyrna--September 1922; Constantinople-September 6-7, 1955|date=2000|publisher=Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle|url=http://books.google.com/?id=WYppAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22The+first+phase+begins+in+1913+with+the+end+of+the+Balkan+Wars+and+ends+with+the%22&q=%22In+effect+this+set+off+the+beginning+of+the+persecution+of+the+Greek+communities+of+Asia+Minor%2C+an+event+gradually+spread+from+the+Aegean+Turkish+coast%2C+inland+to+Pantos+and+to+Cappadocia+and+Cilicia+in+the+south%22%22|access-date=2015-04-26|archive-date=2023-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731091226/https://books.google.com/books?id=WYppAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22The+first+phase+begins+in+1913+with+the+end+of+the+Balkan+Wars+and+ends+with+the%22&q=%22In+effect+this+set+off+the+beginning+of+the+persecution+of+the+Greek+communities+of+Asia+Minor,+an+event+gradually+spread+from+the+Aegean+Turkish+coast,+inland+to+Pantos+and+to+Cappadocia+and+Cilicia+in+the+south%22%22&hl=en|dead-url=no}}</ref>

[[Berkas:Nygreeks.jpg|jmpl|kiri|220px||{{Citation | type = article | title = Turks Slaughter Christian Greeks | date = October 19, 1917 | newspaper = The Lincoln Daily Star}}.]]

| colspan=8 align="center" | Persebaran suku bangsa di Anatolia<ref>{{cite book|last= Pentzopoulos|first = Dimitri|title = The Balkan exchange of minorities and its impact on Greece|publisher = C Hurst & Co|year= 2002|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=PDc-WW6YhqEC&pg=PA28&dq=%22northern+epirus%22%2Bflorence&hl=el&ei=EJcnTZu-L8eF5Abl7uzXCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CEsQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22northern%20epirus%22%2Bflorence&f=false|isbn= 978-1-85065-702-6|pages= 29–30|access-date= 2013-05-22|archive-date= 2023-07-31|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230731091224/https://books.google.com/books?id=PDc-WW6YhqEC&pg=PA28&dq=%22northern+epirus%22%2Bflorence&hl=el&ei=EJcnTZu-L8eF5Abl7uzXCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=%22northern%20epirus%22%2Bflorence&f=false|dead-url= no}}</ref><br />Ottoman official statistics, 1910

Menurut dokumen resmi Utsmaniyah, pada Januari 1919 pemerintah Utsmaniyah mengizinkan pemulangan sejumlah orang Yunani yang dideportasi, memberikan bantuan keuangan, dan mengembalikan harta benda mereka.<ref name = OsmBelgeleri2>{{Citation | title = Osmanli Belgelerinde Ermeniler | volume = Documents 236–40 | pages = 207–11 | place = [[Turkey|TR]] | url = http://www.devletarsivleri.gov.tr/Handlers/hhFile.ashx?Id=b7087217-ab97-4139-bd51-9a4384f88e0e | publisher = Devletarsivleri | accessdate = 2013-05-22 | archive-date = 2013-05-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130506005535/http://www.devletarsivleri.gov.tr/Handlers/hhFile.ashx?Id=b7087217-ab97-4139-bd51-9a4384f88e0e | dead-url = no }}.</ref> [[Pengadilan militer Turki 1919–20]] mengadili tuduhan terhadap sejumlah pejabat Utsmaniyah terkemuka atas keterlibatan mereka dalam memerintahkan pembantaian terhadap bangsa Yunani dan Armenia.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Akçam|first = Taner|authorlink = Taner Akçam|title = Armenien und der Völkermord: Die Istanbuler Prozesse und die Türkische Nationalbewegung|place = Hamburg|publisher = Hamburger Edition|year = 1996|page = 185}}</ref>

Pembantaian dan deportasi sistematis warga Yunani di Asia Kecil, sebuah program yang diterapkan tahun 1914, adalah penyebab kekerasan yang dilakukan pasukan Yunani dan Turki saat [[Perang Yunani-Turki (1919-1922)|Perang Yunani-Turki]], konflik yang mengikuti [[pendudukan Smyrna#pendaratan Yunani di Smyrna|pendaratan di Smyrna]]<ref name=Toynbee-270>Toynbee, p. 270.</ref><ref name=Rummel>Rummel (Chapter 5)</ref> pada Mei 1919 dan berlangsung sampai perebutan kembali Smyrna oleh pasukan Turk dan [[Kebakaran Besar Smyrna]] bulan September 1922.<ref name=autogenerated1>Taner Akcam, ''A Shameful Act'', p. 322</ref> Sekitar 50.000<ref name="books.google.com">Freely, John. ''The western shores of Turkey: discovering the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts.'' Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2004. p. 103 [http://books.google.com/books?id=84WaOXNwWfoC&pg=PA105&dq=great+fire+of+smyrna&hl=en&ei=IGPVTZ2UKoOqsAPhuLT7Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=great%20fire%20of%20smyrna&f=false] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731091729/https://books.google.com/books?id=84WaOXNwWfoC&pg=PA105&dq=great+fire+of+smyrna&hl=en&ei=IGPVTZ2UKoOqsAPhuLT7Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=great%20fire%20of%20smyrna&f=false|date=2023-07-31}}</ref> sampai 100.000<ref name="Rudolph J. Rummel 1994">{{cite book|first = [[Irving Louis Horowitz]]|last = Rudolph J. Rummel|title = Death by Government|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1994|isbn=1-56000-927-6|chapter=Turkey's Genocidal Purges}}, p. 233</ref> orang Yunani dan Armenia tewas dalam kebakaran dan pembantaian setelahnya. Menurut [[Norman M. Naimark]], "perkiraan yang lebih realistis [untuk korban Kebakaran Besar Smyrna] berkisar antara 10.000 sampai 15.000". Sekira 150.000 hingga 200.000 warga Yunani terusir akibat kebakaran ini, sementara 30.000 warga Yunani dan Armenia kelas pekerja dideportasi ke pedalaman Asia Kecil, sebagian besar di antara mereka dibunuh dalam perjalanan atau meninggal akibat kondisi yang brutal.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fires of hatred: Ethnic cleansing in 20th century Europe|last=Naimark|first=Norman|year=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-00994-3|page=52|page=249|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L-QLXnX16kAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=3 June 2011|archive-date=2023-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731091728/https://books.google.com/books?id=L-QLXnX16kAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref> George W. Rendel dari British Foreign Office, serta para diplomat lainnya, mengamati pembantaian dan deportasi bangsa Yunani selama Perang Yunani-Turki<ref name="Rendel">{{Citation | publisher = Foreign Office | type = memorandum | first = GW | last = Rendel | title = Turkish Massacres and Persecutions of Minorities since the Armistice | date = 20 March 1922}}</ref> dan memperkirakan bahwa Utsmaniyah membantai sekitar 348.000 orang Yunani Anatolia.{{sfn|Rummel|1998|p=[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM Chapter 5]}}

Diplomat Jerman dan Ausria-HongariaHungaria, serta memorandum 1922 yang disusun oleh [[George William Rendel|George W. Rendel]] tentang "Pembantaian dan Penganiayaan oleh Turki", memberikan bukti untuk rangkaian pembantaian dan [[pembersihan etnis]] sistematis bangsa Yunani di Asia Kecil.<ref name=Rendel>Rendel G. W. (20 March 1922)</ref><ref name=AIHG-Aftermath>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aihgs.com/Aftermath.htm |title=Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies: the genocide and its aftermath |access-date=2015-04-26 |archive-date=20082016-0703-1913 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2008071909161220160313103202/http://www.aihgs.com/Aftermath.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=Halo>Halo pp. 26, 27, & 28</ref> Kutipan-kutipannya diatribusikan pada beragam diplomat, terutama duta besar Jerman [[Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim]] dan [[Richard von Kühlmann]], wakil konsul Jerman [[Samsoun]] Kuchhoff, duta besar Austria Pallavicini dan konsul Samsoun Ernst von Kwiatkowski, dan agen tak resmi Italia di [[Ankara|Angora]] Signor Tuozzi. Kutipan lainnya berasal dari pendeta dan aktivis, terutama misionaris Jerman [[Johannes Lepsius]], dan Stanley Hopkins dari Bantuan Timur Dekat. Jerman dan Austria-HongariaHungaria adalah sekutu Utsmaniyah dalam Perang Dunia I.

Selain itu, ''[[The New York Times]]'' dan koresponden-korespondennya menampilkan banyak rujukan terkait peristiwa itu, mencatat pembantaian, deportasi, pembunuhan individu, pemerkosaan, pembakaran keseluruhan desa Yunani, penghancuran gereja dan biara Ortodoks Yunani, perekrutan Batalion Buruh, penjarahan, terorisme, serta kekejaman-kekejaman lainnya terhadap orang Yunani, Armenia dan warga serta pejabat pemerintah Britania dan Amerika.<ref name=NYTarchives>[http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?frow=0&n=10&srcht=s&daterange=period&query=&srchst=p&hdlquery=&bylquery=&mon1=09&day1=18&year1=1851&mon2=12&day2=31&year2=1980&submit.x=0&submit.y=0 ''The New York Times''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110032954/http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?frow=0&n=10&srcht=s&daterange=period&query=&srchst=p&hdlquery=&bylquery=&mon1=09&day1=18&year1=1851&mon2=12&day2=31&year2=1980&submit.x=0&submit.y=0 |date=2012-11-10 }} Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).</ref><ref name="AIHG-NYT">Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, [http://www.aihgs.com/New%20York%20Times.htm Selected bylines and letters from ''The New York Times''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607184704/http://www.aihgs.com/New%20York%20Times.htm |date=2007-06-07 }}, [http://www.aihgs.com/ The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806152247/http://www.aihgs.com/ |date=2020-08-06 }}, 2006 <!--Retrieved 2008-10-14--></ref> Surat kabar tersebut dianugerahi [[Penghargaan Pulitzer]] pertamanya pada 1918 "untuk layanan publik paling netral dan berjasa yang dilaksanakan oleh surat kabar Amerika-peliputan perang lengkap dan akurat".<ref name="NYTawards">[http://www.nytco.com/company/awards/pulitzer_prizes.html Our Company, Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820215111/http://www.nytco.com/company/awards/pulitzer_prizes.html|date=2008-08-20}}, ''[[New York Times]]''. See also [[Pulitzer Prizes awarded to the New York Times' staff]].</ref> Lebih banyak lagi media saat itu melaporkan kejadian dengan judul-judul serupa.<ref name=OtherNews>Kateb, Vahe Georges (2003). ''[http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/uploads/approved/adt-NWU20050117.121611/public/02Whole.pdf Australian Press Coverage of the Armenian Genocide 1915–1923] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710075144/http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/uploads/approved/adt-NWU20050117.121611/public/02Whole.pdf |date=2007-07-10 }}'', University of Wollongong, Graduate School of Journalism</ref>

Konsul-Jenderal AS [[George Horton]] melaporkan, "Salah satu pernyataan paling cerdas yang diedarkan oleh para penyebar propaganda Turki adalah yang menyebutkan kaum Kristen yang dibantai adalah sama buruknya seperti pembantai mereka, bahwa itu adalah '50–50.' " Terkait hal ini ia berkomentar, "Seandainya bangsa Yunani, setelah pembantaian di Pontos dan Smyrna, membantai semua orang Turk di Yunani, catannnya akan menjadi 50–50—hampir." Sebagai saksi mata, ia juga memuji bangsa Yunani atas "perlakukan [mereka] [...] terhadap ribuan orang Turk yang tinggal di Yunani, sementara pembantaian mengerikan sedang berlangsung...", yang menurut pendapatnya merupakan "salah satu hal paling mengnspirasi dan indah dalam sejarah negara itu."<ref name="Horton-3">Horton {{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | first =James L | last = Marketos|title=George Horton: An American Witness in Smyrna|url= http://ahiworld.org/pdfs/George_Horton_remarks.pdf |publisher=AHI World|year=2006|accessdate=2009-11-03|archive-date=2011-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709140054/http://ahiworld.org/pdfs/George_Horton_remarks.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>

[[Berkas:Greekgeno.jpg|jmpl|kiri|190px||Harian [[The Scotsman]] tanggal 20 Juli 1915 berjudul ''Greek Population of Turkey, A Crisis At Aivali'']]

Sejarawan [[Rudolph Rummel]] menyusun beragam angka dari beberapa penelitian untuk memperkirakan batas bawah dan atas untuk jumlah kematian antara 1914 dan 1923. Pekiraannya berkisar antara 289.000 hingga 459.000 jiwa akibat genosida Yunani selama periode ini.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rummel|first1=R.J.|title=Statistics Of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM|publisher=University of Hawai'i|accessdate=15 April 2015|archive-date=2017-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227164226/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM|dead-url=no}} [https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB5.1B.GIF Table 5.1B] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042236/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB5.1B.GIF |date=2016-05-16 }}.</ref> Menurut jumlah dari pemerintah Yunani dan Patriarkat, sebanyak satu juta orang diperkirakan tewas dibantai dalam peristiwa ini.{{Sfn | Jones| 2010 | p = 150}}

Menurut International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples, antara 1916 dan 1923, hingga 350.000 [[orang Yunani Pontos]] dilaporkan dibunuh dalam pembantaian, penyiksaan dan perjalanan maut.<ref name= UNdoc>[http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=E/CN.4/1998/NGO/24&Lang=E United Nations document E/CN.4/1998/NGO/24] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118074208/http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=E%2FCN.4%2F1998%2FNGO%2F24&Lang=E |date=2016-01-18 }} (p. 3) acknowledging receipt of a letter by the "International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples" titled "A people in continued exodus" (i.e., Pontian Greeks) and putting the letter into internal circulation (dated 1998-02-24)<br />If above link doesn't work, [http://ap.ohchr.org/search/maine.htm search United Nations documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208224528/http://ap.ohchr.org/search/maine.htm |date=2010-02-08 }} for "A people in continued exodus"</ref> [[Merrill D. Peterson]] menyebutkan jumlah 360.000 korban jiwa untuk orang Yunani Pontos.<ref name= Peterson>Peterson {{Page needed | date=October 2008}}</ref> Menurut George K. Valavanis, "Jumlah korban jiwa di kalangan Yunani Pontos sejak Perang Besar [Perang Dunia I]sampai Maret 1924 diperkirakan mencapai 353.000 akibat pembunuhan, penggantungan, serta akibat hukuman, penyakit, dan kondisi sulit lainnya."<ref name= Valavanis>Valavanis, p. 24.</ref>

Artikel 142 dalam [[Perjanjian Sèvres]] tahun 1920, yang dipersiapkan setelah Perang Dunia I, menyebut Utsmaniyah sebagai "teroris" dan mengandung ketentuan "untuk memulihkan sebaik mungkin segala keburukan yang ditimpakan kepada orang-orang dalam peristiwa pembantaian" yang dilakukan oleh Utsmaniyah selama perang.<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versa/sevres1.html |title=Treaty of Sevres] |access-date=2015-04-26 |archive-date=2017-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112082305/http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versa/sevres1.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Perjanjian Sèvres tidak pernah diratifikasi oleh pemerintah Turki dan pada akhirnya digantikan oleh [[Perjanjian Lausanne]]. Perjanjian itu ditambahi "Deklarasi Pengampunan," tanpa menyebutkan ketentuan apapun terkait hukuman untuk kejahatan perang.<ref name="Bassiouni">Bassiouni, [http://books.google.com/books?id=MbiedpEFzbYC&pg=PA63&dq=genocide+%2Bgreek&sig=UX6B8xsC4oasf1GjlxTJrTRhWkQ#PPA63,M1 pp. 62–63] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731091729/https://books.google.com/books?id=MbiedpEFzbYC&pg=PA63&dq=genocide+%2Bgreek&sig=UX6B8xsC4oasf1GjlxTJrTRhWkQ&hl=en#PPA63,M1 |date=2023-07-31 }}</ref>

Pada Desember 2007 [[International Association of Genocide Scholars]] (IAGS) meloloskan resolusi yang menegaskan bahwa kampanye tahun 1914–23 terhadap orang Yunani Utsmaniyah merupakan genosida.<ref>{{Citation | format = [[PDF]] | date = 2007-12-16 | url = http://www.genocidescholars.org/sites/default/files/document%09%5Bcurrent-page%3A1%5D/documents/IAGS-Resolution-Assyrian%20and%20Greek%20Genocide.pdf | publisher = IAGS | title = International Association of Genocide Scholars Officially Recognizes Assyrian, Greek Genocides }}{{Pranala mati|date=JanuariDesember 20212022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> Menggunakan istilah "Genosida Yunani", resolusi ini menegaskan bahwa penduduk Yunani Utsmaniyah menjadi korban genosida bersama kelompok lainnya seperti orang Armenia dan Asiria. Resolusi tersebut diadopsi pada 1 Desember 2007 dan rilis persnya diedarkan oleh organisasi itu pada 16 Desember.<ref name=IAGS-Dec-16>{{Citation | url = http://www.greek-genocide.net/index.php/overview/recognition/recognitions/145-i-a-g-s-press-release | title = Greek Genocide 1914–23 Resolution | publisher = IAGS | type = press release | date = 16 December 2007 | accessdate = 2015-04-26 | archive-date = 2015-04-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150425052953/http://greek-genocide.net/index.php/overview/recognition/recognitions/145-i-a-g-s-press-release | dead-url = yes }}.</ref> Reolusi IAGS ini diloloskan dengan dukungan mayoritas yang amat besar.<ref name="Assyrian International">{{cite news|title=International Genocide Scholars Association Officially Recognizes Assyrian, Greek Genocides|url=http://www.aina.org/news/20071215131949.htm|newspaper=Assyrian International News Agency|date=2007-12-15 <!-- 19:19:49 -->|quote=In a groundbreaking move, the International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) has voted overwhelmingly to recognize the genocides inflicted on Assyrian and Greek populations of the Ottoman Empire between 1914 and 1923. and: "The overwhelming backing given to this resolution by the world's leading genocide scholars organization will help to raise consciousness about the Assyrian and Greek genocides," Jones said on December 15. "It will also act as a powerful counter to those, especially in present-day Turkey, who still ignore or deny outright the genocides of the Ottoman Christian minorities".|access-date=2015-04-26|archive-date=2018-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928143605/http://www.aina.org/news/20071215131949.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=IAGS>{{cite web|title=*Press Release* GENOCIDE SCHOLARS ASSOCIATION OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZES ASSYRIAN, GREEK GENOCIDES|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120118231442/http://www.genocidescholars.org/images/PRelease16Dec07IAGS_Officially_Recognizes_Assyrian_Greek_Genocides.pdf|publisher=International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS)|date=16 December 2007|quote=The International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) has voted overwhelmingly to recognize the genocides inflicted on Assyrian and Greek populations of the Ottoman Empire between 1914 and 1923. and: "The overwhelming backing given to this resolution by the world's leading genocide scholars organization will help to raise consciousness about the Assyrian and Greek genocides," Jones said on December 10. "It will also act as a powerful counter to those, especially in present-day Turkey, who still ignore or deny the genocides of the Ottoman Christian minorities".|access-date=2015-04-26|archive-date=2012-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118231442/http://www.genocidescholars.org/images/PRelease16Dec07IAGS_Officially_Recognizes_Assyrian_Greek_Genocides.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Beberapa sejarawan yang meneliti genosida Armenia seperti [[Peter Balakian]], [[Taner Akçam]], [[Richard Hovannisian]] dan [[Robert Melson]] menyatakan bahwa masalah ini mesti diteliti lebih jauh sebelum suatu resolusi dapat diloloskan."<ref>Erik Sjöberg, Battlefields of Memory: The Macedonian Conflict and Greek Historical Culture, Umeå Studies in History and Education 6 (Umeå University|series, 2011), p. 170)</ref>

Sejarawan Mark Mazower menyatakan bahwa deportasi orang Yunani oleh Utsmaniyah berlangsung dalam "skala yang relatif kecil dan tidak tampak seperti telah dirancang untuk berakhir dengan kematian korban. Apa yang terjadi pada orang Armenia adalah sesuatu yang berbeda".<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n03/mark-mazower/the-g-word |title= The G-Word |first= Mark | last= Mazower |work= LRB |year= 2011 | volume = 23 | number = 3 |accessdate= 1 May 2011 |archive-date= 2018-10-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181004102038/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n03/mark-mazower/the-g-word |dead-url= no }}</ref> Manus Midlarsky mengamati perbedaan antara pernyataan niat genosida terhadap orang Yunani oleh pejabat Utsmaniyah dengan tindakan mereka, pengurungan pembantaian di arean "sensitif" pilihan dan banyaknya orang Yunani yang selamat. Karena ikatan kebudayaan dan politik orang Yunani Utsmaniyah dengan negara-negara Eropa, Midlarsky berpendapat bahwa genosida "bukanlah pilihan yang baik bagi Utsmaniyah dalam kasus mereka."<ref>Manus I. Midlarsky, The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) pp. 342-3</ref> [[Taner Akçam]] merujuk kepada catatan kontemporer yang menunjukkan perbedaan dalam hal perakukan terhadap orang Yunani Utsmaniyah dan Armenia selama Perang Dunia I dan menyimpulkan bahwa "terlepas dari kebijakan masa perang yang parah, secara khusus selama periode antara akhir 1916 dan bulan-bulan pertama 1917, perlakukan pemerintah terhadap orang Yunani -meskipun dalam beberapa cara sebandiing dengan tindakan terhadap orang Armenia- berbeda dalam hal cakupan, niat, dan motivasi".{{sfn|Akçam|2012|p=123}} Niall Ferguson membuat perbandingan antara pembantaian sporadis dalam masyarakat Yunani Pontos setelah 1922 dan nasib orang Armenia.{{Sfn | Ferguson | 2006 | p = 182}} Terkait resolusi IAGS, sejatawan genosida seperti Dominik J. Schaller dan Jürgen Zimmerer menyatakan bahwa "ciri-ciri genosida dalam kampanye pembunuhan terhadap orang Yunani tampak sangat jelas".<ref>Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jurgen, "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies", Journal of Genocide Research, Volume 10, Issue 1, March 2008, pp. 7–14.</ref> Historian Angelos Elefantis "menyampaikan rasa terkejutnya atas penggunaan kata "genosida" hanya terkait pada pembantian Smyrna",<ref name = independent>{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/athens-and-ankara-at-odds-over-genocide-691559.html|work=The Independent|location=London|title=Athens and Ankara at odds over genocide|first1=Robert|last1=Fisk|date=13 February 2001|accessdate=4 May 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701033913/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/athens-and-ankara-at-odds-over-genocide-691559.html|archivedate=2008-07-01|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Seminar dan kuliah di beberapa universitas barat membahas peristiwa ini, termasuk di [[College of Charleston]],<ref>[http://www.cofc.edu/~muellerr/page6.html College of Charleston] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627054540/http://www.cofc.edu/~muellerr/page6.html |date=2009-06-27 }}, New Carolina, ''Managing Diversity Syllabus, Migration Patterns''. Retrieved on 2007-02-04.</ref> [[Universitas Michigan–Dearborn‎Michigan–Dearborn]], yang memiliki satuan riset yang berdedikasi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/bts/index.html#b2 |title=Before the Silence,The Armenian and Greek Genocides |access-date=2015-04-26 |archive-date=2010-08-19 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100819160106/http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/bts/index.html#b2 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> dan [[Universitas New South Wales]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aihgs.com/pontintr.htm |title=The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |access-date=2015-04-26 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130222/http://www.aihgs.com/pontintr.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>.

Menyusul inisiatif dari anggota parlemen yang disebut sayap "patriotik" dalam kelompok partai [[PASOK]] yang berkuasa serta anggota parlemen berpikiran serupa dari [[Demokrasi Baru (Yunani)|Demokrasi Baru]] yang konservatif,{{sfn|Κωστόπουλος|2007|pp=266-7}} [[parlemen Yunani]] meloloskan dua hukum mengenai nasib orang Yunani Utsmaniyah; yang pertama pada 1994 dan yang kedua pada 1998. Dekret-dekret ini diterbiatkan dalam [[Efimerida tis Kyberniseos|Lembaran Berita Pemerintah]] Yunani pada 8 Maret 1994 dan 13 Oktober 1998. Dekret 1994 menegaskan adanya genosida di kawasan Pontos di Asia Kecil dan menetapkan tangal 19 Mei sebagai hari peringatannya, sedangkan dekret 1998 menegaskan genosida orang Yunani di Asia Kecil secara keseluruhan dan menetapkan tanggal 14 September sebagai hari peringatannya.<ref>{{Citation | issue = 2645/98, 2193/94 | journal = Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic}}.</ref> Kedua hukum ini ditandatangani oleh Presiden Yunani namun tidak langsung diratifiksi setelah adanya intervensi politik. Surat kabar kiri ''Avgi'' ("Fajar") memiliki inisiatif untuk membekukan penerapan hukum ini. Topik ini kemudian menjadi pusat debat politik antara berbagai politisi Yunani, dengan kelompok kiri menentangnya. Presiden partai [[Synaspismos]] koalisi kiri-ekologis [[Nikos Konstantopoulos]] dan A. Elefantis, dikenal karena bukunya mengenai komunisme Yunani, merupakan beberapa politisi yang menyampaikan tentangan pada dekret ini. Akan tetapi, tidak semua kelompok kiri seperti itu, intelektual [[Nasionalisme sayap kiri|nasionalis sayap kiri]] nonparlemen<ref>{{cite book|first=Fotini|last=Tsibiridou|chapter=Writing about Turks and Powerful Others: Journalistic Heteroglossia in Western Thrace|editor-first=Dimitrios|editor-last=Theodossopoulos|title=When Greeks Think About Turks: The View from Anthropology|page=134|publisher=Routledge|year=2009}}</ref> dan penulis, George Karabelias, dengan keras mengkritik Elefantis dan sejumlah orang lainnya, terutama di kelompok kiri, yang menentang pengakuan genosida serta menyebut mereka "sejarawan revisionis," menuduh sayap kiri umum Yunanai mengandung "evolusi ideologi yang meyimpang". Ia juga menyebut bahwa bagi sayap kiri Yunani, 19 Mei adala "hari amnesia".<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.ardin.gr/?q=node/1285 | first = George | last = Karabelias | year = 2010 | trans_title = Catastrophe or Genocide? | script-title = el:Καταστροφή ή Γενοκτονία | journal = Άρδην [Arden] | number = 38–39 | language = Greek | quote = Και εάν η Κυβέρνηση για λόγους πολιτικής σκοπιμότητας θα αποσύρει το Π.Δ., η Αριστερά θα αναλάβει, όπως πάντα, να προσφέρει τα ιδεολογικά όπλα του πολέμου. Ο Άγγελος Ελεφάντης θα γράψει στο ίδιο τεύχος των Νέων πως δεν υπάρχει κανένας λόγος να αναγορεύσομε την 14 Σεπτεμβρίου του 1922 ούτε καν σε ημέρα εθνικής μνήμης. [And while the Government for the sake of political expediency withdraws the Presidential Decree, the Left undertakes, as always, to offer the ideological weapons for this war. Angelos Elefantis writes in the same page of the NEA newspaper (Feb. 24, 2001) that there is no reason to proclaim the 14th of September of 1922 not even to a day of national memory.] | accessdate = 2015-04-26 | archive-date = 2018-10-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181001045942/http://www.ardin.gr/?q=node/1285 | dead-url = no }}</ref>

Sebagai tanggapan atas hukum tahun 1998, pemerintah Turki mengeluarkan pernyataan yang mengklaim bahwa menggambarkan peristiwa tersebut sebagai genosida adalah "tanpa dasar sejarah apapun". Menteri Luar Negeri Turki menyatakan bahwa pemerintah Turki mengecam resolusi tersebut, ia mengatakan, "Dengan resolusi ini, kenyataannya Parlemen Yunanai yang harus meminta maaf kepada bangsa Turki atas penghancuran dan pembantaian berskala besar yang dilakukan oleh pihak Yunani di [[Anatolia]], [resolusi ini] tidak hanya meneruskan kebijakan tradisional Yunani dalam mengubah sejarah, melainkan juga menunjukkan bahwa mentalitas ekspansionis Yunani masih ada."<ref name=TurkishPosition>{{Citation | publisher = Office of the Prime Minister, Directorate General of Press and Information | url = http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/09/98X09X30.HTM#%2016 | title = Turkey Denounces Greek 'Genocide' Resolution | date = 1998-09-30 | accessdate = 2007-02-05 }}{{Pranala mati| archive-date =Desember 2008-06-292022 | archive-url bot= https://web.archive.org/web/20080629040102/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/09/98X09X30.HTM#%2016InternetArchiveBot | deadfix-url attempted= yes }}.</ref>

Pada akhir 2000-an [[Partai Komunis Yunani]] mengadopsi istilah "Genosida Bangsa Yunani di Pontos" dalam surat kabar resminya serta berpartisipasi dalam acara peringatan.<ref>[http://www2.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=5093265&textCriteriaClause=%2B%CE%93%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%9F%CE%9A%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%9D%CE%99%CE%91 Pontic Genocide, Responsible is the imperialistic opportunism, 20 May 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216223915/https://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=5093265&textCriteriaClause=+%CE%93%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%9F%CE%9A%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%9D%CE%99%CE%91 |date=2019-12-16 }}.</ref><ref>[http://www2.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=5660070&textCriteriaClause=%2B%CE%93%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%9F%CE%9A%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%9D%CE%99%CE%91 Day in Memory of the Pontic Greeks Genocide. The poor in the center of powerful confrontations. 20 May 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216215807/https://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=5660070&textCriteriaClause=+%CE%93%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%9F%CE%9A%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%9D%CE%99%CE%91 |date=2019-12-16 }}.</ref><ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www2.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=4554792&textCriteriaClause=%2B%CE%93%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%9F%CE%9A%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%9D%CE%99%CE%91 |title="The Peoples must remember". Day in Memory for the Pontic Greeks Genocide. 20 May 2008] |access-date=2015-04-26 |archive-date=2019-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216230118/https://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=4554792&textCriteriaClause=+%CE%93%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%9F%CE%9A%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%9D%CE%99%CE%91 |dead-url=no }}</ref> [[Siprus]] juga secara resmi mengakui peristiwa ini sebagai suatu genosida.<ref name=Cyprus>Cyprus Press Office, New York City</ref> Pada 11 Maret 2010, [[Parlemen Sweden|Riksdag]] [[Swedia]] meloloskan mosi yang mengakui adanya "tindakan genosida pembunuhan terhadap bangsa Armenia, Asiria/Suryani/Khaldea dan Yunani Pontos pada 1915".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://riksdagen.se/templates/R_PageExtended____21484.aspx|title=Motion 2008/09:U332 Genocide of Armenians, Assyrians/Syriacs/Chaldeans and Pontiac Greeks in 1915|date=11 March 2010|publisher=[[Parliament of Sweden|Riksdag]]|accessdate=12 March 2010|location=[[Stockholm]]|archive-date=2011-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709140204/http://riksdagen.se/templates/R_PageExtended____21484.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada 14 Mei 2013, pemerintah [[New South Wales]] memperoleh mosi pengakuan genoside oleh [[Fred Nile]] dari [[Partai Demokratik Kristen (Australia)|Partai Demokratik Kristen]], dan kemudian meloloskannya, menjadikan pemerintah New South Wales sebagai lembaga politik keempat yang mengakui genosida tersebut.<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/158131/ |title=Fred Nile: Genocide motion not against modern State of Turkey - PanARMENIAN.Net<!-- Bot generated title -->] |access-date=2015-04-27 |archive-date=2019-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219072911/http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/158131/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> Pada Maret 2015, [[Majelis Nasional (Armenia)|Majelis Nasional]] [[Armenia]] mengadopsi resolusi yang mengakui genosida Yunani dan Asiria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://armenpress.am/eng/news/798768/adoption-of-declaration-to-certify-that-armenia-recognizes-greek-and-assyrian-genocide-eduard-sharmazanov.html|publisher=[[Armenpress]]|title=Adoption of declaration to certify Armenia recognizes Greek and Assyrian genocides: Eduard Sharmanazov|date=23 March 2015|access-date=2015-04-27|archive-date=2015-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326021920/http://armenpress.am/eng/news/798768/adoption-of-declaration-to-certify-that-armenia-recognizes-greek-and-assyrian-genocide-eduard-sharmazanov.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada April 2015, [[Dewan Negara Belanda|Dewan Negara]] [[Belanda]] meloloskan resousi yang mengakui genosida Yunani dan Asiria.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eu.greekreporter.com/2015/04/11/dutch-parliament-recognizes-greek-assyrian-and-armenian-genocide/|publisher=Greek Reporter|title=Dutch Parliament Recognizes Greek, Assyrian and Armenian Genocide|date=11 April 2015|access-date=2015-04-27|archive-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401093516/https://eu.greekreporter.com/2015/04/11/dutch-parliament-recognizes-greek-assyrian-and-armenian-genocide/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Dalam bukunya ''With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide'', [[Colin Tatz]] berpendapat bahwa Turki menolak genosida agar tidak membahayakan "mimpinya selama sembilan puluh lima tahun untuk menjadi lentera demokrasi di Timur Dekat".<ref name="Tatz2003">{{cite book|author=Colin Martin Tatz|title=With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=khCffgX1NPIC&pg=PR13|accessdate=8 June 2013|year=2003|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-85984-550-9|page=13|quote=Turkey, still struggling to achieve its ninety-five-year-old dream of becoming the beacon of democracy in the Near East, does everything possible to deny its genocide of the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontian Greeks.|archive-date=2023-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731091729/https://books.google.com/books?id=khCffgX1NPIC&pg=PR13&hl=en|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sementara sejumlah alasan mengenai penolakan Turki menurut Elizabeth Burns Coleman dan Kevin White, dalam buku mereka ''Negotiating the Sacred: Blasphemy and Sacrilege in a Multicultural Society'', antara lain: risiko rasa bersalah dan malu jika bangsa yang mengaku sebagai "pejuang dan lentera demokrasi" melakukan pembantaian etnis; rasa takut bahwa pengakuan akan berujung pada tuntutan ganti rugi; pemikiran bahwa pengakuan akan membahayakan masa-masa awal Turki sebagai negara yang beru melakukan transisi; dan pemikiran bahwa penolakan pengakuan tidak akan mengalami banyak hambatan.<ref name=Burns>{{Citation | title = Negotiating the Sacred: Blasphemy and Sacrilege in a Multicultural Society | first1 = Elizabeth Burns | last1 = Coleman | first2 = Kevin | last2 = White | url = http://epress.anu.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/whole-book1.pdf | isbn = 1920942475 | pages = 82–83 | accessdate = 2015-04-29 | archive-date = 2023-07-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230731091736/https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/negotiating-sacred | dead-url = no }}.</ref>

Banyak tugu peringatan penderitaan Yunani Utsmaniyah didirikan di seluruh Yunani dan sejumlah negara lain seperti Jerman, Kanada, Amerika Serikat, dan Australia.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.greek-genocide.org/memorials.html | title = The Greek Genocide 1914–23 | contribution = Memorials | accessdate = 2008-09-18 | archive-date = 2012-05-25 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120525181126/http://www.greek-genocide.org/memorials.html | dead-url = no }}.</ref>

* {{Citation | url = http://www.armenica.org/material/master_thesis_vahagn_avedian.pdf | last = Avedian | first = Vahagn | title = The Armenian Genocide 1915: From a Neutral Small State's Perspective: Sweden | type = unpublished master thesis paper | publisher = Uppsala University | year = 2009 | accessdate = 2013-05-19 | archive-date = 2015-12-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151230165410/http://www.armenica.org/ | dead-url = no }}.

* {{Citation | first= George | last= Horton | author-link=George Horton | title=The Blight of Asia | url = http://www.hri.org/docs/Horton/ | year=1926 | publisher=Bobbs-Merrill | location= Indianapolis | accessdate=2013-05-19 | archive-date=2013-01-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101020812/http://www.hri.org/docs/Horton/ | dead-url=no }}

* {{Citation | last = Jones | first = Adam | title = Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction | publisher = Taylor & Francis |year=2010 | origyear = 2006 |isbn=978-0-415-48618-7 978‐0‐415‐48618‐7 | author-mask = 3}}.

* {{Citation | last = King | first = William C | year = 1922 | url = http://www.greek-genocide.org/article_1500000_greek_christians.html | title = Complete History of the World War: Visualizing the Great Conflict in all Theaters of Action 1914–1918 | publisher = The History Associates | place = [[Massachusetts|MA]], [[United States of America|US]] | accessdate = 2013-05-19 | archive-date = 2012-08-01 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120801073622/http://www.greek-genocide.org/article_1500000_greek_christians.html | dead-url = no }}.

* {{Citation | last = Levene | first = Mark | year = 1998 | title = Creating a Modern "Zone of Genocide": The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923 | journal = Holocaust and Genocide Studies | volume = 12 | number = 3 | month = Winter | pages = 393–433 | url = http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/12/3/393 | accessdate = 2013-05-19 | archive-date = 2012-01-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120102183147/http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/3/393.abstract | dead-url = no }}.

* {{Citation | last = Morgenthau | first = Henry sr | year = 1918 | url = http://www.antibaro.gr/references/Ambassador_Morgenthau_Story_1918.pdf | title = Ambassador Morgenthau's Story | publisher = Garden CityDoubleday, [[NewPage & Co York|NY]] accessdate = 2013-05-19 | publisherarchive-date = Doubleday,2013-01-24 Page| &archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130124114426/http://www.antibaro.gr/references/Ambassador_Morgenthau_Story_1918.pdf | dead-url = yes Co}}.

* {{Citation | url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN1859845509&id=khCffgX1NPIC&pg=PR13&lpg=PR13&vq=&sig=VgQBQ4-HVjDy2Kju1RpfDdy3N8E | title= With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide | first=Colin | last = Tatz | publisher=Verso | year=2003 | isbn=1-85984-550-9 | location= Essex | accessdate=2013-05-19 | archive-date=2023-07-31 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731091730/https://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN1859845509&id=khCffgX1NPIC&pg=PR13&lpg=PR13&vq=&sig=VgQBQ4-HVjDy2Kju1RpfDdy3N8E&hl=en | dead-url=no }}

* {{Citation | last = Travis |first = Hannibal | year= 2009 |title= The Cultural and Intellectual Property Interests of the Indigenous Peoples of Turkey and Iraq |journal= Texas Weleyan Law Review | publisher= Texas Wesleyan University School of Law |volume= 15 | pages= 601–80 |url= http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1549804 |accessdate= 2013-05-19 |archive-date= 2023-04-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230424043658/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1549804 |dead-url= no }}

* Bassioun, M. Cherif (1999). ''Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law'', The Hague: Kluwer, ISBN *Hulse, Carl (2007). ''[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/washington/26cong.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&ref=todayspaper&adxnnlx=1218637709-3ZKHw2PW5e7+L2WSj2ViLg&oref=slogin U.S. and Turkey Thwart Armenian Genocide Bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417232158/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/washington/26cong.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&ref=todayspaper&adxnnlx=1218637709-3ZKHw2PW5e7+L2WSj2ViLg&oref=slogin |date=2023-04-17 }}'', The New York Times, 26 October 2007

* {{Cite web | url= http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM | title= Statistics of Democide | work = Chapter 5, Statistics of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, and Sources | last= =Rummel | first = RJ | accessdate = 4 October 2006 | archive-date= 2012-08-25 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120825145112/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM | dead-url= no }}

* "[http://www.greek-genocide.org/press/17061914.html Massacre of Greeks Charged to the Turks] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120804095643/http://www.greek-genocide.org/press/17061914.html |date=2012-08-04 }}",''The Atlanta Constitution'', 17 June 1914.

* {{Cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN0765801515&id=g26NmNNWK1QC&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210&dq=pontian+isbn=0765801515&num=100&sig=D8lv0QCu9iCqIji5nfiYvhBRC_Q&hl=en|title= Pioneers of Genocide Studies (Clt)|last1 =Totten|first1 = Samuel|last2 =Jacobs|first2 = Steven L|year=2002|isbn= 0-7658-0151-5|publisher= Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, [[New Jersey|NJ]]|access-date=2013-05-19|archive-date=2023-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731092231/https://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN0765801515&id=g26NmNNWK1QC&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210&dq=pontian+isbn%3D0765801515&num=100&sig=D8lv0QCu9iCqIji5nfiYvhBRC_Q&hl=en|dead-url=no}}

* {{Citation | url = http://www.ataa.org/reference/iacom.pdf | title = Documents | publisher = TheAtaa Inter-Allied| Commissionformat of= Inquiry[[PDF]] into| theaccessdate Greek= Occupation2013-05-19 of| Smyrnaarchive-date and= Adjoining Territories2018-10-05 | publisherarchive-url = Ataahttps://web.archive.org/web/20181005065241/http://www.ataa.org/reference/iacom.pdf | formatdead-url = [[PDF]]yes }}.

* {{Citation | first = Henry sr | last = Morgenthau | author-link = Henry Morgenthau, Sr. | author-mask = 3 | url = http://www.hri.org/docs/Morgenthau/ | title = I Was Sent to Athens | place = Garden City, NY | publisher = Doubleday, Doran & Co | year = 1929 | accessdate = 2013-05-19 | archive-date = 2023-07-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727032725/http://www.hri.org/docs/Morgenthau/ | dead-url = no }}.

* Hlamides, Nikolaos, "[http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/w038mv3252147668/?p=a13d1603c4e24e4b93b9dea7b171f496&pi=6 The Greek Relief Committee: America’s Response to the Greek Genocide] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.istoday/20130103204312/http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/w038mv3252147668/?p=a13d1603c4e24e4b93b9dea7b171f496&pi=6 |date=2013-01-03 }}", ''Genocide Studies and Prevention'', Volume 3, Issue 3, December 2008, pp.&nbsp;375–83.

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* {{Citation | contribution-url = http://pontosworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2032&Itemid=87 | first = Çetinoğlu | last = Sait | contribution = The Pontus Independence Movement and the Greek Genocide | url = http://www.aina.org/news/20100922225956.htm | type = international conference | title = Three Genocides, One Strategy | place = Athens | date = 17–19 September 2010 | accessdate = 2013-05-19 | archive-date = 2022-09-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220925071730/http://www.aina.org/news/20100922225956.htm | dead-url = no }}.

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