Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Perbedaan antara revisi

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name = Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel |

death = [[14 November]] [[1831]] ([[Berlin]], [[Jerman]]) |

school_tradition = Pendiri [[Hegelianisme]] |

 

== Kehidupan dan karya ==

 

'''Filosofi dari Hegel'''

3. Negara Integralistik

 

 

== Metode Dialektika ==

Pengingkaran adalah konsep pengertian pertama (pengiyaan) dilawan-artikan, sehingga muncul konsep pengertian kedua yang kosong, formal, tak tentu dan tak terbatas. Menurut Hegel, dalam konsep kedua, sesungguhnya tersimpan pengertian dari konsep yang pertama. Konsep pemikiran kedua ini juga diterangkan secara radikal agar kehilangan ketegasan dan mencair.

Kontradiksi merupakan motor dialektika (jalan menuju kebenaran) maka kontradiksi harus mampu membuat konsep yang bertahan dan saling mengevaluasi. Kesatuan kontradiksi menjadi alat untuk melengkapi dua konsep pengertian yang saling berlawanan agar tercipta konsep baru yang lebih ideal.

 

<!--He received his education at the [[Tübinger Stift]] (seminary of the [[Protestant Church]] in Württemberg), where he met the future philosopher [[Friedrich Schelling]] and the poet [[Friedrich Hölderlin]]. Sharing a dislike for what was regarded as the restrictive environment of the [[Tübingen]] seminary, the three became close friends and mutually influenced each other's ideas. The three watched the unfolding of the [[French Revolution]] and immersed themselves in the emerging criticism of the [[idealist]] philosophy of [[Immanuel Kant]]. To be more precise, Hölderlin and Schelling immersed themselves in theoretical debates on Kantian philosophy; Hegel's interest in theory came later, after his own abortive attempts to work out a Kant-inspired popular philosophy — which was his original ambition. The Popularphilosophen were writers who introduced and debated issues of the day, as a way of promoting the values of the Enlightenment. Most of them were influenced by English or Scottish thinkers such as [[Locke]] or [[Thomas Reid|Reid]]; Hegel wanted to "complete" the critical philosophy of Kant in the mode of a Popularphilosoph. At Tübingen he was skeptical of the highly theoretical (and technical) discussions that Hölderlin and Schelling engaged in. It was only in 1800 that Hegel admitted the need to resolve the difficulties of the Kantian system before it could hope to be put into practice.

 

==Teachings==

 

 

(Note: “Mind” and “Spirit” are the common English translations of Hegel’s use of the German “[[Geist]]”. Some Hegelian scholars have argued that either of these terms overly “psychologize” Hegel,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} implying a kind of disembodied, solipsistic consciousness like "ghost" or "soul,". Geist combines the meaning of spirit, as in god, ghost or mind, with an intentional force. {{Fact|date=February 2007}})

 

===Left and Right Hegelianism===

 

In more recent studies, however, this old paradigm has been questioned. For one thing, no Hegelians of the period ever referred to themselves as Right Hegelians. That was a term of insult that [[David Strauss]] (a self-styled Left Hegelian) hurled at [[Bruno Bauer]] (who has most often been classified by historians as a Left Hegelian, but who rejected both titles for himself). For another thing, no so-called "Left Hegelian" described himself as a follower of Hegel. This includes [[Moses Hess]] as well as [[Karl Marx]]. Several "Left Hegelians" openly repudiated or insulted the legacy of Hegel's philosophy. The critiques of Hegel offered from the "Left Hegelians" radically diverted Hegel's thinking into new directions—and form a disproportionately large part of the literature on and about Hegel.

Perhaps the main reason that so much writing about Hegel emerges from the so-called Left-Hegelians is that the Left-Hegelians spawned [[Marxism]], which inspired a global movement lasting more than 150 years, encompassing the Russian Revolution, the Chinese Revolution and even more national-liberation movements of the 20th century. Yet that isn't, to be precise, any direct result of Hegel's philosophy.

 

 

[[Walter Jaeschke]] and [[Otto Pöggeler]] in Germany, as well as [[Peter Hodgson]] and [[Howard Kainz]] in America, are notable for their many contributions to post-USSR thinking about Hegel as published by the Hegel Society of America. Perhaps the most challenging publication from that source has been the new English edition of Hegel's ''Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (1818-1831)'' which has challenged most 20th century views about Hegel.

 

===Detractors===

 

Perhaps the most famous critics were the Left-Hegelians, including [[Ludwig Feuerbach]], [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] and their followers in the 19th century.

 

 

Actually, Hegel had the most well-attended classes of any philosopher of his time. The belief that Hegel once said, "Only one man understands me, and even he does not" (Strathern, 1997), is incorrect, since it was actually stated by [[Fichte]] about [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling]] when Hegel persuaded Schelling to abandon his teacher [[Fichte]].

 

===Advocates===

 

The book that did the most to reintroduce Hegel into the Marxist canon was perhaps [[Georg Lukács]]' ''History and Class Consciousness''. This sparked a renewed interest in Hegel reflected in the work of [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Theodor Adorno]], [[Ernst Bloch]], [[Raya Dunayevskaya]], [[Alexandre Kojève]] and [[Gotthard Günther]] among others. The Hegel renaissance also highlighted the significance of Hegel's early works, i.e. those published prior to the ''[[Phenomenology of Spirit]]''. The direct and indirect influence of Kojève's lectures and writings (on the Phenomenology of Spirit, in particular) mean that it is not possible to understand most French philosophers from [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] to [[Jacques Derrida]] without understanding Hegel.

 

 

 

 

 

Beginning in the 1990s, after the fall of the [[USSR]], a fresh reading of Hegel took place in the West. For these scholars, fairly well represented by the Hegel Society of America and in cooperation with German scholars such as [[Otto Poeggeler]] and [[Walter Jaeschke]], Hegel's works should be read without preconceptions. Marx plays a minor role in these new readings, and some contemporary scholars have suggested that Marx's interpretation of Hegel is irrelevant to a proper reading of Hegel. Some American philosophers associated with this movement include Clark Butler, Daniel Shannon, David Duquette, David MacGregor, Donald Burke, Edward Beach, John Burbidge, Lawrence Stepelevich, Rudolph Siebert, Theodore Geraets and William Desmond.

* [[Martin Heidegger]], 1988. ''Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32766-0

* [[Jean Hyppolite]], 1979. ''Genesis and Structure of "Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit."'' Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-0594-2

* Kainz, Howard P., 1996, ''G. W. F. Hegel''. Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-8214-1231-0.

* Kainz, Howard P.,1994, ''Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit: Selections Terjemahan dan anotasi oleh Howard P. Kainz''. The Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-01076-2.

{{Commons|Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel}}

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* [http://hegel-system.de/en/ Penjelasan tentang Hegel], kebanyakan dalam bahasa Jerman

 

=== Teks Hegel online ===

 

* {{gutenberg author|id=Georg+Wilhelm+Friedrich+Hegel |name=Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel}}

 

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