Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

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image_caption = G.W.F. Hegel |

 

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name = Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel |

death = [[14 November]] [[1831]] ([[Berlin]], [[Jerman]]) |

school_tradition = Pendiri [[Hegelianisme]] |

main_interests = [[Logika]], [[Filsafat sejarah]], [[Estetika]], [[Agama]], [[Metafisika]], [[Epistemologi]], [[Ilmu Politik]], |

influences = [[Aristoteles]], [[Anselmus dari Canterbury|Anselmus]], [[René Descartes|Descartes]], [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]], [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[Jacob Boehme|Boehme]], [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte|Fichte]], [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling|Schelling]] |

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== Kehidupan dan karya ==

 

== Metode Dialektika ==

 

<!--He received his education at the [[Tübinger Stift]] (seminary of the [[Protestant Church]] in Württemberg), where he met the future philosopher [[Friedrich Schelling]] and the poet [[Friedrich Hölderlin]]. Sharing a dislike for what was regarded as the restrictive environment of the [[Tübingen]] seminary, the three became close friends and mutually influenced each other's ideas. The three watched the unfolding of the [[French Revolution]] and immersed themselves in the emerging criticism of the [[idealist]] philosophy of [[Immanuel Kant]]. To be more precise, Hölderlin and Schelling immersed themselves in theoretical debates on Kantian philosophy; Hegel's interest in theory came later, after his own abortive attempts to work out a Kant-inspired popular philosophy — which was his original ambition. The Popularphilosophen were writers who introduced and debated issues of the day, as a way of promoting the values of the Enlightenment. Most of them were influenced by English or Scottish thinkers such as [[Locke]] or [[Thomas Reid|Reid]]; Hegel wanted to "complete" the critical philosophy of Kant in the mode of a Popularphilosoph. At Tübingen he was skeptical of the highly theoretical (and technical) discussions that Hölderlin and Schelling engaged in. It was only in 1800 that Hegel admitted the need to resolve the difficulties of the Kantian system before it could hope to be put into practice.

 

==Teachings==

 

 

(Note: “Mind” and “Spirit” are the common English translations of Hegel’s use of the German “[[Geist]]”. Some Hegelian scholars have argued that either of these terms overly “psychologize” Hegel,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} implying a kind of disembodied, solipsistic consciousness like "ghost" or "soul,". Geist combines the meaning of spirit, as in god, ghost or mind, with an intentional force. {{Fact|date=February 2007}})

 

===Left and Right Hegelianism===

 

In more recent studies, however, this old paradigm has been questioned. For one thing, no Hegelians of the period ever referred to themselves as Right Hegelians. That was a term of insult that [[David Strauss]] (a self-styled Left Hegelian) hurled at [[Bruno Bauer]] (who has most often been classified by historians as a Left Hegelian, but who rejected both titles for himself). For another thing, no so-called "Left Hegelian" described himself as a follower of Hegel. This includes [[Moses Hess]] as well as [[Karl Marx]]. Several "Left Hegelians" openly repudiated or insulted the legacy of Hegel's philosophy. The critiques of Hegel offered from the "Left Hegelians" radically diverted Hegel's thinking into new directions—and form a disproportionately large part of the literature on and about Hegel.

Perhaps the main reason that so much writing about Hegel emerges from the so-called Left-Hegelians is that the Left-Hegelians spawned [[Marxism]], which inspired a global movement lasting more than 150 years, encompassing the Russian Revolution, the Chinese Revolution and even more national-liberation movements of the 20th century. Yet that isn't, to be precise, any direct result of Hegel's philosophy.

 

 

[[Walter Jaeschke]] and [[Otto Pöggeler]] in Germany, as well as [[Peter Hodgson]] and [[Howard Kainz]] in America, are notable for their many contributions to post-USSR thinking about Hegel as published by the Hegel Society of America. Perhaps the most challenging publication from that source has been the new English edition of Hegel's ''Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (1818-1831)'' which has challenged most 20th century views about Hegel.

 

===Detractors===

 

Perhaps the most famous critics were the Left-Hegelians, including [[Ludwig Feuerbach]], [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] and their followers in the 19th century.

 

 

Actually, Hegel had the most well-attended classes of any philosopher of his time. The belief that Hegel once said, "Only one man understands me, and even he does not" (Strathern, 1997), is incorrect, since it was actually stated by [[Fichte]] about [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling]] when Hegel persuaded Schelling to abandon his teacher [[Fichte]].

 

===Advocates===

 

The book that did the most to reintroduce Hegel into the Marxist canon was perhaps [[Georg Lukács]]' ''History and Class Consciousness''. This sparked a renewed interest in Hegel reflected in the work of [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Theodor Adorno]], [[Ernst Bloch]], [[Raya Dunayevskaya]], [[Alexandre Kojève]] and [[Gotthard Günther]] among others. The Hegel renaissance also highlighted the significance of Hegel's early works, i.e. those published prior to the ''[[Phenomenology of Spirit]]''. The direct and indirect influence of Kojève's lectures and writings (on the Phenomenology of Spirit, in particular) mean that it is not possible to understand most French philosophers from [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] to [[Jacques Derrida]] without understanding Hegel.

 

 

 

 

 

Beginning in the 1990s, after the fall of the [[USSR]], a fresh reading of Hegel took place in the West. For these scholars, fairly well represented by the Hegel Society of America and in cooperation with German scholars such as [[Otto Poeggeler]] and [[Walter Jaeschke]], Hegel's works should be read without preconceptions. Marx plays a minor role in these new readings, and some contemporary scholars have suggested that Marx's interpretation of Hegel is irrelevant to a proper reading of Hegel. Some American philosophers associated with this movement include Clark Butler, Daniel Shannon, David Duquette, David MacGregor, Donald Burke, Edward Beach, John Burbidge, Lawrence Stepelevich, Rudolph Siebert, Theodore Geraets and William Desmond.

 

== Karya utama ==

* ''[[Phenomenology of Spirit]]'' (''Phänomenologie des Geistes'' Kadang-kadang diterjemahkan sebagai ''Phenomenology of Mind'') 1807 (Ini adalah contoh masalahnya: Para penerjemah Inggris dari buku ''Phänomenologie des Geistes'' tidak pasti apakah mereka harus menerjemahkan "Geist" dengan "Roh" atau "Pikiran", meskipun istilah "Roh" dan "Pikiran" sangat berbeda dalam bahasa Inggris.)

* ''[[Science of Logic]]'' (''Wissenschaft der Logik'') 1812–[[1816]] (edisi terakhir dari bagian pertama 1831)

 

== Literatur sekunder ==

* [[Theodor W. Adorno]], 1994. ''Hegel: Three Studies''. MIT Press. Terjemahan oleh Shierry M. Nicholsen, dengan pengantar oleh Nicholsen dan Jeremy J. Shapiro, ISBN 0-262-51080-4. Esai tentang konsep Hegel tentang roh/pikiran, konsep Hegel tentang pengalaman, dan mengapa Hegel sulit dibaca.

* Avineri, Shlomo, 1974. ''Hegel's Theory of the Modern State''. Cambridge University Press. Pengantar terbaik ke dalam filsafat politik Hegel.

* [[Frederick C. Beiser]], ed., 1993. ''The Cambridge Companion to Hegel''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38711-6. The Cambridge Companions adalah cara yang baik untuk mulai belajar tentang seorang filsuf tertentu; termasuk buku ini.

* [[R.G. Collingwood]], 1946. ''The Idea of History''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285306-6. Pernyataan yang kuat tentang kasus bahwa Hegel mengizinkan suatu negara yang terlalu kuat, artinya bahwa filsafatnya adalah lawan yang berbahaya bagi kemerdekaan individu. ([[Isaiah Berlin]] mengusulkan argumen serupa dalam bukunya ''[[Two Concepts of Liberty]]''.)

* Desmond, William, 2003. ''Hegel's God: A Counterfeit Double?''. Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-0565-5

* [[Martin Heidegger]], 1988. ''Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32766-0

* [[Jean Hyppolite]], 1979. ''Genesis and Structure of "Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit."'' Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-0594-2

* Kainz, Howard P., 1996, ''G. W. F. Hegel''. Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-8214-1231-0.

* Kainz, Howard P.,1994, ''Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit: Selections Terjemahan dan anotasi oleh Howard P. Kainz''. The Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-01076-2.

* [[Charles Taylor (philosopher)|Charles Taylor]], 1975. ''Hegel''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29199-2. Studi yang komprehensif dan eksposisi yang sangat jelas oleh filsuf Kanada tentang pemikiran Hegel dan dampaknya terhadap masalah-masalah intelektual dan spiritual utama pada masanya dan masa kita.

* Wallace, Robert M., 2005. ''Hegel's Philosophy of Reality, Freedom, and God''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84484-3. Berargumen bahwa posisi-posisi utama Hegel dalam metafisika, epistemologi, etika, dan filsafat pikiran dan kehendak, kenyataannya mungkin dan dapat dipertahankan, dan mempertahankannya terhadap kritik-kritik berpengaruh antara lain oleh Feuerbach, Marx, Kierkegaard, Heidegger, dan Charles Taylor.

 

== Pranala luar ==

{{Commons|Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel}}

{{wikisource author}}

* [http://hegel-system.de/en/ Penjelasan tentang Hegel], kebanyakan dalam bahasa Jerman

 

=== Teks Hegel online ===

 

 

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