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Baris 85: If Venus is beyond the Sun, the phase of Venus must always be [[gibbous]] or full.}} But Galileo saw Venus at first small and full, and later large and crescent. --> [[Image:Tychonian system.svg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Gambaran Sistem Tychonik: benda-benda langit pada orbit berwarna biru (bulan dan matahari) mengitari bumi. Benda-benda pada orbit jingga (Merkurius, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, dan Saturnus) mengitari matahari. Semua dikelilingi oleh suatu bulatan bintang-bintang yang juga berputar.]] This showed that with a Ptolemaic cosmology, the Venus epicycle can be neither completely inside nor completely outside of the orbit of the Sun. As a result, Ptolemaics abandoned the idea that the epicycle of Venus was completely inside the Sun, and later 17th century competition between astronomical cosmologies focused on variations of [[Tycho Brahe\|Tycho Brahe's]] [[Tychonic system]] (in which the Earth was still at the center of the universe, and around it revolved the Sun, but all other planets revolved around the Sun in one massive set of epicycles), or variations on the Copernican system. Ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan kosmologi Ptolemaik, epicycle Venus tidak dapat sepenuhnya di dalam maupun di luar orbit matahari. Akibatnya, pada sistem Ptolemaik pandangan bahwa epicycle Venus sepenuhnya di dalam matahari ditinggalkan, dan kemudian pada abad ke-17 kompetisi antara kosmologi astronomi berfokus pada variasi [[sistem Tychonik]] yang dikemukakan oleh [[Tycho Brahe]], di mana Bumi masih menjadi pusat alam semesta, dikitari oleh matahari, tetapi semua planet lain berputar mengelilingi matahari sebagi suatu himpunan epicycle masif), atau variasi-variasi Sistem Kopernikan. <!-- == Gravitation == [[Johannes Kepler]], after analysing [[Tycho Brahe]]'s famously accurate observations, constructed his [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion\|three laws]] in 1609 and 1619, based on a heliocentric view where the planets move in [[elliptical]] paths. Using these laws, he was the first astronomer to successfully predict a [[Astronomical transit\|transit]] of Venus (for the year 1631). The transition from circular orbits to elliptical planetary paths dramatically changed the accuracy of celestial observations and predictions. Because the heliocentric model by Copernicus was no more accurate than Ptolemy's system, new mathematical observations were needed to persuade those who still held on to the geocentric model. However, the observations made by Kepler, using Brahe's data, became a problem not easily overturned for geocentrists. Baris 96 ⟶ 97: A geocentric frame is useful for many everyday activities and most laboratory experiments, but is a less appropriate choice for solar-system mechanics and space travel. While a [[Heliocentrism\|heliocentric frame]] is most useful in those cases, galactic and extra-galactic astronomy is easier if the sun is treated as neither stationary nor the center of the universe, but rotating around the center of our galaxy, and in turn our galaxy is also not at rest in the [[Cosmic Microwave Background#Velocity relative to CMB anisotropy\|cosmic background]]. --> == Penganut geosentrisme agamawi dan kontemporari == [[File:Orlando-Ferguson-flat-earth-map edit.jpg\|right\|thumb\|300px\|''Map of the Square and Stationary Earth'' (Peta Bumi bujursangkar dan stasioner/tidak bergerak), karya Orlando Ferguson (1893)]]

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