Gizi dan kehamilan: Perbedaan antara revisi

Selain dampak terhadap janin, status gizi lebih calon ibu juga dapat menyebabkan terjadinya hipertensi gestasional atau peningkatan tekanan darah yang terjadi saat kehamilan,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kazemian|first=Elham|last2=Sotoudeh|first2=Gity|last3=Dorosty-Motlagh|first3=Ahmad Reza|last4=Eshraghian|first4=Mohammad Reza|last5=Bagheri|first5=Minoo|date=September 2014|title=Maternal Obesity and Energy Intake as Risk Factors of Pregnancy-induced Hypertension among Iranian Women|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4221454/|journal=Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition|volume=32|issue=3|pages=486–493|issn=1606-0997|pmc=4221454|pmid=25395911}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Savitri|first=Ary I.|last2=Zuithoff|first2=Peter|last3=Browne|first3=Joyce L.|last4=Amelia|first4=Dwirani|last5=Baharuddin|first5=Mohammad|last6=Grobbee|first6=Diederick E.|last7=Uiterwaal|first7=Cuno S. P. M.|date=1 Agustus 2016|title=Does pre-pregnancy BMI determine blood pressure during pregnancy? A prospective cohort study|url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/8/e011626|journal=BMJ Open|language=en|volume=6|issue=8|pages=e011626|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011626|issn=2044-6055|pmid=27515754}}</ref> [[Pre-eklampsia|preeklampsia]] sebagai akibat dari hipertensi gestasional,{{sfn|Lemmi-Keefe, Carol J.|2008|p=70}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shao|first=Yawen|last2=Qiu|first2=Jie|last3=Huang|first3=Huang|last4=Mao|first4=Baohong|last5=Dai|first5=Wei|last6=He|first6=Xiaochun|last7=Cui|first7=Hongmei|last8=Lin|first8=Xiaojuan|last9=Lv|first9=Ling|date=1 Desember 2017|title=Pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and risk of preeclampsia: a birth cohort study in Lanzhou, China|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1567-2|journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth|volume=17|issue=1|pages=400|doi=10.1186/s12884-017-1567-2|issn=1471-2393}}</ref> diabetes gestasional,{{sfn|Lemmi-Keefe, Carol J.|2008|p=70}}{{sfnp|Shanty, Sandra|2013|p=52|ps=: "Setiap wanita dapat berpotensi mengalami gestasional diabetes. Meskipun demikian, beberapa wanita memiliki risiko yang lebih besar. (...)Perempuan akan lebih berisiko terkena diabetes kehamilan jika memiliki kelebihan berat badan secara signifikan dengan indeks massa tubuh (BMI) 30 atau lebih tinggi."}} dan gangguan [[apnea tidur]] obstruktif yang akan meningkatkan risiko terjadinya peningkatan tekanan darah,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghesquière|first=L.|last2=Deruelle|first2=P.|last3=Ramdane|first3=Y.|last4=Garabedian|first4=C.|last5=Charley-Monaca|first5=C.|last6=Dalmas|first6=A.-F.|date=8 September 2020|title=Obstructive sleep apnea in obese pregnant women: A prospective study|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7478531/|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=15|issue=9|pages=e0238733|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0238733|issn=1932-6203|pmc=7478531|pmid=32898189}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dominguez|first=Jennifer E.|last2=Krystal|first2=Andrew D.|last3=Habib|first3=Ashraf S.|date=November 2018|title=Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pregnant Women: A Review of Pregnancy Outcomes and an Approach to Management|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6733415/|journal=Anesthesia and analgesia|volume=127|issue=5|pages=1167–1177|doi=10.1213/ANE.0000000000003335|issn=0003-2999|pmc=6733415|pmid=29649034}}</ref> [[tromboembolisme vena]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malinowski|first=Ann Kinga|last2=Bomba-Opoń|first2=Dorota|last3=Parrish|first3=Jacqueline|last4=Sarzyńska|first4=Urszula|last5=Farine|first5=Dan|date=2017|title=Venous tThromboembolism in Obese Pregnant Women: Approach to Diagnosis and Management|url=https://journals.viamedica.pl/ginekologia_polska/article/view/GP.a2017.0083|journal=Ginekologia Polska|language=|volume=88|issue=8|pages=453–459|doi=10.5603/GP.a2017.0083|issn=2543-6767}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sultan|first=Alyshah Abdul|last2=West|first2=Joe|last3=Tata|first3=Laila J.|last4=Fleming|first4=Kate M.|last5=Nelson-Piercy|first5=Catherine|last6=Grainge|first6=Matthew J.|date=7 November 2013|title=Risk of first venous thromboembolism in pregnant women in hospital: population based cohort study from England|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f6099|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=347|pages=f6099|doi=10.1136/bmj.f6099|issn=1756-1833|pmid=24201164}}</ref> proses persalinan yang sulit dan peningkatan kemungkinan [[operasi sesar]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fitzsimons|first=Kate J|last2=Modder|first2=Jo|last3=Greer|first3=Ian A|date=Juni 2009|title=Obesity in Pregnancy: Risks and Management|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4989730/|journal=Obstetric Medicine|volume=2|issue=2|pages=52–62|doi=10.1258/om.2009.090009|issn=1753-495X|pmc=4989730|pmid=27582812}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nkoka|first=Owen|last2=Ntenda|first2=Peter Austin Morton|last3=Senghore|first3=Thomas|last4=Bass|first4=Paul|date=3 April 2019|title=Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of caesarean birth in Malawi|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6448310/|journal=Reproductive Health|volume=16|pages=40|doi=10.1186/s12978-019-0700-2|issn=1742-4755|pmc=6448310|pmid=30944000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brenes-Monge|first=Alexander|last2=Saavedra-Avendaño|first2=Biani|last3=Alcalde-Rabanal|first3=Jacqueline|last4=Darney|first4=Blair G.|date=11 Juli 2019|title=Are overweight and obesity associated with increased risk of cesarean delivery in Mexico? A cross-sectional study from the National Survey of Health and Nutrition|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2393-5|journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth|volume=19|issue=1|pages=239|doi=10.1186/s12884-019-2393-5|issn=1471-2393|pmc=PMC6624890|pmid=31296185}}</ref> dan menimbulkan masalah kesehatan mental bagi ibu hamil.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marchi|first=Jamile|last2=Berg|first2=Marie|last3=Dencker|first3=Anna|last4=Olander|first4=Ellinor|last5=Begley|first5=Cecily|date=1 Juni 2015|title=Risks associated with obesity in pregnancy, for the mother and baby: a systematic review of reviews: Obesity in pregnancy - a review of reviews|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277336458_Risks_associated_with_obesity_in_pregnancy_for_the_mother_and_baby_a_systematic_review_of_reviews_Obesity_in_pregnancy_-_a_review_of_reviews|journal=Obesity Reviews|volume=16|doi=10.1111/obr.12288}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Molyneaux|first=Emma|last2=Poston|first2=Lucilla|last3=Ashurst-Williams|first3=Sarah|last4=Howard|first4=Louise M.|date=April 2014|title=Obesity and Mental Disorders During Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4254698/|journal=Obstetrics and gynecology|volume=123|issue=4|pages=857–867|doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000000170|issn=0029-7844|pmc=4254698|pmid=24785615}}</ref>

 

 

[[USDA]] menyarankan panduan MyPlate (5 kelompok makanan) atau Isi Piringku (4 kelompok makanan) dari [[Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia|Kemenkes RI]] sebagai pedoman makan yang sehat bagi calon ibu.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Nutrition Before Pregnancy|url=https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=nutrition-before-pregnancy-90-P02479|website=www.stanfordchildrens.org|access-date=21 Januari 2022}}</ref> Australian Dietary Guidelines menambahkan konsumsi air yang cukup dan menghidari makanan yang mengandung lemak jenuh serta garam dan gula tambahan.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 Mei 2020|title=Pre-conception|url=https://www.health.qld.gov.au/clinical-practice/guidelines-procedures/clinical-staff/maternity/nutrition/lifestyle/pre-conception|website=www.health.qld.gov.au|language=|access-date=21 Januari 2022}}</ref>

Iodin dibutuhkan tubuh untuk memproduksi hormon tiroid yang akan berinteraksi dengan hormon seksual. Hormon tiroid diperlukan untuk fungsi normal ovarium. Kekurangan iodin akan mempengaruhi kesuburan karena efek negatif terhadap proses [[folikulogenesis]], [[ovulasi]], dan maturasi [[korpus luteum]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hancocks|first=Nikki|date=7 September 2021|title=Mild iodine deficiency impacts female fertility, study finds|url=https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2021/09/07/Mild-iodine-deficiency-impacts-female-fertility-study-finds|website=nutraingredients.com|language=|access-date=25 Januari 2022}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last=Xing|first=Mingluan|last2=Gu|first2=Simeng|last3=Wang|first3=Xiaofeng|last4=Mao|first4=Guangming|last5=Mo|first5=Zhe|last6=Lou|first6=Xiaoming|last7=Li|first7=Xueqing|last8=Huang|first8=Xuemin|last9=Wang|first9=Yuanyang|date=September 2021|title=Low Iodine Intake May Decrease Women’s Fecundity: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/9/3056|journal=Nutrients|language=en|volume=13|issue=9|pages=3056|doi=10.3390/nu13093056}}</ref>

 

 

Iodin dapat diperoleh dari [[Gulma laut|rumput laut]], telur, [[ikan kod]], [[udang]], susu, [[garam beryodium]], yoghurt, [[hati sapi]], tiram.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Whitbread|first=Daisy|date=28 Juli 2021|title=Foods High in Iodine|url=https://www.myfooddata.com/articles/natural-foods-high-in-iodine.php|website=myfooddata|language=|access-date=26 Januari 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Brennan|first=Dan|date=22 Oktober 2020|title=Top Foods High in Iodine|url=https://www.webmd.com/diet/foods-high-in-iodine|website=WebMD|language=|access-date=26 Januari 2022}}</ref> Untuk persiapan kehamilan dosis iodin yang dianjurkan adalah 150 mikrogram per hari.<ref name=":11" />

 

=== Asam lemak omega-3 ===

 

Ada tiga jenis asam lemak omega-3 yaitu [[asam alfa-linolenat]] atau ''α-linolenic acid'' (ALA), [[Asam eikosapentanoat|asam eikosapentaenoat]] atau ''eicosapentaenoic acid'' (EPA), dan [[Asam dokosaheksaenoat|asam dokosaheksanoat]] atau ''docosahexaenoic acid'' (DHA).<ref name=":18" /> Sumber ALA adalah [[biji chia]], kubis brussel, [[minyak nabati]] seperti [[kacang hazel]], [[minyak biji rami]], [[minyak kanola]], [[avokad]], [[Minyak Perilla|minyak perilla]], dan [[kacang kenari]].<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Link|first=Rachel|date=21 Desember 2021|title=The 7 Best Plant Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids|url=https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/7-plant-sources-of-omega-3s|website=Healthline|language=|access-date=26 Januari 2022}}</ref> Sumber EHA dan DHA didapatkan dari minyak ikan, tiram, ikan hering, salmon, tuna, dan ikan kod.<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Whitbread|first=Daisy|date=28 Juli 2021|title=Top 10 Foods Highest in Omega 3 Fatty Acids|url=https://www.myfooddata.com/articles/high-omega-3-foods.php|website=myfooddata|language=|access-date=25 Januari 2022}}</ref>

 

==== Kebutuhan energi ====

 

==== Kebutuhan protein ====