Gough Whitlam: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox Prime Minister
|honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]
|name = Gough Whitlam
| height = 194 cm<ref>{{cite web |title=Gough Whitlam |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/Whitlam/fast-facts.aspx |website=primeministers.naa.gov.au |publisher=National Archives of Australia |accessdate=18 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=2019-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010163038/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/Whitlam/fast-facts.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100%|AC|QC}}
|image = Gough Whitlam - ACF - crop.jpg
|caption = Whitlam pada tahun 1973
|order = [[Perdana Menteri Australia]] ke-21<br />
|term_start = 5 Desember 1972
|term_end = 11 November 1975
|governor-general = [[Paul Hasluck|Sir Paul Hasluck]]<br>[[John Kerr (gubernur jenderal)|Sir John Kerr]]
|deputy = [[Lance Barnard]]<br>[[Jim Cairns]]<br>[[Frank Crean]]
|predecessor = [[William McMahon]]
|successor = [[Malcolm Fraser]]
|office1 = [[Menteri Luar Negeri (Australia)|Menteri Luar Negeri]]
|primeminister1 = Gough Whitlam
|term_start1 = 5 Desember 1972
|term_end1 = 6 November 1973
|predecessor1 = [[Nigel Bowen]]
|successor1 = [[Don Willesee]]
|office2 = [[Pemimpin Oposisi (Australia)|Pemimpin Oposisi]]
|primeminister2 = Malcolm Fraser
|deputy2 = [[Frank Crean]]<br>[[Tom Uren]]
|predecessor2 = [[Malcolm Fraser]]
|successor2 = [[Bill Hayden]]
|term_start2 = 11 November 1975
|term_end2 = 22 Desember 1977
|primeminister3 = [[Harold Holt]]<br />[[John McEwen]]<br />[[John Gorton]]<br />William McMahon
|deputy3 = Lance Barnard
|predecessor3 = [[Arthur Calwell]]
|successor3 = [[Billy Snedden]]
|term_start3 = 9 Februari 1967
|term_end3 = 5 Desember 1972
|office4 = [[Partai Buruh Australia|Ketua Partai Buruh]]
|term_start4 = 9 Februari 1967
|term_end4 = 22 Desember 1977
|deputy4 = Lance Barnard<br>Jim Cairns<br>Frank Crean<br>Tom Uren
|predecessor4 = Arthur Calwell
|successor4 = Bill Hayden
|office5 = [[Partai Buruh Australia|Wakil Ketua Partai Buruh]]
|term_start5 = 7 Maret 1960
|term_end5 = 9 Februari 1967
|leader5 = Arthur Calwell
|predecessor5 = Arthur Calwell
|successor5 = Lance Barnard
|birth_date = {{birth date|1916|07|11|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Kew, Victoria]], Australia
|death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|2014|10|21|1916|07|11|df=y}}}}
|death_place = [[Elizabeth Bay, New South Wales]], Australia
|party = [[Partai Buruh Australia]]
|birthname = Edward Gough Whitlam
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Margaret Whitlam|Margaret Dovey]]|21 April 1942|17 March 2012|reason=meninggal}}
|children = [[Tony Whitlam|Tony]]<br> [[Nicholas Whitlam|Nicholas]]<br> Stephen<br>Catherine
|alma_mater = [[University of Sydney]]
|occupation = [[Duta besar]] [[hak asasi manusia]]<br />([[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]])<br />[[Bombardier (aircrew)|Flight bombardier]]<br />([[Royal Australian Air Force]])
| profession = [[Barrister]]<br />[[Politikus]]<br />[[Diplomat]]
|signature = Gough Whitlam Signature.svg
|allegiance = Persemakmuran Australia
|branch = [[Royal Australian Air Force]]
|serviceyears = 1941–1945
|rank = [[Berkas:RAAF O3 rank.png|15px]] [[Letnan penerbang]]
|unit = [[No. 13 Squadron RAAF]]
|battles = [[Perang Dunia II]]
}}
'''Edward Gough Whitlam''', [[Order of Australia|AC]], [[Queens Counsel|QC]] ({{lahirmati|[[Kew, Victoria|Kew]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]|11|7|1916|[[Elizabeth Bay]], [[Sydney]], Australia|21|10|2014}}; dikenal sebagai '''Gough Whitlam''' (diucapkan "Goff")) adalah seorang mantan politikus [[Australia]] dan [[Perdana Menteri Australia]] ke-21.
Pada [[Pemilihan umum Australia, 1972|pemilihan umum 1972]] ia memimpin Partai Buruh dalam memperoleh kemenangan setelah masa pemerintahan konservatif selama 23 tahun di Australia. Ia [[krisis konstitusional Australia 1975|diberhentikan pada 1975]] setelah suatu krisis konstitusional yang berkepanjangan yang disebabkan oleh kegagalan untuk meloloskan [[Rancangan Undang-Undang Pemasokan]] di Senat Australia. Ia adalah satu-satunya Perdana Menteri Australia yang diberhentikan oleh [[Gubernur Jenderal Australia|Gubernur Jenderal]], yang menggunakan [[reserve powers]] . Meskipun pemerintahannya relatif hanya sebentar berkuasa, banyak kebijakan dan lembaga yang didirikannya masih terlihat sekarang, seperti misalnya [[Medicare Australia|jaminan kesehatan]]. Baik gaya politik 'presidensial'-nya dan pemberhentiannya yang dramatis serta [[Pemilihan umum Australia, 1975|kekalahannya dalam pemilihan umum 1975]] masih mengundang perdebatan yang intensif.
== Masa kecil ==
[[Berkas:EG Whitlam (AWM P04697-001).jpg|
Gough Whitlam dilahirkan di [[Kew, Victoria|Kew]], sebuah suburbia [[Melbourne]]. Ayahnya, [[Fred Whitlam]], adalah seorang pegawai negeri federal yang berdinas sebagai [[Pengacara Commonwealth Crown]]. Keterlibatan Whitlam senior dalam masalah-masalah hak-hak asasi manusia merupakan pengaruh yang kuat terhadapanaknya. Whitlam belajar di [[Knox Grammar School]] di [[Sydney]] dan di [[Canberra Grammar School]], dan di sana ia bersahabat dengan [[Francis James]]. Whitlam kemudian belajar
Pada 1942 Whitlam menikah dengan Margaret Dovey, anak Hakim [[Bill Dovey]], dan memperoleh tiga orang anak laki-laki dan seorang
Whitlam telah menjadi pendukung masa jabatan parlementer yang tetap sejak ia menjadi anggota komite peninjauan konstitusional pada 1950-an. Seminggu sebelum ulang tahunnya yang ke-90, ia menuduh Partai Buruh telah gagal dalam menuntut perubahan ini.<ref>{{cite news|first = Ryan|last = Emery|url = http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/stori/0,20867,19699587-2702,00.html|title = Gough attack's ALP's aim as second best|publisher = [[The Australian]]|date = 2006-07-06|7 = |accessdate = 2006-07-11}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author = [[Michelle Grattan|Grattan, Michelle]]|url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/07/07/1152240491091.html|title = Party hails Gough in his 10th decade|date = 2006-07-08|accessdate = 2006-07-11|publisher = [[The Age]]|archive-date = 2016-03-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160314091108/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/07/07/1152240491091.html|dead-url = no}}</ref>
== Kehormatan ==
Whitlam diangkat menjadi [[Queen's Counsel]] pada 1962 dan Companion of the [[Order of Australia]] pada 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/|title=It's an Honour Website|publisher=Australian Government|accessdate=2006-07-11|archive-date=2019-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504050657/http://itsanhonour.gov.au/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada 2005 ia diangkat sebagai ''Grand Commander'' kehormatan dari ''the Order of the Star of Melanesia'' oleh Gubernur Jenderal Papua New Guinea.<ref>{{cite web |
Pada 2006 ia dianugerahi Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] dari Kaisar Jepang. [http://www.au.emb-japan.go.jp/e_web/Honours.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929115454/http://www.au.emb-japan.go.jp/e_web/Honours.htm |date=2007-09-29 }}
Whitlam adalah Fellow kehormatan dari [[Akademi Humaniora Australia]].<ref name=whitintbio>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitlam.org/people/whitlam_gough.html|title=Hon E.G. Whitlam, AC QC|publisher=The Whitlam Institute (dalam [[Universitas Western Sydney]])|accessdate=2006-07-11|archive-date=2006-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712194540/http://www.whitlam.org/people/whitlam_gough.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Ia memperoleh gelar [[doktor kehormatan]] dari [[Universitas Sydney]], [[Universitas Wollongong]], [[Universitas La Trobe]] dan [[Universitas Teknologi, Sydney]].<ref name=whitintbio/>
Pada April 2007, Gough dan Margaret Whitlam diangkat sebagai anggota seumur hidup dari Partai Buruh Australia. Ini adalah untuk pertama kalinya seseorang menjadi anggota seumur hidup pada tingkat nasional dari organisasi partai ini.<ref>{{cite news
Whitlam juga telah ditawari [[Companion of Honour]] (CH) dan posisi sebagai seorang [[Privy Councillor]], tetapi sesuai dengan sikapnya yang menentang bintang kehormatan Imperial, ia menolak tawaran ini.
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Masa jabatan
* [[Masa jabatan
* [[Masa jabatan ketiga Whitlam]]
* [[The Whitlams]] (band Australia)
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* Barry Cohen, ''Life With Gough'', Allen and Unwin, 1996
* Hugh Emy et al., ''Whitlam Revisited'', Pluto Press, 1993
* Gareth Evans et al., ''Labor and the Constitution 1972-1975'', Heinemann, 1977
* Richard Hall dan John Ironmonger, ''The Makers and the Breakers: The Governor General and the Senate vs the Constitution'', Wellington Lane Press, Sydney, 1976.
* Surat Barwick berisi nasihat kepada Kerr pada 10 Desember 1975, dalam Hall dan Ironmonger, ''The Makers and the Breakers'', hlm. 204-05. (kutipan lengkap di bawah)
* Paul Kelly, ''Crash Through or Crash,'' Angus and Robertson, 1976
* Paul Kelly, ''November 1975'', Allen and Unwin, 1995
* John Kerr, ''Matters for Judgment'', Macmillan, 1978
* Graham Freudenberg, ''A Certain Grandeur'', Macmillan, 1977
* Alan Reid, ''The Whitlam Venture'', Hill of Content, 1976
* John Walter, ''The Leader: A Political Biography of Gough Whitlam'', University of St. Lucia QLD, 1980.
* Patrick Weller & R.F.I. Smith, 'The Rise and Fall of Whitlam Labor: The political context of the 1975 elections' in ''Australia at the Polls: The National Election of 1975'', ed. H.R. Penniman, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, 1977, pp.
* Gough Whitlam, ''On Australia's Constitution'', Widescope, 1977
* Gough Whitlam, ''The Truth of the Matter'', Penguin, 1979 (cetak ulang, Melbourne University Press, 2005)
* Gough Whitlam, ''The Whitlam Pemerintahan'', Penguin, 1985
* Gough Whitlam et al., ''The Whitlam Phenomenon'', Penguin, 1986
* Gough Whitlam, ''Abiding Interests'', University of Queensland Press, 1997
== Catatan dan Referensi ==
<div class="references-small">
{{reflist}}
</div>
== Pranala luar ==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/meetpm.asp?pmId=21 Gough Whitlam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204024447/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/meetpm.asp?pmId=21 |date=2009-02-04 }} - Perdana Menteri Australia / Arsip Nasional Australia
* [http://www.whitlam.org/ The Whitlam Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214003621/http://www.whitlam.org/ |date=2020-12-14 }}
* [http://www.naa.gov.au/the_collection/cabinet/1974_cabinet/1974_cabinet.html 1974 Cabinet Records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629004141/http://www.naa.gov.au///the_collection/cabinet/1974_cabinet/1974_cabinet.html |date=2007-06-29 }} / Arsip Nasional Australia
* [http://whitlamdismissal.com/ The Whitlam Dismissal – 11 November 1975] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108162917/http://whitlamdismissal.com/ |date=2021-01-08 }}
* [http://www.saxton.com.au/default.asp?sd8=231 Gough Whitlam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923141212/http://www.saxton.com.au/default.asp?sd8=231 |date=2006-09-23 }} - Exclusive to Saxton Speakers Bureau
* [http://www.australianbeers.com/culture/letter.htm Surat pemberhentian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428193910/http://www.australianbeers.com/culture/letter.htm |date=2015-04-28 }} – Salinan surat pemberhentian
* [http://colsearch.nfsa.afc.gov.au/nfsa/search/summary/summary.w3p;adv=yes;group=;groupequals=;page=0;parentid=;query=Number%3A359336%20|%20Number%3A156392;querytype=;resCount=10 Gough Whitlam at the National Film and Sound Archive] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090520022657/http://colsearch.nfsa.afc.gov.au/nfsa/search/summary/summary.w3p;adv=yes;group=;groupequals=;page=0;parentid=;query=Number%3A359336%20{{!}}%20Number%3A156392;querytype=;resCount=10 |date=2009-05-20 }}
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{{succession box |title= Anggota [[Divisi Werriwa|Werriwa]] |before=[[Hubert Lazzarini]] |after=[[John Kerin]] |years=1952–1978 }}
{{succession box one to two |title1=[[Partai Buruh Australia|Wakil Pemimpin Partai Buruh]] |before=[[Arthur Calwell]] |after1=[[Lance Barnard]] |years1=1960–1967 |title2=[[Partai Buruh Australia|Pemimpin Partai Buruh]] |after2=[[Bill Hayden]] |years2=1967–1977}}
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{{Perdana Menteri Australia}}
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