Hama: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Hama''' adalah [[organisme]] yang dianggap merugikan dan tak diinginkan dalam kegiatan sehari-hari manusia. Walaupun istilah "hama" dapat digunakan untuk semua organisme, dalam praktiktetapi istilah ini paling sering dipakai hanya kepada [[hewan]]. Organisme yang bersifat [[Spesies invasif|invasif]] juga merupakan hama.

Beberapa [[siput]] merupakan hama bagi usaha pertanian dan [[pekarangan]].<ref name="Speiser 2002">Speiser B. (2002). ''Chapter 219. Molluscicides''. 506-508. {{doi|10.1201/NOE0824706326.ch219}} [http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/pdf/10.1201/NOE0824706326.ch219 PDF]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In: Pimentel D. (ed.) (2002). ''Encyclopedia of Pest Management''. ISBN 978-0-8247-0632-6.</ref> ''[[Deroceras reticulatum]]'' merupakan [[siput]] yang tersebar di seluruh dunia dan berperan sebagai hama.<ref name="Speiser 2002"/> Selain itu, ''[[Milax]] ''spp.,<ref name="Speiser 2002"/> ''[[Tandonia]]'' sp.,<ref name="Speiser 2002"/> ''[[Limax]]'' spp.,<ref name="Speiser 2002"/> ''[[Arion (gastropod)|Arion]]'' spp.<ref name="Speiser 2002"/> dan beberapa spesies dari [[Veronicellidae]]:<ref name="Speiser 2002"/> ''[[Veronicella sloanei]]''<ref name="Stange">[[Berkas:PD-icon.svg|15px15x15px]] Stange L. A. (created September 2004, updated March 2006). [http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/snail_slugs-pa.html "Snails and Slugs of Regulatory Significance to Florida"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202071218/http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/snail_slugs-pa.html |date=2010-12-02 }}. Division of Plant Industry, [[Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services]]. accessed 27 August 2010.</ref> juga merupakan hama.

* ''[[Succinea costaricana]]'' merusak tanaman hias di Costa Rica.<ref name="Villalobos 1995">Villalobos M. C., Monge-Nájera J., Barrientos Z. & Franco J. (1995). "Life cycle and field abundance of the snail ''Succinea costaricana'' (Stylommatophora: Succineidae), a tropical pest". ''[[Revista de Biología Tropical]]'' '''43''': 181-188. [http://www.tropinature.com/molluscs/PDFs/life_succinea.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717104522/http://www.tropinature.com/molluscs/PDFs/life_succinea.pdf|date=2011-07-17}}.</ref>

* ''[[Ovachlamys fulgens]]'' merusak tanaman hias dan anggrek di Costa Rica.<ref name="Barrientos 1998">Barrientos Z. (1998). "Life history of the terrestrial snail ''Ovachlamys fulgens'' (Stylommatophora: Helicarionidae) under laboratory conditions". ''[[Revista de Biología Tropical]]'' '''46'''(2): 369-384. [http://orton.catie.ac.cr/repdoc/AGUACATE/A0061S/A0061S.PDF PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202212813/http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77441998000200020|date=2017-12-02}}. [https://archive.istoday/20121121054845/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?pid=S0034-77441998000200020&script=sci_arttext HTM in the Google chache].</ref>

* [[Tikus]], [[tikus tanah]], dan [[rodentia]] lainnya menyerang tanaman pertanian dan hasil pertanian yang disimpan di lumbung.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Leirs H |title=The Year of the Rat ends: time to fight hunger! |journal=Pest Manag Sci |volume=65 |issue=4 |year=2009 |doi=10.1002/ps.1718 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121686000/abstract |pmid=19206089 |pages=351–2 |access-date=2013-12-08 |archive-date=2012-12-17 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121217192631/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121686000/abstract |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Beberapa jenis tikus juga menjadi hama di perkotaan dan rumah tangga.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Kijlstra A|title=Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health|journal=Crit Rev Microbiol|volume=35 |issue=3|year=2009|doi=10.1080/10408410902989837|url=http://www.informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10408410902989837 |pmid=19548807 |pages=221–70|access-date=2013-12-08|archive-date=2023-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529212920/https://www.informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10408410902989837|dead-url=no}}</ref>

* [[Kera]] mencuri hasil panen manusia<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/218470-kera-ekor-panjang-ganggu-aktivitas-warga-gunung-kidul.html|title = Kera Ekor Panjang Ganggu Aktivitas Warga Gunung Kidul|date = 19 Oktober 2014|publisher = BeritaSatu|access-date = 2014-10-19|archive-date = 2016-03-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144659/http://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/218470-kera-ekor-panjang-ganggu-aktivitas-warga-gunung-kidul.html|dead-url = no}}</ref>

* [[Kucing]]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Talan DA, Citron DM, Abrahamian FM, Moran GJ, Goldstein EJ |title=Bacteriologic analysis of infected dog and cat bites. Emergency Medicine Animal Bite Infection Study Group |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=340 |issue=2 |pages=85–92 |year=1999 |pmid=9887159 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199901143400202}}</ref><ref name=Kravetz>{{Cite journal|author=Kravetz JD, Federman DG |title=Cat-associated zoonoses |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=162 |issue=17 |pages=1945–52 |year=2002 |pmid=12230416 |doi=10.1001/archinte.162.17.1945}}</ref><ref name=Torda>{{Cite journal|author=Torda A |title=Toxoplasmosis. Are cats really the source? |journal=Aust Fam Physician |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=743–7 |year=2001 |pmid=11681144}}</ref> dan [[anjing]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hsus.org/pets/pet_care/dog_care/stay_dog_bite_free/questions_and_answers_about_dog_bites/ |title=Questions and Answers about Dog Bites |access-date=2013-12-08 |archive-date=2009-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304025320/http://www.hsus.org/pets/pet_care/dog_care/stay_dog_bite_free/questions_and_answers_about_dog_bites/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name= autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.dogbitelaw.com/PAGES/statistics.html |title=Statistics about dog bites in the USA and elsewhere |publisher=Dogbitelaw.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-18 |archive-date=2012-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006141603/http://www.dogbitelaw.com/dog-bite-statistics/dog-bite-statistics.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1= Tierney |first1= DM |last2= Strauss |first2= LP |last3= Sanchez |first3= JL |title=Capnocytophaga canimorsus Mycotic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Why the Mailman Is Afraid of Dogs |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=649–51 |year=2006 |pmid=16455937 |pmc=1392675 |doi=10.1128/JCM.44.2.649-651.2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/4142200.stm|title= Mail campaign over dog attacks|date= 11 August 2005|publisher= BBC News|access-date= 2013-12-08|archive-date= 2009-04-02|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090402033243/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/4142200.stm|dead-url= no}}</ref> yang berkeliaran di kawasan perkotaan maupun yang dipelihara oleh manusia, dapat menyebabkan luka dan menjadi vektor penyakit.

* [[Babi hutan]] menyerang kawasan perkebunan [[kelapa sawit]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://ditjenbun.deptan.go.id/perlindungan/berita-192-kendalikan-babi-hutan.html |title = Kendalikan Babi Hutan |accessdate = 9 Desember 2013 |website = Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia |archive-date = 2013-12-12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212020504/http://ditjenbun.deptan.go.id/perlindungan/berita-192-kendalikan-babi-hutan.html |dead-url = yes }}</ref>

* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/pestalert/ UF/IFAS Pest Alert Web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428070732/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/pestalert/ |date=2011-04-28 }} - [[arthropod]]s, [[nematode]]s and [[Plant pathology|plant diseases]] affecting humans, livestock/pets, agricultural and ornamental plants.