Hawaii: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Wagino Bot (bicara | kontrib) k →Etimologi: minor cosmetic change |
merapikan penulisan kalimat |
||
| (39 revisi perantara oleh 21 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{Infobox U.S. state
| name = Hawaii
| official_name = Negara Bagian Hawaii<br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em;">{{nobold|{{native name|haw|Moku{{okina}}āina o Hawai{{okina}}i}}}}</div>
| native_name = <div style="padding-top:0.25em;">{{nobold|{{native name|haw|Hawai{{okina}}i}}}}</div>
| image_flag = Flag of Hawaii.svg
| flag_link = Flag of Hawaii
| image_seal = Seal of the State of Hawaii.svg
| seal_link = Seal of Hawaii
| Former = Wilayah Hawaii
| image_map = Hawaii in United States (zoom) (US50).svg
| nickname = Negara Bagian [[Aloha]] (resmi), Surga Pasifik,<ref name="The Bookmark Book">{{cite book |url={{google books|tYMxBX7jlkkC|plainurl=yes|page=81}} |title=The Bookmark Book |first1=Carolyn S |last1=Brodie |first2=Debra |last2=Goodrich |first3=Paula Kay |last3=Montgomery |location=Englewood, CO |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |year=1996 |oclc=34164045 |isbn=9781563083006 |access-date=August 5, 2015}}</ref> Kepulauan Aloha, Negara Bagian 808<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/news/play-ball-holds-memorable-1st-event-in-hawaii-c300211446|title=Play Ball holds unforgettable 1st event in Hawaii|website=MLB.com|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=November 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119102424/https://www.mlb.com/news/play-ball-holds-memorable-1st-event-in-hawaii-c300211446|url-status=live}}</ref>
| motto = {{lang|haw|[[Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono]]}}{{break}}("Kehidupan Tanah Diabadikan dalam Kebenaran")<ref>{{cite web|title=Haw. Rev. Stat. § 5–9 (State motto)|author=Hawaii State Legislature|url=http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/HRS0005/HRS_0005-0009.htm|access-date=December 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015232149/http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/HRS0005/HRS_0005-0009.htm|archive-date=October 15, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| anthem = {{lang|haw|[[Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī|Hawai{{okina}}i Pono{{okina}}ī]]}}{{break}}(Hawai{{okina}}i's Milik Putra Sejati)<ref name="State Song">{{cite web|title=Haw. Rev. Stat. § 5–10 (State song) |author=Hawaii State Legislature |url=http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/HRS0005/HRS_0005-0010.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030116122656/http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/hrs0005/HRS_0005-0010.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 16, 2003 |access-date=December 9, 2013 }}</ref>
| seat = [[Honolulu]]
| LargestCity = Ibu kota
| LargestMetro = [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|Honolulu]]
| OfficialLangs = [[Bahasa Inggris|Inggris]], [[Bahasa Hawaii|Hawaiian]]
| population_demonym = Penduduk Hawaii,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016.pdf|title=Style Manual; An official guide to the form and style of Federal Government publishing|author=<!--Not stated-->|access-date=April 27, 2020|date=2016|publisher=United States Government Publishing Office|archive-date=July 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729022842/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaiian{{efn|Local usage generally reserves ''Hawaiian'' as an [[ethnonym]] referring to [[Native Hawaiians]]. ''Hawaii resident'' or ''from Hawaii'' is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity. ''Hawaii'' may also be used adjectivally. The ''[[Associated Press Stylebook]]'', 42nd ed. (2007), also prescribes this usage (p. 112).}}
| Governor = {{nowrap|[[Josh Green (politisi)|Josh Green]] ([[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|D]])}}
| Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Sylvia Luke]] (D)}}
| Legislature = [[Badan Legislatif Negara Bagian Hawaii|Badan Legislatif Negara Bagian]]
| Upperhouse = [[Senat Hawaii|Senat]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Hawaii|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]]
| Judiciary = [[Jaksa Agung Hawaii|Mahkamah Agung Hawaii]]
| Senators = {{plainlist|
* {{nowrap|[[Brian Schatz]] (D)}}
* {{nowrap|[[Mazie Hirono]] (D)}}}}
| Representative = [[Distrik kongres ke-1 Hawaii|1]]: [[Ed Case]] (D){{break}}[[Distrik kongres ke-2 Hawaii|2]]: [[Jill Tokuda]] (D)
| postal_code = HI
| TradAbbreviation = H.I.
| area_rank = {{ordinal|43}}
| area_total_sq_mi = 10,931
| area_total_km2 = 28,311
| area_land_sq_mi = 6,423
| area_land_km2 = 16,638
| area_water_sq_mi = 4,507
| area_water_km2 = 11,672
| area_water_percent = 41.2
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank = 40th
| 2010Pop = 1,455,271
| population_density_rank = {{ordinal|13}}
| 2000Density = 82.6
| 2000DensityUS = 221
| MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|83173|-2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/HI/INC110220|website=US Census Bureau|title=US Census Bureau QuickFacts: Hawaii|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=2023-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817085641/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/HI/INC110220|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| IncomeRank = [[Daftar negara bagian dan teritori A.S. berdasarkan pendapatan|4]]
| AdmittanceOrder = {{ordinal|50}}
| AdmittanceDate = {{start date and age|1959|08|21|mf=y}}
| timezone1 = [[Waktu Standar Hawaii-Aleut|Hawaii]]
| utc_offset1 = −10:00
| Longitude = 154° 48′ W to 178° 22′ W
| Latitude = 18° 55′ N to 28° 27′ N
| length_mi = 1,522
| width_mi = n/a
| width_km = n/a
| length_km = 2,450
| elevation_max_point = [[Mauna Kea]]<ref>{{cite ngs|id=TU2314|designation=Summit USGS 1977|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref>{{efn|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].}}{{efn|The summit of [[Mauna Kea]] is the highest point in Oceania. Mauna Kea is also the tallest mountain on Earth when measured from base to summit. The [[shield volcano]] sits on the floor of the Pacific Ocean at a depth of {{convert|5998|m|ft|0|sp=us}} for a total height of {{convert|10205.3|m|ft|0|sp=us}}}}
| elevation_max_ft = 13,796
| elevation_max_m = 4205.0
| elevation_ft = 3,030
| elevation_m = 920
| elevation_min_point = Samudra Pasifik<ref name=USGS/>
| elevation_min_ft = 0
| elevation_min_m = 0
| iso_code = US-HI
| website = portal.ehawaii.gov/
| Capital =
| Representatives =
}}
{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States
|state = Hawaii
|image_flag = Flag of Hawaii.svg
|image_seal = Seal of Hawaii.svg
|bird = {{lang|haw|[[Nene (bird)|Nene]]}}
|fish = {{lang|haw|[[Reef triggerfish|Humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa]]}}
|flower = {{lang|haw|[[Hawaiian hibiscus|Pua aloalo]]}}
|insect = {{lang|haw|[[Kamehameha butterfly|Pulelehua]]}}
|tree = [[Candlenut|{{lang|haw|Kukui|nocat=y}} tree]]
|dance = [[Hula]]
|food = [[Taro|{{lang|haw|Kalo|nocat=y}} (taro)]]
|gemstone = [[Black coral|{{lang|haw|ʻĒkaha kū moana|nocat=y}} (black coral)]]
|sport = [[Surfing|{{lang|haw|Heʻe nalu|nocat=y}} (surfing)]]
|image_route = HI-11.svg
|image_quarter = 2008 HI Proof.png
|quarter_release_date = 2008
}}
'''Hawaii''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Hawaii.ogg|h|ə|ˈ|w|aɪ|i}} {{respell|hə|WY|ee}}; {{lang-haw|Hawai{{okina}}i}}, {{IPA-haw|həˈvɐjʔi|}} atau {{IPA-haw|həˈwɐjʔi|}}) adalah negara bagian [[Amerika Serikat]] yang ke-50 dan diklaim sebagai bagian [[Amerika Serikat|AS]] pada tanggal 21 Agustus 1959 setelah perang bertahun-tahun dengan penduduk asli.<ref name=":0" /> Hawaii adalah satu-satunya [[Negara bagian Amerika Serikat|negara bagian]] (state) di AS yang terpisah dari [[benua Amerika]] dan berupa [[kepulauan]] sekaligus masuk kawasan [[Oseania]]. [[Kepulauan Hawaii|Kepulauan]] ini ditemukan oleh [[James Cook]], seorang penjelajah [[Inggris]] pada tanggal 10 Januari 1778. Penduduk asli kepulauan Hawaii adalah suku ''Hawai'i'' yang merupakan turunan bangsa [[Polinesia]].<ref>http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title48-chapter3-front&num=0&edition=prelim {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020204003/https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title48-chapter3-front&num=0&edition=prelim |date=2020-10-20 }} | title= 48 USC 3 Hawaii}}</ref>
==Etimologi==
Negara Bagian Hawaii mendapatkan namanya dari nama pulau terbesarnya yaitu {{lang|haw|[[Hawaii (pulau)|Hawai{{okina}}i]]|italic=no}}. Penjelasan umum tentang nama {{lang|haw|Hawai{{okina}}i|italic=no}} bahwa nama itu diambil dari {{lang|haw|[[Hawaiiloa|Hawai{{okina}}iloa]]|italic=no}} yang merupakan tokoh dari tradisi lisan Hawaii. Dia dikatakan telah menemukan pulau-pulau itu ketika mereka pertama kali menetap.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ethnomath.org/resources/cartwright1929.pdf |title=The Legend of Hawaii-loa |author=Bruce Cartwright |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |year=1929 |volume=38 |pages=105–121 |via=Ethnomathematics Digital Library (EDL) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713091306/http://www.ethnomath.org/resources/cartwright1929.pdf |archive-date=July 13, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiischoolreports.com/symbols/origins.htm |title=Origins of Hawaii's Names |access-date=February 24, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230195509/http://www.hawaiischoolreports.com/symbols/origins.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2006 }}</ref>
Kata [[Bahasa Hawaii]] {{lang|haw|Hawai{{okina}}i}} sangat mirip dengan [[Bahasa Proto-Polinesia|Proto-Polinesia]] ''Sawaiki'', jika [[Rekonstruksi linguistik|direkonstruksi]] berarti "tanah air".{{efn|1=Pollex—a reconstruction of the Proto-Polynesian lexicon, Biggs and Clark, 1994.<ref>{{cite book|last=Biggs|first=Bruce|date=1994|chapter=Does Māori have a closest relative?|pages=[https://archive.org/details/originsoffirstne0000unse/page/96 96]–105|editor-last=Sutton|editor-first=Douglas G.|title=The Origins of the First New Zealanders|url=https://archive.org/details/originsoffirstne0000unse|publisher=Auckland University Press|location=Auckland, NZ|isbn=978-1-86940-098-9}}{{break}}{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Ross|date=1994|chapter=Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence|pages=[https://archive.org/details/originsoffirstne0000unse/page/123 123]–135|editor-last=Sutton|editor-first=Douglas G.|title=The Origins of the First New Zealanders|url=https://archive.org/details/originsoffirstne0000unse|publisher=Auckland University Press|location=Auckland, NZ|isbn=978-1-86940-098-9}}</ref> Tanda bintang di depan kata menandakan bahwa itu adalah bentuk kata yang direkonstruksi.}} Sedarah dari {{lang|haw|Hawai{{okina}}i}} yang ditemukan dalam bahasa Polinesia lainnya, termasuk [[Bahasa Māori|Māori]] ({{lang|mi|Hawaiki}}), [[Kerajaan Rarotonga|Rarotongan]] ({{lang|rar|{{okina}}Avaiki}}) dan [[Bahasa Samoa|Samoa]] ({{lang|sm|[[Savai'i|Savai{{okina}}i]]}}). Menurut ahli bahasa Pukui dan Elbert,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pukui |first1=M.K. |first2=S.H. |last2=Elbert |title=Hawaiian Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/hawaiiandictiona0000mary |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu, HI |year=1986 |page=62 |isbn=978-0-8248-0703-0}}</ref> "di tempat lain di Polinesia, {{lang|haw|Hawai{{okina}}i}} adalah nama dunia bawah atau rumah leluhur, tetapi di Hawaii, nama itu tidak memiliki arti".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pukui |first1=M.K. |last2=Elbert |first2=S.H. |last3=Mookini |first3=E.T. |title=Place Names of Hawaii |url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofhawa0000puku |year=1974 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu, HI |isbn=978-0-8248-0208-0}}</ref>
===Ejaan nama negara===
Pada tahun 1978, bahasa Hawaii ditambahkan ke Konstitusi Negara Bagian Hawaii sebagai bahasa resmi negara bagian di samping bahasa Inggris.<ref>{{cite web |title=Article XV, Section 4 |website=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau |url=http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conart15.html |access-date=March 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101203129/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conart15.html |archive-date=November 1, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Judul konstitusi negara adalah ''Konstitusi Negara Bagian Hawaii''. Pasal{{nbs}}XV, Bagian{{nbs}}1 Konstitusi menggunakan ''Negara Bagian Hawaii''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Article XV, Section 1 |website=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau |url=http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conart15.html |access-date=March 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101203129/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conart15.html |archive-date=November 1, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Diakritik]] tidak digunakan karena dokumen tersebut disusun pada tahun 1949,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau |url=http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conorg.html |access-date=March 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309102450/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conorg.html |archive-date=March 9, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> mendahului penggunaan {{lang|haw|[[Braille bahasa Samoa|{{okina}}okina]]}} {{angbr|{{okina}}}} dan {{lang|haw|[[makron (diakritik)|kahakō]]}} dalam ortografi Hawaii modern. Ejaan yang tepat untuk nama negara bagian dalam bahasa Hawaii adalah {{lang|haw|Hawai{{okina}}i}}.{{efn|The {{lang|haw|[[Braille bahasa Samoa|ʻokina]]}}, yang menyerupai apostrof dan mendahului ''i'' terakhir di kata ''Hawai{{okina}}i'', itu adalah konsonan dalam bahasa Hawaii dan secara fonetik mewakili [[Konsonan letup celah-suara|glottal stop]] {{IPAc-en|ʔ}}.}} Dalam [[Hawaii Admission Act]] yang memberikan status negara bagian Hawaii, pemerintah federal menggunakan ''Hawaii'' untuk nama negara bagian. Publikasi resmi pemerintah, judul departemen dan kantor, dan [[Seal of Hawaii]] menggunakan ejaan tradisional tanpa simbol untuk glotal stop atau panjang vokal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wowpolynesia.com/hawaiian-language/ |title=Hawaiian language |publisher=Wow Polynesia |date=December 2, 2009 |access-date=April 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618030826/http://www.wowpolynesia.com/hawaiian-language/ |archive-date=June 18, 2011 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2023}}
==Sejarah ==
Asal-usul kata '''Hawaii''' berasal dari bahasa Proto-Polinesia (Polinesia Kuno), *''Sawaiki'' yang berarti "Tanah air".<ref>Pollex—a reconstruction of the Proto-Polynesian lexicon, Biggs and Clark, 1994. The asterisk preceding the word signifies that it is a reconstructed word form.</ref> [[Kerajaan Hawaii|Hawaii]] awalnya masih berupa kerajaan yang berturut-turut diperintah oleh raja [[Kamehameha I]] hingga [[Kamehameha IV]] lalu dilanjutkan oleh [[Lunailo]], [[Kalakaua]], dan pemimpin terakhir adalah [[Liliuokalani]]. Pada tahun 1898, kerajaan ini diinvasi oleh [[Amerika Serikat]] dengan bantuan [[misionaris|misionaris Kristen]] dan pedagang asal AS hingga diklaim sebagai negara bagian AS ke-50 setelah peperangan bertahun-tahun.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Matanasi|first=Petrik|title=Kisah Sedih Penjajahan Amerika Serikat di Hawaii|url=https://tirto.id/kisah-sedih-penjajahan-amerika-serikat-di-hawaii-cg7P|work=[[Tirto|Tirto.id]]|language=id|access-date=2020-02-09|archive-date=2022-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626143535/https://tirto.id/kisah-sedih-penjajahan-amerika-serikat-di-hawaii-cg7P|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== Bentang alam ==
Negara bagian ini hampir mencakup seluruh kepulauan vulkanik Hawaii, yang terdiri dari ratusan pulau yang tersebar sejauh 2.400 km (1.500 mil). Di ujung tenggara Kepulauan Hawaii, delapan pulau utama adalah (dari barat laut ke tenggara): [[Niihau|Niʻihau]], [[Kauai|Kauaʻi]], [[Oahu|Oʻahu]], [[Moloka'i|Molokaʻi]], [[Lanai|Lānaʻi]], [[Kahoolawe|Kahoʻolawe]], [[Maui]], dan [[Pulau Hawaiʻi.]] Pulau yang terakhir adalah pulau terbesar dalam kelompok tadi; Pulai ini sering disebut "Pulau Besar" atau "Pulau Hawaiʻi" untuk menghindari kebingungan dengan Negara Bagian Hawaiʻi atau [[Kepulauan Hawaii|Kepulauan Hawaiʻi]].
Hawaii merupakan salah satu pulau wisata paling terkenal di dunia, potensi keindahan alam serta wisata bahari yang sangat unik membuat Hawaii dikenal hampir seluruh pelosok dunia.{{Fact}}
== Tokoh ==
Salah satu tokoh terkenal asal Hawaii adalah Duke [[Kahanamoku]], yang merupakan penemu olahraga [[selancar]]. Dan [[Barrack Obama]] mantan [[Presiden Amerika Serikat]] ke-44 (2009 – 2017) lahir di Hawaii juga.
== Referensi ==
Baris 17 ⟶ 114:
{{commons|Category:Hawaii}}
{{wikivoyage|Hawaii}}
* {{en}} {{resmi|http://www.hawaii.gov/}}
* {{en}} [http://www.
{{United States}}
{{Negara bagian Hawaii}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Hawaii| ]]
[[Kategori:Negara bagian di Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Pulau di Oseania]]
| |||