Heinrich IV, Kaisar Romawi Suci: Perbedaan antara revisi

| issue = [[Agnes dari Jerman|Agnes dari Waiblingen ]]<br />[[Konrad II dari Italia]]<br />[[Heinrich V, Kaisar Romawi Suci]]

'''Heinrich IV''' (11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) adalah [[Kaisar Romawi Suci]] dari tahun 1084 sampai tahun 1105, [[Raja Orang Romawi|Raja Jerman]] dari tahun 1054 sampai tahun 1105, [[Raja Italia]] sekaligus [[Daftar Raja Burgundia|Burgundia]] dari tahun 1056 sampai tahun 1105, dan [[Daftar penguasa Bayern|Adipati Bayern]] dari tahun 1052 sampai tahun 1054. Ayahnya adalah [[Heinrich III, Kaisar Romawi Suci|Heinrich III]], Kaisar Romawi Suci kedua dari [[Dinasti Sali|wangsa Sali]], dan ibunya adalah [[Agnes dari Poitou]], putri [[Kadipaten Aquitaine|Adipati Aquitania]]. Ketika ayahnya mangkat pada tanggal 5 Oktober 1056, Heinrich belum cukup umur untuk memerintah sendiri, sehingga ibunya yang menjalankan pemerintahan selaku [[wali raja|pemangku takhta]]. Ibu Heinrich mengaruniakan banyak anugerah kepada para menak Jerman demi mengekalkan dukungan mereka. Tidak seperti mendiang suaminya, Agnes tidak berdaya mengendalikan proses pemilihan paus, sehingga gagasan "[[Libertas ecclesiae|kemerdekaan Gereja]]" menguat pada masa pemerintahannya. Kelemahan Agnes dimanfaatkan [[Anno II|Hanno II]], Uskup Agung Köln. Hanno II menculik Heinrich pada bulan April 1062, kemudian memerintah Jerman selaku pemangku takhta sampai Heinrich cukup umur untuk memerintah sendiri pada tahun 1065.

Heinrich menjalankan kebijakan politik aktif di Italia, sehingga membuat gerah [[Paus Gregorius VII]], pengganti Paus Aleksander II. Sri Paus mencoba menggertak dengan ancaman ekskomuniskasi atas kejahatan simoni, tetapi Heinrich malah membujuk sebagian besar uskup Jerman untuk mengeluarkan pernyataan pada tanggal 24 Januari 1076 bahwa Sri Paus tidak terpilih secara sah. Sri Paus membalas dengan mengekskomunikasi Heinrich dan membebaskan para [[pangeran Kekaisaran Romawi Suci]] dari sumpah setia mereka kepada Heinrich. Menak-menak Jerman yang memusuhi Heinrich meminta Sri Paus menggelar sidang gelar perkara Heinrich di Jerman. Demi mencegah terlaksananya sidang tersebut, Heinrich melakukan perjalanan dari Jerman sampai ke kota [[Canossa]] di Italia untuk menghadap Sri Paus. [[Perjalanan menuju Canossa]] yang ia tempuh sebagai laku silih itu tidaklah sia-sia. Sri Paus tidak punya pilihan selain mengampuninya pada bulan Januari 1077. Seteru-seteru Heinrich di Jerman mengabaikan kenyataan bahwa Heinrich sudah diampuni Sri Paus dan memilih [[Rudolf dari Rheinfelden]] menjadi [[antiraja|Raja Jerman tandingan]] pada tanggal 14 Maret 1077. Mulanya Sri Paus bersikap netral dalam konflik antara Heinrich dan Rudolf, sehingga Heinrich berkesempatan mengukuhkan kedudukannya. Heinrich melanjutkan kebijakan mengangkat sendiri pejabat-pejabat tinggi gerejawi, sehingga sekali lagi diekskomunikasi Sri Paus pada tanggal 7 Maret 1080. Sebagian besar uskup di Jerman dan kawasan utara Italia tetap setia kepada Heinrich. Mereka memilih Uskup Agung Ravenna menjadi paus tandingan dengan nama [[Antipaus Klemens III|Klemens III]]. Rudolf dari Rheinfelden gugur dalam pertempuran, dan penggantinya, [[Hermann dari Salm]], hanya berdaulat di daerahKadipaten Sachsen saja. Mulai tahun 1081, Heinrich melancarkan serangkaian kampanye militer ke Italia, dan dinobatkan menjadi Kaisar Romawi Suci oleh Antipaus Klemens III di Roma pada tanggal 1 April 1084.

Sesudah Hermann dari Salm mangkat, Heinrich menundukkan daerahKadipaten Sachsen dengan bantuan para menak setempat pada tahun 1088. Ia melancarkan invasi ke wilayah kekuasaan [[Matilde dari Toskana]], sekutu utama Sri Paus di Italia, pada tahun 1089. Mathilde berhasil meyakinkan putra tertua Heinrich, [[Konrad II dari Italia|Konrad II]], untuk memerangi ayahnya sendiri pada tahun 1093. Persekutuan Matilde dengan [[Welf I, Adipati Bayern]], menghalangi kepulangan Heinrich ke Jerman sampai Heinrich berdamai dengan Welf pada tahun 1096. Sepeninggal Antipaus Klemens III, Heinrich tidak mendukung pemilihan paus tandingan baru, tetapi juga tidak berdamai dengan [[Paus Paskalis II]]. Pada tahun 1103, Heinrich memberlakukan ''[[Landfrieden|Reichsfriede]]'' (kerukunan hidup bernegara) di seantero wilayah Jerman. Ia dipaksa turun takhta oleh putra bungsunya, yang juga bernama [[Heinrich V, Kaisar Romawi Suci|Heinrich]], pada tanggal 31 Desember 1105. Ketika berusaha merebut kembali singgasana dengan bantuan para menak Lothringen, Heinrich jatuh sakit dan akhirnya wafat sebelum hukuman ekskomunikasinya dicabut. Peran besarnya dalam [[Kontroversi Penobatan|Kontroversi Investitur]], perjalanannya menuju Canossa, serta konfliknya dengan putra-putra maupun istrinya membuat Heinrich dikenal sebagai tokoh dengan reputasi yang kontroversial. Di satu pihak ia dipandang tidak lebih dari seorang tiran, sementara di lain pihak ia dikagumi sebagai penguasa teladan, pengayom kaum papa.

Heinrich adalah kepala monarki ketiga dari [[Dinasti Sali|wangsa Sali]], wangsa yang menguasai singgasana [[Kerajaan Jerman]] dari tahun 1024 sampai tahun 1125.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=113}} Pada abad ke-11, raja-raja Jerman juga berdaulat atas [[Kerajaan Italia (Kekaisaran Romawi Suci)|Italia]] dan [[Kerajaan Arles|Burgundia]], serta berhak menyandang gelar Kaisar Romawi Suci. Wangsa Sali yakin bahwa hak menyandang gelar Kaisar Romawi Suci membuat mereka pantas menjadi pemimpin segenap umat Kristen dan mengendalikan proses pemilihan paus di Roma.{{sfn|Barber|2004|pp=197–198}} Roma sesungguhnya didominasi para menak setempatlokal, [[Daftar Conte Tusculum|Tusculani]] dan [[Crescentii|Crescenzi]], yang bersaing mengunggulkan orang-orang mereka menjadi calon paus.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|pp=43–44}} Perseteruan kedua trah ningrat tersebut menimbulkan skandal-skandal yang berpuncak pada kemunculan tiga orang paus yang menjabat bersamaan pada tahun 1045, yakni [[Paus Benediktus IX]], [[Paus Silvester III]], dan [[Paus Gregorius VI]].{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=44}}{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=56}} Demi mengakhiri [[skisma]], ayah Heinrich, [[Heinrich III, Kaisar Romawi Suci|Kaisar Heinrich III]], berangkat ke Italia melintasi [[Alpen|Pegunungan Alpen]] dan menggelar [[Konsili Sutri|sinode di Sutri]] pada tanggal 20 Desember 1046.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=113}} Sinode memutuskan untuk memecat ketiga paus petahana dan mengangkat [[prelatus]] asal Jerman, Suidger, Uskup Bamberg, menjadi [[Paus Klemens II]].{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=57}}

Kaisar Heinrich III sangat mengedepankan matra keimaman jabatan raja, merujuk kepada amalan mengurapi raja dengan minyak suci ketika dinobatkan, sama seperti para imam ketika ditahbiskan.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=39}} Sebagai orang yang taat beragama, Kaisar Heinrich III memandang dirinya sebagai "[[Vikar Kristus|Wakil Kristus]]", insan yang diberi amanah untuk mewujudkan kemaslahatan negara maupun Gereja.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=49}} BangsaWarga RomawiRoma memberinya gelar ''[[patricius (Eropa pasca-Romawi)|Patricius]]'' (bangsawan) sebagai tanda pengakuan bahwa ia dan keturunannya berhak menjadi pemberi suara pertama dalam proses pemilihan paus.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=128}} Gelar baru ini memungkinkannya untuk memuluskan jalan bagi kaum rohaniwan Jerman menuju takhta kepausan.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=45}} [[Paus Leo IX|Paus Leo IX]], paus ketiga yang berkebangsaan Jerman, berasal dari [[Lorraine|Lothringen]], provinsipraja yang menjadi basis utama para rohaniwan reformis. Kaum rohaniwan reformis bercita-cita memurnikan Gereja melalui penerapan kembali [[hukum kanon Gereja Katolik|hukum-hukum kanon]] kuno (atau yang diyakini kuno), dan Paus Leo IX dengan antusias mengusung gagasan-gagasan mereka di Roma. Ia melarang praktik simoni (lelang jabatan gerejawi) dan menganjurkan [[Selibat klerikal (Gereja Katolik)|amalan selibat bagi rohaniwan]].{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|pp=64–65, 70–74}} Campur tangan kaisar dalam hal-ihwal gerejawi pada akhirnya tidak dapat dirukunkan dengan pendirian kelompok reformis mengenai "kemerdekaan Gereja" yang menghendaki lembaga-lembaga gerejawi hanya tunduk kepada Takhta Suci. Konflik antara kedua pendirian ini memuncak pada masa pemerintahan Heinrich IV, dan berkembang menjadi konfrontasi yang dikenal dengan sebutan "[[kontroversi Penobatan|Kontroversi Investitur]]".{{sfn|Barber|2004|pp=87–91}}

Baik Jerman, Italia, maupun Burgundia terdiri atas provinsipraja-provinsipraja semimerdeka yang masing-masing dikepalai seorang prelatus atau seorang menak nonrohaniwan.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=2}} Para prelatus (uskup atau abas) bukan hanya sekadar pemilik tanah yang kaya raya, mereka juga berperan besar dalam penyelenggaraan negara. Setahun sekali mereka wajib mempersembahkan hadiah kepada raja, dan secara berkala melaksanakan karya-karya bakti tertentu bagi kepentingan raja, antara lain memungut pajak dan menyalurkan santunan.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=36}} Para adipati adalah menak-menak nonrohaniwan yang paling berkuasa di Jerman. Mereka adalah panglima-panglima militer, tetapi juga bertanggung jawab menegakkan keadilan.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=2–3}} Raja kadang-kadang merangkap jabatan adipati atau mengusahakan agar jabatan adipati dipegang para sentana, tetapi cepat atau lambat mereka harus mengisi jabatan-jabatan adipati yang lowong, karena daulat raja bergantung kepada dukungan menak-menak terkuat.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=41}}

Menjelang akhir hayatnya, Kaisar Heinrich III berselisih dengan adipati-adipati yang berpengaruh. Tanpa seizin kaisar, [[Gottfried III, Adipati Lothringen|Gottfried Si Berewok]], [[Kadipaten Lorraine|Adipati Lothringen Hulu]], nekat memperistri [[Beatrix dari Lothringen|Beatrix dari Toskana]], seorang janda kaya. Kaisar Heinrich III juga membuat geram Adipati Sachsen, [[Bernhard II, Adipati Sachsen|Berhard II]], dengan mendukung seteru utama sang adipati, [[Adalbert dari Hamburg|Adalbert]], [[Keuskupan Agung Hamburg|Uskup Agung Hamburg]], menyerobot beberapa daerah di Kadipaten Sachsen.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|pp=41–42}} Raja-raja wangsa Sali, yang mewarisi daerah-daerah pertuanan di Sachsen dari pendahulu mereka, [[Wangsa Ottonian|wangsa Otto]], kerap berkunjung ke Sachsen. Kunjungan-kunjungan yang berkepanjangan tersebut membuat gerah para menak Sachsen karena mereka menjadi lebih rentan digerecoki pemerintah pusat daripada para menak di daerahpraja-praja lain. Ketidaksukaan para menak Sachsen terhadap penguasa dari wangsa Sali meletuskan beberapa kali pemberontakan pada masa pemerintahan Heinrich IV.{{sfn|Leyser|1982|p=94}}

Negara-negara tetangga Kekaisaran Romawi Suci juga tidak kurang menimbulkan masalah. Kaisar Heinrich III melancarkan ekspedisi-ekspedisi penghukuman ke [[Kadipaten Bohemia]] dengan tujuan memaksa si adipati pembangkang, [[Bretislav I dari Bohemia|Bretislav I]], untuk bersumpah setia kepadanya. [[Péter dari HongariaHungaria|Péter, Raja HongariaHungaria]], yang naik takhta dengan bantuan Kaisar Heinrich III, juga bersumpah setia kepadanya, tetapi dimakzulkan pada tahun 1046. Kaisar Heinrich III menginvasi HongariaHungaria, tetapi tidak berhasil menundukkan pengganti Péter, [[András I dari HongariaHungaria|András I]].{{sfn|Hill|2020|pp=85, 94}}{{sfn|Schutz|2010|pp=125–126}} András mengangkat adiknya, [[Béla IV dari HongariaHungaria|Béla]], menjadi calon penggantinya. Konflik-konflik antara András dan Béla, maupun antara putra-putra mereka, memuncak pada dasawarsa pertama masa pemerintahan Heinrich IV, dan memancing Jerman untuk memerangi HongariaHungaria.{{sfn|Zupka|2016|pp=73–74}} Kaisar Heinrich III memperluas wilayah kekuasaannya dengan mendaulat negara-negara di kawasan selatan Italia, termasuk dua [[Wilayah (pembagian administratif)|praja kabupaten]] [[Orang Norman Italia|bangsaorang Norman]], [[Daftar conte Aversa|Aversa]] dan [[Kadipaten Puglia dan Calabria|Apulia]], pada tahun 1047.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=129}} Meskipun demikian, ketidakhadirannya di kawasan itu membatasi keberdayaannya meredam sepak terjang para petualang Norman, sehingga ia memutuskan untuk mewakilkan kepentingan-kepentingannya di kawasan selatan Italia kepada Sri Paus.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=39–40}}

Heinrich lahir pada tanggal 11 November 1050. Ayahnya adalah Heinrich III, [[Kaisar Romawi Suci]], dan ibunya adalah [[Agnes dari Poitou]], istri kedua Heinrich III.{{sfn|Hill|2020|p=93}} Heinrich junior mungkin sekali lahir di kediaman ayahnya, [[Istana Kaisar di Goslar]].{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=19}} Kelahirannya sudah lama dinanti-nanti, karena sekalipun Kaisar Heinrich III sudah dikaruniai empat orang putri, kawulanya telanjur percaya bahwa hanya ahli waris laki-laki sajalah yang mampu memelihara "ketenteraman negara" (sebagaimana yang dikemukakan [[Hermann II, Uskup Agung Köln]], dalam salah satu khotbahnya).{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=19}}{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=139}} Mulanya Heinrich junior diberi nama Konrad, mengikuti nama kakeknya, [[Konrad II, Kaisar Romawi Suci|Kaisar Konrad II]], tetapi [[Hugues dari Kluni|Hugo, Abas Biara Cluny]], yang ditunjuk Kaisar Heinrich III menjadi [[wali baptis]] Heinrich junior, meyakinkan sang kaisar agar menamai ahli warisnya mengikuti namanyanama dirinya sendiri.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=139}} Dalam perayaan Natal tahun 1050 di [[Pöhlde]], Sachsen, Kaisar Heinrich III menetapkan Heinrich junior yang masih bayi menjadi putra mahkota.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=139}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=20–21}}

Heinrich junior dinobatkan Uskup Agung Hermann menjadi Raja Jerman di [[Aachen]] pada tanggal 17 Juli 1054.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=22}}{{sfn|Hill|2020|p=101}} Mungkin sekali pada kesempatan yang sama, [[Konrad II, Adipati Bayern|Konrad]], adik Heinrich yang baru berumur dua tahun, diangkat menjadi Adipati Bayern oleh Kaisar Heinrich III.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=22}} Sesudah Konrad wafat pada tahun 1055, pemerintahan Kadipaten Bayern diserahkan kaisar kepada Permaisuri Agnes.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=28, 98}} Kaisar Heinrich III menjodohkan Heinrich junior dengan [[Bertha dari Savoia|Berta dari Savoia]] menjelang akhir tahun 1055.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=25}} Orang tua Berta, [[Adelaide dari Susa|Adelaide, ''Margravia''Bupati Turin]], dan [[Otto, Conte Savoia|Otto, Bupati Savoia]], menguasai kawasan barat laut Italia. Kaisar Heinrich III ingin mengukuhkan persekutuannya dengan mereka dalam rangka menghadapi adipati pembangkang, Gottfried Si Berewok.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=25}}

Kaisar Heinrich III mendadak sakit parah seusai menyantap hati rusa jantan pada akhir bulan September 1056.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=25}} Menurut sejarawan Herbert Schutz, sakit yang diderita sang kaisar disebabkan oleh kelelahan.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=138}} Dalam kondisi sekaratsakratulmaut, sang kaisar mempercayakan putranya kepada perlindungan [[Paus Viktor II]] yang jauh-jauh datang ke Jerman untuk meminta perlindungan kaisar menghadapi sepak terjang para penguasa Norman di kawasan selatan Italia.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=52}}{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=82}} Kaisar Heinrich III tutup usia pada tanggal 5 Oktober 1056.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=26}}

Pada usia enam tahun, Heinrich menjadi penguasa tunggal Kekaisaran Romawi Suci.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=52}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=26}} Paus Viktor II mendudukkan Heinrich di atas singgasana kiani di Aachen dan membujuk para menak Jerman untuk bersumpah setia kepada raja baru mereka yang masih kanak-kanak itu.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=26}} Ibu Suri Agnes terpaksa mengurungkan rencananya menjadi [[biarawati]] karena diangkat menjadi [[wali raja|pemangku takhta]] mewakili putranya.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|pmp=52}} Agnes mengurusi pendidikan putranya dengan bantuan seorang ''[[ministerialis]]'' (abdi dalem) bernama Kuno.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=48}} Ia mengukuhkan dukungan menak-menak terkuat dengan jalan mengaruniakan banyak anugerah kepada mereka.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=57}} Agnes juga berdamai dengan Gottfried Si Berewok, dan mengangkat seteru lain dari mendiang suaminya, [[Konrad III, Adipati Kärnten|Konrad]] dari [[wangsa Ezzonen|wangsa Ezzo]], menjadi [[Kadipaten Kärnten|Adipati Kärnten]].{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=31}}

Agnes memegang kendali penuh atas penyelengaraan negara selaku [[wali raja|pemangku takhta]] sesudah Paus Viktor II meninggalkan Jerman pada awal tahun 1057,{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=27}} tetapi ia kurang memperhatian Burgundia dan Italia.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=143}} Heinrich mewarisi gelar ''Patricius'' yang didapatkan mendiang ayahnya dari bangsawarga RomawiRoma, tetapi konsep "kemerdekaan Gereja" kian mengental di Roma pada masa perwaliannya.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|pp=52–53}} Pengganti Paus Viktor II, [[Paus Stefanus IX]], adik Gottfried Si Berewok, terpilih pada awal bulan Agustus tanpa campur tangan kepala negara Kekaisaran Romawipemerintah Sucikekaisaran.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=37}}

Sekelompok menak Sachsen berkomplot untuk menjatuhkan Heinrich. Mereka khawatir, jika sudah cukup umur untuk memerintah sendiri, Heinrich akan melanjutkan kebijakan-kebijakan opresif mendiang ayahnya. Mereka membujuk [[Otto, Markgraf Nordmark|Otto dari Nordmark]], yang baru saja pulang dari pengasingan, untuk melancarkanmelakukan kudeta. Dua orang kerabat Heinrich, [[Bruno II]] dan [[EgbertEkbert I, Markgraf Meissen|EgbertEkbert I dari Braunschweig]], menyerbu paramenyergap anggota-anggota komplotan makar. Meskipun berhasil menewaskan Otto, Bruno terluka parah dalam aksi penyerbuanpenyergapan.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=63}}

Pada tahun 1057, Agnes mengangkat seorang menak kaya, Rudolf dari Rheinfelden, menjadi [[Adipati Schwaben]], dan mempercayakan pemerintahan Burgundia kepadanya.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=57}}{{sfn|Vollrath|1995|p=52}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=33–34}} Gottfried Si Berewok mengambil alih pemerintahan daerahpraja [[Kadipaten Spoleto|Spoleto]] dan praja [[Marca Fermo|Kabupaten Fermo]], mungkin sekali atas dasarsebagai anugerah dari kepala negara Kekaisaran Romawipemerintah Sucikekaisaran.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=32}} Selentingan-selentingan tentang niat Gottfried untuk merebut takhta kekaisaran dengan bantuan Paus Stefanus IX tersiar di Italia, tetapi Sri Paus wafat tanpa diduga-duga pada tanggal 29 Maret 1058.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=33}}

ParaTanpa berembuk terlebih dahulu dengan wakil-wakil Heinrich, para menak RomawiRoma mendudukkanmemilih salah seorang dari antara mereka menjadi paus baru, yakni [[Antipaus Benediktus X|Giovanni, Kardinal-Uskup Velletri]], di atas takhta kepausan tanpa berembuk terlebih dahulu dengan wakil-wakil Heinrich. Giovanni memutuskan menggunakanmemakai nama Benediktus X sebagaiselaku paus baru, tetapi [[Petrus Damianus]], [[Keuskupan Suburbikaris Ostia|Kardinal-Uskup Ostia]], menolak melantiknya. DenganMenurut demikianconsecrate himtradisi, althoughmelantik thepaus consecrationbaru ofadalah akewenangan newistimewa popeUskup had been the Ostian bishops' traditional privilegeOstia. Para kardinal bersidang di Firenze, tempat Paus Stefanus IX tutup usia, untuk membicarakan pemilihan pengganti mendiang Sri Pauspenggantinya. Mereka berencana menjadikanmemilih Uskup Firenze, [[PuasPaus NicholasNikolas II|Gerard]], menjadi paus baru, dan mengirim utusan ke Jerman untuk mengabarkan rencana mereka kepada Heinrich.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|pp=85–86}}{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|pp=52–53}} "Sesudah bermufakat dengan para [[pangeran Kekaisaran Romawi Suci|pangeran]]", Heinrich mengesahkanmengukuhkan keterpilihanpencalonan Gerard pada tanggal 7 Juni di [[Augsburg]].{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=37}} Raja HongariaHungaria, AndrasAndrás I, juga mengirim perutusan ke Jerman pada bulan September 1058.{{sfn|Zupka|2016|p=73}} AndrasAndrás inginhendak mengangkatmenobatkan [[Salomon, Raja HongariaHungaria|Salomon]], putranya yang baru berumur lima tahun, menjadi putra mahkotapenggantinya, dandengan dengan demikian mengabaikan klaimhak adiknya untuk menjadimewarisi calontakhta penggantinyaKerajaan Hungaria sepeninggal dirinya.{{sfn|Zupka|2016|p=73}} Para dutaUtusan-utusan HongariaHungaria dan wakil-wakil Heinrich berbasilberhasil mencapai kata sepakat, dan kakak Heinrich, [[Judith dari Schwaben|Judith]], dipertunangkan dengan Salomon.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=37}}{{sfn|Zupka|2016|p=73}}<!--

TheKaum reformistrohaniwan clericsreformis elected Bishopmemilih Gerard popemenjadi inpaus Florencebaru indi DecemberFirenze pada bulan Desember 1058.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=37}} HeSelaku paus, Gerard tookmemakai thenama nameNikolaus Nicholas&nbsp;II.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=37}}{{sfn|Tabacco|1995|p=84}} GodfreyGottfried theSi BeardedBerewok accompaniedmenyertai himkeberangkatan toPaus RomeNikolaus andII ke Roma dan memaksa Antipaus forcedBenediktus AntipopeX Benedictuntuk tohengkang leavedari thekota cityitu.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=86}} His advisorPenasihatnya, the monkrahib [[PopePaus GregoryGregorius VII|Hildebrand]], was determined to strengthen thebertekad autonomymengukuhkan ofotonomi thelembaga papacykepausan.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=144}}{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|pp=44, 53}} TheSri PopePaus held amenggelar [[synodsinode]] whichyang issuedmenghasilkan a decree,maklumat ''[[In nomine Domini]]'',. establishingMaklumat theini [[Cardinalmenetapkan (Catholicpara Church)|cardinals[[kardinal]]' rightsebagai topihak electyang theberwenang popesmemilih aspaus, berlawanan againstdengan [[PapalPemilihan selectionkepausan beforesebelum 1059|electionadat pemilihan paus oleh bywarga peopledan androhaniwan clergyRoma]], whichyang hadpernah beendimanipulasi manipulatedKaisar byHeinrich Henry&nbsp;III.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=53}}{{sfn|Vollrath|1995|pp=52–53}} ReferringMaklumat toyang menyebut Heinrich Henry&nbsp;IV assebagai "presentlyraja kingyang andsekarang withbertakhta thedan helpdengan ofpertolongan GodAllah emperor-to-beniscaya kelak menjadi kaisar", theini decreejuga alsomengakui confirmedhak-hak theprerogatif emperors'Kaisar existingRomawi prerogativesSuci overterkait papalproses elections,pemilihan butpaus, withouttetapi specifyingtidak themmemerincinya.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=39}}{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=94}} AsMeskipun early as 1057–1058demikian, however, Cardinal [[HumbertHumbertus, ofKardinal-Uskup Silva Candida]], questionedsudah themulai monarchs'mempertanyakan righthak toraja-raja investuntuk clericsmengangkat withrohaniwan bishopricsmenjadi anduskup abbeysatau inabas hisdalam treatisesrisalah-risalah againstpenentangan simonysimoni yang ia tulis seawal-awalnya antara tahun 1057 sampai 1058.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=89}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=115}}{{sfn|Vollrath|1995|p=51}}

PopePaus NicholasNikolaus investedII twomengangkat Normandua rulersorang pemimpin orang Norman, [[Robert Guiscard]] anddan [[Richard I ofdari Capua]], withmenjadi southernpenguasa Italianpraja-praja duchieskadipaten indi kawasan selatan Italia pada tahun 1059. InSebagai returnbalasannya, theorang NormansNorman sworebersumpah fealtysetia tokepada theSri PopePaus anddan promisedberjanji toakan supportmembantu himmelawan againstmusuh-musuhnya. hisMungkin enemies,sekali probablymusuh-musuh theyang Romandimaksud aristocratsadalah para menak Roma. AlthoughMeskipun praja-praja kadipaten di kawasan selatan Italia adalah bagian dari thewilayah duchieskedaulatan wereKekaisaran imperialRomawi fiefsSuci, Nicholas'stindakan actionSri didPaus nottersebut necessarilytidak trespassdapat ondianggap imperialmelangkahi rightshak-hak kaisar, becausekarena thesudah popessatu haddasawarsa actedlamanya aspara thepaus emperors'bertindak representativesselaku inwakil southernkaisar Italydi forkawasan aselatan decadeItalia. Howevermeskipun demikian, the Pope's [[Treaty ofPersetujuan Melfi|treatymufakat withantara theSri NormansPaus dan orang Norman]] forgedmelahirkan persekutuan theiryang lastingbertahan alliancelama.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=55}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=39–40}}

[[File:Kaiser Heinrich IV springt.jpg|thumb|left|alt=AnHeinrich engravingmenceburkan depictingdiri ake boySungai whoRhein jumpsdari fromatas aperahu shipUskup intoAgung a river; a bearded bishop raises his arms|Henry jumps from ArchbishopKöln, [[Anno II|Hanno of CologneII]]'s, shipdi intoKaiserswerth thepada Rhine at Kaiserswerth intahun 1062 (gambar [[engravinggravir]] bykarya [[Bernhard Rode]], 1781).]]

Large parcels of the royal [[demesne]] were distributed during HenryHeinrich's minority, and he decided to recover them around 1069.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=62}} The bulk of the royal estates had been in Saxony.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=62}} HenryHeinrich sent [[Swabia]]n ''ministeriales'' to the duchy to investigate property rights. The appointment of non-native unfree officials offended the Saxons, especially because the new officials ignored their traditional [[civil procedure]]s.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=62}}{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=150}} New castles were built in Saxony and HenryHeinrich manned them with SwabianSchwaben soldiers.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=62}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=82–83}} Like his father, HenryHeinrich spent more time in Saxony than in other parts of GermanyJerman and the accommodation of his retinue was the Saxons' irksome duty.{{sfn|Leyser|1982|pp=93–94}} The Thuringians were also outraged that HenryHeinrich supported Archbishop Siegfried of Mainz's claim to collect tithes from them, although most Thuringians had been exempted from the church tax for centuries.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=64}} The [[March of Lusatia|MargraveBupati ofLusatia Lower LusatiaHilir]], [[Dedi I, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark|Dedi&nbsp; I]], was the first Saxon lord to rebel.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=64}} He claimed [[benefice]]s that [[Adela of Louvain (d.1083)|his wife]]'s former husband, [[Otto I, Margrave of Meissen]], had held, but HenryHeinrich refused him in 1069.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=64}}{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=112}} Dedi approached the Thuringians for help, but after HenryHeinrich's promise to confirm their exemption from tithes the Thuringians joined the royal army. HenryHeinrich invaded Dedi's domains and forced him to surrender.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=64}}

Otto of Nordheim held vast estates in Saxony.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=62}} After a nobleman, Egeno, accused him of plotting against HenryHeinrich's life, Otto was summoned to "purge himself of that charge in single combat" early in August 1070. The contemporary historian [[Bruno the Saxon]] stated that HenryHeinrich had paid Egeno to accuse Otto, but his account is biased.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=68}} Fearing his case would not be judged fairly, Otto disobeyed the summons and fled from Bavaria to Saxony.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=62}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=65–66, 68}} He was soon outlawed and his benefices were confiscated.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=68}} HenryHeinrich invaded Otto's Saxon domains, but Otto raided the royal estates in Thuringia.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=68}} [[Ordulf, Duke of Saxony]], and most Saxon aristocrats remained loyal to HenryHeinrich , but Ordulf's son and heir, [[Magnus, Duke of Saxony|Magnus]], joined Otto's revolt.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=70}} HenryHeinrich ceded Bavaria to Otto's wealthy son-in-law, Welf, at Christmas 1070.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=112}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=69–71}} Without their peers' support, Otto and Magnus had to surrender. HenryHeinrich placed them in the German dukes' and bishops' custody on 12&nbsp;June 1071.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=71}}

Archbishop Adalbert of Bremen convinced HenryHeinrich to release Otto of Nordheim in May 1072, but Magnus of Saxony remained imprisoned.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=62}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=72}} Before long, Adalbert died and HenryHeinrich seized his treasury—an early example of the application of the ''[[jus spolii]]'' by a German monarch.{{sfn|Leyser|1982|p=223}} HenryHeinrich started appointing low-ranking men to royal offices in the whole kingdom and this practice outraged the German aristocrats. Rudolf of Rheinfelden and Berthold of Zähringen returned to their duchies from the royal court and rumours accusing them of plotting against the King spread in GermanyJerman.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=92}} Rudolf appealed to Agnes of Poitou, asking her to reconcile him with her son.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=125–126}} Agnes who had moved to Rome in 1065 returned to GermanyJerman and mediated a reconciliation in July 1072. It proved temporary because HenryHeinrich did not dismiss his advisors.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=92, 126}} Agnes shared the dukes' negative views of HenryHeinrich's advisors and persuaded Pope Alexander to excommunicate at least five of them in February 1073,{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=113}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=125}} though HenryHeinrich did not sever ties with them.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=129}}

[[File:SalamounUhry.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A miniature depicting a bearded bald man before an other bearded man who sits on a throne and wears a crown|HenryHeinrich's brother-in-law, King Solomon of Hungary, appeals to HenryHeinrich for help ([[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]] in the 14th-century ''[[Chronicon Pictum|Vienna Illuminated Chronicle]]'').]]

Appointments to the highest church offices remained crucial elements of HenryHeinrich's authority: the practice enabled him to demand benefices for his supporters from the wealthy bishops and abbots, but the reformist clergy condemned it as simony.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=120}} When HenryHeinrich appointed a Milanese nobleman, [[Gotofredo da Castiglione|Gotofredo]], to the [[Archbishopric of Milan]] in 1070, Pope Alexander&nbsp;II excommunicated the new archbishop. HenryHeinrich obtained Gotofredo's consecration, however, which brought him into a prolonged conflict with the Holy See.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=63}}{{sfn|Barber|2004|p=87}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=124}} The [[Prince-Bishopric of Constance|Bishopric of Constance]] became another source of conflict in 1070 after the local clerics appealed to the Holy See to prevent the installation of HenryHeinrich's candidate, Charles of Magdeburg, to the episcopal see.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=118}} HenryHeinrich denied Charles had bribed him, but he publicly admitted at a synod that his advisors may have received money from Charles.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=118}} Pope Alexander&nbsp;II decided to investigate and summoned all German bishops who had been accused of simony or corruption to Rome, but he died in two months.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=120}} The Romans proclaimed Hildebrand as his successor on 22&nbsp;April 1073.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=113}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=125}}

Hildebrand, who assumed the name Gregory&nbsp;VII, did not seek confirmation from HenryHeinrich.{{sfn|Barber|2004|p=87}}{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=113}} He did not challenge HenryHeinrich's prerogatives, but he was convinced a monarch who had regular contacts with excommunicated people could not intervene in church affairs.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=113}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=129}} He regarded lay investiture as the principal barrier to completing the reform of the Church and challenged royal appointments, taking advantage of individual complaints against German prelates.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|pp=148–149}} HenryHeinrich's Italian chancellor, [[Gregory (bishop of Vercelli)|Bishop Gregory of Vercelli]], and an assembly of the German bishops, urged the King to declare Gregory's election invalid, because he had been proclaimed pope by the Romans instead of being elected by the cardinals. The German dukes and Godfrey the Bearded's influential widow, Beatrice of Tuscany, convinced HenryHeinrich that he should cooperate with the Pope.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=129–130}}

[[Bolesław II the Generous|Bolesław&nbsp;II]], [[Duke of Poland]], invaded Bohemia in early 1073, and HenryHeinrich decided to launch a punitive action against him.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=72}} He ordered the Saxon aristocrats to assemble at Goslar, where on 29&nbsp;June they asked HenryHeinrich to redress their grievances. HenryHeinrich made no concessions and withdrew from Goslar to [[Harzburg]].{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=72–73}}{{sfn|Leyser|1982|p=94}} Otto of Nordheim soon convinced the assembled Saxons to take up arms for their liberties.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=150}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=73}} The Saxons marched to Harzburg, but HenryHeinrich had fled to Eschwege.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=73}} The Thuringians and the Saxons concluded an alliance and captured [[Lüneburg]].{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=73–74}} To save the life of the commander of Lüneburg, HenryHeinrich released Magnus of Saxony, whom the rebels acknowledged as their lawful duke without seeking royal confirmation.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=90}} The German dukes and bishops did not come to HenryHeinrich's rescue, and the rebels began attacking the royal castles.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=91}} To prevent the rebellious Saxon bishops from securing the Pope's support, HenryHeinrich addressed a letter of penance to the Pope, admitting he had been involved in simony.{{sfn|Barber|2004|pp=87–88}} He claimed his youthful arrogance had been responsible for his sins and blamed his advisors for his acts.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=160}}

Siegfried of Mainz, Anno of Cologne, Rudolf of Rheinfelden, Berthold of Zähringen and other German aristocrats came to [[Gerstungen]] to begin negotiations with the Saxon leaders in October 1073.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=91}} They tried to persuade HenryHeinrich to redress the Saxons' grievances, but he was determined to crush the revolt.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=91}} A month later, HenryHeinrich's servant Regenger informed Rudolf and Berthold that HenryHeinrich was planning to murder them.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=93}} Regenger was ready to prove his words in a judicial duel, but he died unexpectedly in January 1074. His statements, however, deepened the conflict between the King and the two dukes.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=93}} HenryHeinrich, who had just recovered from an illness, moved to Worms.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=93}} The local bishop, [[Adalbert II (bishop of Worms)|Adalbert]], denied his entry, but the townspeople rose up against the bishop and surrendered Worms to HenryHeinrich.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=93}}{{sfn|Schutz|2010|pp=152–153}} A grateful HenryHeinrich exempted the burghers from customs duties, emphasising their loyalty in a time when "all the princes of the realm were raging" against him.{{sfn|Barber|2004|p=182}}

[[Liemar]], Archbishop of Bremen, [[Udo (archbishop of Trier)|Udo]], Archbishop of Trier, and eight bishops came to visit HenryHeinrich in Worms in early 1074.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=93}} Their retainers and the Worms militia joined HenryHeinrich in a new military campaign against the Saxons and Thuringians, but he soon realised the rebels outnumbered his army and entered into negotiations with them.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=95}} HenryHeinrich accepted the rebels' principal demands in the [[Treaty of Gerstungen]] on 2&nbsp;February.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=95}} He agreed to destroy his castles and appoint only natives to offices in Saxony in return for the Saxon aristocrats' promise to raze their newly built fortresses.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=151}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=95–96}} On hearing the agreement, the Saxon peasants captured and destroyed Harzburg and [[Desecration|desecrated]] the graves of HenryHeinrich's younger brother and first-born son.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=151}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=98}} The destruction of the royal graves aroused public indignation, and HenryHeinrich regarded it as a violation of the treaty.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=112}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=98–99}}

[[File:Burg Homburg Eingang Hauptburg.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photo of a ruined stone walls and a circular tower in a meadow|Ruins of Homburg Castle. HenryHeinrich's army inflicted a decisive defeat on the Saxons near the castle in 1074.]]

Pope Gregory appointed the cardinal bishops [[Gerald of Ostia]] and [[Hubert of Palestrina]] to begin negotiations with HenryHeinrich.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=132}} Agnes of Poitou accompanied the two legates to her son's court.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=132}} After HenryHeinrich had done a public penance for simony, the legates absolved him on 27&nbsp;April 1074.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=132–133}} They summoned the German bishops to a synod to hear the case of Bishop [[Herman I of Bamberg]] who had been accused of simony, but eight prelates did not obey their summons. In response, the Pope suspended Archbishop Liemar from office, and summoned the disobedient bishops to Rome.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=132–133}} HenryHeinrich did not intervene in the conflict, although the German prelates under investigation were his staunch supporters.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=160}}

HenryHeinrich's brother-in-law, Solomon of Hungary, sent envoys to HenryHeinrich seeking his assistance against his cousin [[Géza I of Hungary|Géza]] (who was Béla&nbsp;I's eldest son).{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=99}} Géza had defeated Solomon on 14&nbsp;March 1074, forcing him to take refuge in the fortresses of Moson and Pressburg (now [[Mosonmagyaróvár]] in Hungary and [[Bratislava]] in Slovakia, respectively).{{sfn|Zupka|2016|p=82}} Solomon promised to cede six castles to HenryHeinrich and acknowledge his [[suzerainty]] in return for HenryHeinrich's support to recover his country.{{sfn|Zupka|2016|p=82}}{{sfn|Barber|2004|p=335}} HenryHeinrich invaded Hungary and marched as far as [[Vác]], but he could not force Géza to surrender.{{sfn|Zupka|2016|pp=82–83}} Pope Gregory sharply criticised Solomon for his willingness to accept HenryHeinrich's suzerainty, because the Pope regarded Hungary as a fief of the Holy See.{{sfn|Barber|2004|p=334}}

On 7 December 1074, Pope Gregory asked HenryHeinrich to compel the German prelates who had not obeyed his summons to attend a synod in Rome.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=133}} The Pope suspended five German bishops for disobedience at the synod of Lent in Rome in February 1075. He blamed HenryHeinrich's five advisors, likely those who had been excommunicated by his predecessor, for the conflict over the archbishopric of Milan. HenryHeinrich and the German bishops wanted to avoid a conflict. Archbishops Siegfied of Mainz and Liemar of Bremen travelled to Rome to begin negotiations with the Pope. They did not protest when the Pope deposed Bishop Herman of Bamberg. The Pope appreciated their obedience and appointed Siegfried to hold a reforming synod in GermanyJerman.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=135}}

HenryHeinrich had meanwhile made preparations to take vengeance for the desecration of royal graves at Harzburg. He promised amnesty and gifts to those who joined his campaign against Saxony.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=112}} Most German dukes and many bishops hurried to [[Breitungen]] where the royal troops were assembling in June 1074.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=100}} Saxon nobles and prelates also deserted to the royal camp.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=100}} Under the command of Rudolf of Rheinfelden, the royal army launched a surprise attack on the Saxons at [[Homburg (Stadtoldendorf)|Homburg Castle]] on 9 June.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=100–101}} Most Saxon noblemen were able to flee from the battlefield, but many of the common foot soldiers were slaughtered.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=101}} Those who survived the massacre condemned the noblemen for their comrades' fate, and their stories turned the Saxon peasantry against their lords.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=101}} Pope Gregory VII congratulated HenryHeinrich on his victory, stating that the Saxons' defeat at Homburg was an act of "[[divine judgement]]".{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=138}}

HenryHeinrich invaded Saxony again in autumn 1075.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=102}} [[Godfrey IV, Duke of Lower Lorraine|Godfrey the Hunchback]], [[List of rulers of Lorraine#Dukes of Lower Lorraine|Duke of Lower Lorraine]], was the sole German duke to join his campaign, but the Saxons were unable to resist.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=102}} Otto of Nordheim convinced them to surrender unconditionally{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=151}} to the King on 26 or 27 October.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=102}} HenryHeinrich pardoned Otto and returned all his benefices except Bavaria.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=113}} He showed no mercy to other rebel leaders,{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=102–103}} who were imprisoned and had their estates confiscated.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=103}} HenryHeinrich summoned the German dukes to Goslar to swear fealty to his two-year-old son, Conrad, as his successor, but only Duke [[Vratislaus II of Bohemia]] obeyed his command.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=104}}

[[File:Hugo-v-cluny heinrich-iv mathilde-v-tuszien cod-vat-lat-4922 1115ad.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A miniature depictong a crowned man on his knees before a woman and an abbot, each sitting on a throne|HenryHeinrich begging Matilda of Tuscany and Hugh of Cluny in Canossa Castle (miniature in an [[illuminated manuscript]] kept in the [[Vatican Library]], 1115)]]

HenryHeinrich knew that his dependence on Pope Gregory&nbsp;VII was loosened after his victory in the Saxon War.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=138}}{{sfn|Barber|2004|p=88}} He sent Count Eberhard the Bearded as his deputy to Italy.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=139}} Eberhard demanded an oath of fealty from the Pope's vassal, [[Robert Guiscard]], [[County of Apulia and Calabria|Duke of Apulia and Calabria]].{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=139}}{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=162}} HenryHeinrich made one of his chaplains, [[Tedald (archbishop of Milan)|Tedald]], archbishop of Milan contradicting the Pope's former decisions.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=139–140}} Alarmed by these acts, the Pope announced he would excommunicate HenryHeinrich unless he changed his policies.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=140–141}}

HenryHeinrich regarded the Pope's words as a clear denial of the sacred nature of kingship.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|pp=162, 168}} He held a [[Synod of Worms|synod in Worms]] on 24&nbsp;January 1076.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=64}} Two archbishops, twenty-four German bishops (two-thirds of the German episcopate), one Burgundian bishop, an Italian bishop and Godfrey the Hunchback attended it.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=143–145}} At HenryHeinrich's order, they declared the Pope's election invalid and demanded his abdication.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=64}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=145–146}} An assembly of the Lombard bishops and aristocrats passed a similar resolution in [[Piacenza]] on 5&nbsp;February.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=121}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=147}} HenryHeinrich's most important ally, Godfrey the Hunchback, was murdered on&nbsp;22 February.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=147}} Godfrey had named his nephew, [[Godfrey of Bouillon]], as his heir, but HenryHeinrich granted Lower Lorraine to his own son, Conrad.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=147–148}}

Pope Gregory VII was informed of the decisions of the two assemblies during the synod of Lent in Rome.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=64}} He excommunicated HenryHeinrich and released his subjects from fealty in a public prayer addressed to [[Saint Peter]].{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=64}}{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=121}} The deposition of a monarch by a pope was unprecedented, but the Pope was convinced HenryHeinrich's extraordinary arrogance could not be punished otherwise.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=122}} On learning of the Pope's decision HenryHeinrich convoked a synod in Utrecht, but the local bishop, [[William I (bishop of Utrecht)|William&nbsp;I]], was the only prelate willing to excommunicate the Pope.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=149}} HenryHeinrich wanted to demonstrate that the Pope's denial of the monarchs' role in the administration of the Christian community was responsible for their conflict.{{sfn|Barber|2004|p=90}} His chaplain, Gottschalk, completed a letter to be circulated in GermanyJerman, which emphasised that only God could judge a monarch.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=151}} The letter addressed the Pope as the "false monk, Hildebrand" and ended with the dramatic warning demanding his abdication: "descend, descend!"{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=121}} Two incidents occurred in succession which discouraged HenryHeinrich's supporters: a fire after a [[lightning]] strike destroyed the cathedral of Utrecht on 27&nbsp;March, and Bishop William's sudden death on 27&nbsp;April.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=151}}

HenryHeinrich's opponents regarded these incidents as [[divine retribution]] for his sinful acts.{{sfn|Barber|2004|p=88}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=151}} Bishop [[Herman of Metz]] released the Saxon rebels who had been in his custody.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=152}} Bishop [[Burchard II (bishop of Halberstadt)|Burchard&nbsp;II of Halberstadt]], who had been one of the leaders of the Saxon revolt, escaped from captivity and returned to Saxony.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=152}} Theoderic and William, members of the [[House of Wettin]], also returned from exile and rose up against HenryHeinrich.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=152}} HenryHeinrich invaded Saxony in August, but only Vratislaus&nbsp;II of Bohemia accompanied him.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=153}} Their arrival provoked a general uprising, and HenryHeinrich was forced to flee to Bohemia.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=153}} The German aristocrats and prelates met at Trebur from 16&nbsp;October to 1&nbsp;November.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=153}} They convinced HenryHeinrich to accept the terms the Pope had set for him.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=156}} He had to promise to dismiss his excommunicated advisors and acknowledge Gregory as the lawful pope. Furthermore, he was to acknowledge the Pope's jurisdiction in his conflicts with the German dukes and bishops.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=156}} They announced they would elect a new king if HenryHeinrich was unable to achieve his absolution before the anniversary of his excommunication.{{sfn|Vollrath|1995|p=58}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=157}} They also invited Pope Gregory to GermanyJerman to hold an assembly in Augsburg on 2&nbsp;February 1077.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=157}}

HenryHeinrich moved to [[Speyer]] and lived there as a penitent.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=159}}{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=167}} He decided to depart for Italy to achieve his absolution, because he wanted to prevent the Pope from hearing his case at an assembly dominated by his enemies.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=159}} Although the winter was unexpectedly severe, Henry, his wife and their retainers crossed the [[Mont Cenis]] pass in December.{{sfn|Barber|2004|p=89}} On 25&nbsp;January, they reached [[Canossa Castle]] where the Pope had sought refuge, fearing that HenryHeinrich came to Italy to capture him.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=65}} Henry remained barefoot and wearing sackcloth at the castle for three days.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=65}} [[Matilda of Tuscany]] (who held the castle), Adelaide of Turin and Hugh of Cluny convinced the Pope he had no choice but to absolve the remorseful King.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=65}}{{sfn|Schutz|2010|pp=167–168}} Before receiving absolution, Henry had to pledge to accept the Pope's judgement in his conflict with his subjects.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=168}}

Henry remained in Italy after his absolution,{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=165}} which surprised his German opponents. They held an assembly at [[Forchheim (Oberfranken)|Forchheim]], arguing that it had not restored their oaths of fealty.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|pp=169–170}} The bishops, archbishops, dukes and the Saxons' representatives who attended the assembly elected [[Rudolf of Rheinfelden]] king on 14&nbsp;March 1078.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=167–168}}{{sfn|Vollrath|1995|p=60}} Although the papal legates who were present acknowledged Rudolf's election, Pope Gregory&nbsp;VII remained neutral.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=171–172}} He maintained he was entitled to settle the dispute and informed both Henry and Rudolf he would hear their case at an assembly in GermanyJerman.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=171–172}}

On hearing of the election of an anti-king, Henry replaced Rudolf's principal ally, [[Berthold of Zähringen]], with [[Liutold of Eppenstein]] as duke of Carinthia and awarded [[March of Friuli|Friuli]] to [[Sigehard, Patriarch of Aquilea]].{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=166}} He confiscated Swabia from Rudolf and Bavaria from Welf, placing both duchies under his direct control.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=173}} Before returning to GermanyJerman inpada bulan April, Henry made his three-year-old son, Conrad, his lieutenant in Italy. He charged two excommunicated Italian prelates, Tedald of Milan and Denis of Piacenza, with Conrad's protection.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=166}} Unable to prevent Henry's return, Rudolf of Rheinfelden moved to Saxony.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=171}}

The papal legate, Cardinal Bernard, excommunicated Henry on 12&nbsp;November 1077.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=172}}{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=171}} Henry sent Bishops [[Benno II of Osnabrück]] and [[Theoderic (bishop of Verdun)|Theoderic of Verdun]] to Rome to begin negotiations with Sri Paus, whose position in Italy had been weakening.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=179}} Sri Paus appointed a new legate, whose name was not recorded, to represent him in GermanyJerman. The papal legate celebrated Easter with Henry in Cologne pada tanggal 8 April 1078, demonstrating that Sri Paus had not regarded Henry's excommunication as valid.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=179}} Henry invaded Lothringen and forced Bishop Herman of Metz into exile,{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=180}} but Berthold of Zähringen and Welf of Bavaria inflicted defeats on his Swabian and [[Duchy of Franconia|Franconian]] supporters.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=181}} Rudolf of Rheinfelden hurried to Franconia and met Henry and his army of 12,000 Franconian peasants at Mellrichstadt on 7&nbsp;August.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=181}} The [[Battle of Mellrichstadt]] proved indecisive.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=181–182}}

Paus Gregorius prohibited all clerics from receiving royal appointments to bishoprics or abbeys in November 1078.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=139}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=183}} The royal investiture was a basic element of royal administration. The ring and [[crosier]] the prelates received from monarchs during their installation symbolised their mutual dependence.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=172}} At the February 1079 synod of Lent, Henry's opponents, Bishops [[Altmann, Bishop of Passau|Altmann of Passau]] and Herman of Metz, convinced Sri Paus to send new legates to GermanyJerman, but Sri Paus forbade his legates to pass judgement against the prelates who had been appointed by Henry.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=185–186}}

Henry sent envoys to the synod of Lent in Rome and demanded Sri Paus mengekskomunikasi Rudolf, hinting he was ready to appoint an antipope to achieve his goal.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=172}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=195}} Instead Pope Gregory excommunicated and deposed Henry and acknowledged Rudolf as the lawful king.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=172}}{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=67}} A treatise, known as ''The Defence of King Henry'', was published in Henry's defence which emphasised his hereditary claim to his realms. The treatise, likely written by the jurist [[Petrus Crassus]], uses arguments based on Roman Law, showing the ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' had already been studied in Italy. Before returning to GermanyJerman, Henry's envoys, Archbishop Liemar of Bremen and Bishop [[Rupert of Bamberg]], raised a rebellion against the Pope's principal Italian ally Matilda of Tuscany. They also secured the support of northern Italian aristocrats for Henry.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=197}}

Henry's second excommunication was less harmful to his position than the previous ban.{{sfn|Barber|2004|p=89}} He held a council in Mainz on 31&nbsp;May 1080.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=197}} The nineteen German prelates and aristocrats who attended the council deposed Pope Gregory, labelling him as "the accused disturber of divine and human laws".{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=197}} Henry held a second synod in [[Brixen]]. Nineteen Italian, seven German and a lone Burgundian prelate confirmed the Pope's deposition 25&nbsp;June, accusing him of simony, heresy and other sins.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=172}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=198}} The synod elected Archbishop [[Wibert of Ravenna]] pope.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=173}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=200}} Wibert assumed the name Clement&nbsp;III in reference to [[Pope Clement II]] who had been the first reformist pope to be elected through the intervention of Henry's father.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=200}} Henry returned to GermanyJerman and assembled his troops for a new invasion of Saxony.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=202}} Henry and Rudolf's armies met at [[Hohenmölsen]] on 14&nbsp;October 1080.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=202}}{{sfn|Barber|2004|p=183}} Henry's forces [[Battle on the Elster|were defeated]] but it was a Pyrrhic victory for Rudolf, who lost his right hand and died.{{sfn|Barber|2004|p=183}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=203–204}} Henry took full advantage of the circumstances of Rudolf's death, describing it as a punishment for oath breaking.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=173}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=204–205}} He began negotiations with the Saxons, offering to appoint his son, Conrad, king of Saxony, but Otto of Nordheim persuaded his fellows to refuse the offer.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=205–206}}

Henry left Italy for GermanyJerman in the autumn of 1081 but returned in February 1082.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=216}} He laid siege to Rome but could not break the Romans' resistance.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=217–218}} He charged Antipope Clement with the siege of Rome and began devastating Matilda's domains.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=220–221}} Rumours of Hermann of Salm's plans to invade Italy forced Henry to remain in northern Italy, but Hermann did not risk an Italian campaign.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=222}} Henry returned to the siege of Rome at the end of 1082.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=222}} Emperor Alexios sent 144,000 gold pieces to him as a token of their friendship and promised a further 216,000 gold pieces in return for his support against Robert Guiscard.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=222–223}} The treasure enabled Henry to bribe Roman aristocrats, and his troops captured the [[Leonine City]] in Rome on 3&nbsp;June 1083. Pope Gregory&nbsp;VII continued to resist in the [[Castel Sant'Angelo]].{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=223–224}}{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=174}} Henry withdrew from Rome again in early July. He concluded a secret treaty with the Roman aristocrats who promised to induce Gregory to crown Henry emperor or to elect another pope.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=224}}

Henry launched a military campaign against Robert Guiscard in February and March 1084.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=227}} During his absence, the Antipope convinced more than ten cardinals to desert Pope Gregory&nbsp;VII. They were followed by other clerics and papal officials.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=68}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=227–228}} Resistance against Henry collapsed, and he entered Rome on 21&nbsp;March.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=227}}{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=68}} Clement was installed as pope and he crowned Henry emperor in [[Old St. Peter's Basilica|St Peter's Basilica]] on 1&nbsp;April.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=174}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=230}} Henry stayed in the [[Lateran Palace]] for six weeks. He left Rome before Robert Guiscard came to Gregory&nbsp;VII's rescue on 24 May.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=233}} Robert's troops [[Sack of Rome (1084)|sacked Rome]], outraging the Romans, and Gregory had to leave Rome for [[Salerno]].{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=174}}{{sfn|Barber|2004|p=210}} Henry ordered his Italian supporters to conquer Matilda of Tuscany's lands before he returned to GermanyJerman. However, her army routed his allies at the [[Battle of Sorbara]] on 2&nbsp;July.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=233}}

The papal legate, Cardinal [[Pope Urban II|Odo of Ostia]], summoned the German prelates who were loyal to Pope Gregory&nbsp;VII to a synod at [[Quedlinburg]].{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=245}} The synod issued a decree that papal judgements could not be questioned and forbade the faithful to make contact with those who had been excommunicated.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=245}} In response, Henry held a general assembly in Mainz in late April or early May.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=246}}{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=175}} Three or four archbishops and fifteen bishops obeyed his summons. They deposed their peers—two archbishops and thirteen bishops—who had failed to come to Mainz.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=246}}{{sfn|Vollrath|1995|p=52}} The synod also established the "[[Peace and Truce of God|Peace of God]]" in GermanyJerman, prohibiting armed conflicts during the main Christian festivals.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=175}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=249–250}} Vratislaus&nbsp;II of Bohemia, who had always been Henry's loyal supporter, was rewarded with the title of king during this meeting.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=250–251}}

A sudden illness prevented Henry from invading Saxony in October. After his recovery he launched a military expedition against the Saxon rebels. One of the rebel leaders, [[EgbertEkbert II, Margrave of Meissen|EgbertEkbert&nbsp;II of Brunswick]], began to negotiate his surrender. Henry offered him the [[Margravate of Meissen]], but EgbertEkbert decided to continue the fight against Henry after two Saxon prelates, Hartwig of Magdeburg and Burchard of Halberstadt, promised to achieve his election as king of GermanyJerman.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=265}} The two prelates could not keep their promise, and EgbertEkbert swore fealty to Henry in early 1088.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=265, 269}} EgbertEkbert's about-face and Burchard's unexpected death on 7&nbsp;April 1088 accelerated the disintegration of the Saxon rebels' camp.{{sfn|Vollrath|1995|p=64}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=267}} Hartwig of Magdeburg and his suffragans hurried to pay homage to Henry, and were followed to Henry's court by prominent Saxon aristocrats.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=267}} Henry appointed Hartwig to be his lieutenant in Saxony.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=268}}

Abandoned by his principal allies, the ailing Hermann of Salm sought Henry's permission to leave Saxony for his native Lorraine. His request was granted and he died in his homeland on 28&nbsp;September 1088.{{sfn|Vollrath|1995|p=64}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=268}} EgbertEkbert of Brunswick rose up in a new rebellion and defeated Henry's army near Gleichen on 25&nbsp;December.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=270–271}} EgbertEkbert's estates were confiscated in February 1089.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=271}} Henry, who had been widowed, went to Cologne to celebrate a new marriage with [[Eupraxia of Kiev]] in the summer of 1089.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=269, 271}} In the autumn, Henry returned to Saxony to prevent EgbertEkbert from attacking Hildesheim, but he continued to resist.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=271}}

Henry invaded Matilda's domains in March 1090, forcing her to seek refuge in the mountains in April.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=281}} The retainers of Henry's sister, Abbess [[Adelaide II, Abbess of Quedlinburg|Adelaide of Quedlinburg]], killed EgbertEkbert of Brunswick on 3&nbsp;July 1090.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=68}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=272}} Henry made EgbertEkbert's brother-in-law, [[Henry, Margrave of Frisia|Henry of Nordheim]], his principal representative in Saxony.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=272}} EgbertEkbert's death put an end to Saxon opposition to the Emperor's rule, because he had secured Nordheim's loyalty with land grants.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=68}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=272–273, 281}} Henry continued his Italian campaign and captured Matilda's fortresses north of the river [[Po (river)|Po]] at the end of 1091.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=282–283}} In June 1092, Henry crossed the Po and forced Matilda to begin negotiations for her surrender, but she and her vassals refused to acknowledge Clement III as the lawful pope.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=284–285}} Henry laid siege to Canossa, but the garrison made a surprise attack on his army, forcing him to abandon the siege in October.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=285}}

Henry's Swabian opponents elected the late Berthold of Rheinfelden's brother-in-law, [[Berthold II, Duke of Swabia|Berthold II&nbsp;of Zähringen]], to be their duke and he proclaimed himself the "vassal of St Peter" (that is of the Holy See).{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=285–286}} Henry had to send his German troops back to GermanyJerman to fight in SwabiaSchwaben anddan BavariaBayern.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=286}} He began negotiations with King [[Ladislaus I of Hungary]] about an alliance, but Welf I prevented their meeting.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=286}} Henry was forced to retreat to Pavia and Matilda's troops recaptured her fortresses.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=287}}

Matilda of Tuscany and her husband managed to turn Henry's heir, Conrad, against him in the spring or summer of 1093.{{sfn|Tabacco|1995|p=87}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=286}} Henry had Conrad captured, but he escaped to Milan.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=287}} According to [[Bernold of Constance]], Henry tried to commit suicide after his son's rebellion,{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=176}} though Bernold probably invented this story to make a comparison between Henry and King [[Saul]].{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=288}} Conrad's disloyalty aroused Henry's suspicion of his relatives, and he put his wife under strict supervision, allegedly for her infidelity.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=176}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=289–290}} Four Lombard towns (Milan, [[Cremona]], [[Lodi, Lombardy|Lodi]] and Piacenza) made an alliance with Matilda of Tuscany.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=287}} Henry fled to Verona whose [[March of Verona|margrave]], [[Henry of Eppenstein]], and Eppenstein's brother, Patriarch [[Udalric (patriarch of Aquileia)|Udalric of Aquileia]], were his last supporters in Italy.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=289}} Henry's authority remained limited to north-eastern Italy, and Matilda and Welf&nbsp;I's troops prevented his return to GermanyJerman.{{sfn|Vollrath|1995|p=65}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=290}}

Welf of Bavaria's father, [[Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan|Adalbert Azzo II&nbsp;of Este]], mediated a reconciliation between his son and the Emperor in early 1096.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=295}} Henry restored Bavaria to Welf who lifted the blockade of the Alpine passes, enabling Henry to return to GermanyJerman inpada Maybulan Mei.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=295–296}}{{sfn|McLaughlin|2010|p=175}} Aristocrats who had rebelled against Henry came to pay homage to him at assemblies held in Regensburg, Nuremberg and Mainz.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=296–297}} He allowed the Jews, who had been forcibly converted to Christianity, to return to Judaism.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=181}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=303}} In early 1098, Berthold II&nbsp;of Zähringen was also reconciled with Henry who exempted his domains from the jurisdiction of the dukes of Swabia and rewarded him with the hereditary title of [[Duke of Zähringen|duke]].{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=296–297}}{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|pp=84–85}}

An assembly of the German leaders proposed that Henry make peace with Pope Urban&nbsp;II's successor, [[Pope Paschal II|Paschal&nbsp;II]], in late 1101; there is no proof Henry followed their advice.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=309}} Pope Paschal&nbsp;II was determined to overcome Henry and ordered his legate, Bishop [[Gebhard (III) of Constance|Gebhard of Constance]], to keep the resistance against the Emperor alive in GermanyJerman.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=309}} The papal synod confirmed Henry's excommunication in the [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran|Lateran Basilica]] on 3&nbsp;April.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=85}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=311}}

Rumours of Henry's immorality established his bad reputation for centuries.{{sfn|Vollrath|1995|pp=65–66}} The Saxons were the first to accuse him of debauchery and demanded he dismiss the "swarm of concubines with whom he slept".{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=89, 113}} Polemical writings spreading in GermanyJerman after 1085 accused Henry of [[incest]] and [[pederasty]], also claiming that he had fathered illegitimate children.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=113}} Isidore of Seville listed immoral sexual practices among the tyrants' characteristics.{{sfn|Vollrath|1995|pp=65–66}} Consequently, as Robinson emphasises, allegations of Henry's alleged sexual misconduct "provided his opponents with a useful polemical weapon".{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=113}}

Henry's penitential "Walk to Canossa" developed into a powerful metaphor. Catholic clerics were the first to adopt it, regarding it as the symbol of the triumph of the Holy See over an immoral monarch. For 19th-century Protestant German nationalists, the ''Gang nach Canossa'' ("Road to Canossa") symbolized the humiliation of GermanyJerman by a haughty pope. [[Otto von Bismarck]] proudly declared before the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]] that "Don't worry, we are not going to Canossa, neither physically nor spiritually!" during [[Kulturkampf|his campaign against political Catholicism]]{{sfn|Pflanze|1990|pp=179, 214}} on 14 May 1872.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=58}} Historians have adopted more sophisticated approaches. They emphasize that penance and reconciliation were integral parts of medieval life, so an anointed king's excommunication was more disturbing for Henry's contemporaries than his act of penance at Canossa.{{sfn|Vollrath|1995|p=59}} Henry, as Schutz concludes, "cleverly maneuvered the pope into a position in which he had to absolve him", but Gregory&nbsp;VII reduced him "from Vicar of Christ to being a mere layman".{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=168}}

''[[Morkinskinna]]'', tawarikh tertua raja-raja Norwegia, memuat keterangan tentang seorang putri bernama Mathilde, anak seorang kaisar. Berdasarkan kecocokan waktu, kaisar yang dimaksud mestinya adalah Heinrich IV.{{sfn|Andersson|Gade|2012|pp=307, 450}} Menurut ''[[Morkinskinna]]'', [[Magnus III dari Norwegia]] pernah saling berkirim pesan dengan putri Mathilde, dan pernah pula menggubahmerangkai [[stanza (sastra)|sebait puisi]] untuknya.{{sfn|Andersson|Gade|2012|pp=307–308}} Dalam sumber-sumber primer lain, tidak ada anak Heinrich yang bernama Mathilde.{{sfn|Andersson|Gade|2012|p=450}}

{{familytree| | | | | | | | | |ADE1|-|v|-|OTT| | | | | | | | |GUN|-|HEN1|-|v|-|AGN1|ADE1=[[Adelaide dari Susa]]<br>†1091<br>''Markgräfin''Bupati Turin|OTT=[[Otto, Conte Savoia|Otto]]<br>†1057–1060<br>Bupati Savoia|GUN=[[Gunhilda dari Denmark]]*<br>†1038|HEN1=[[Heinrich III, Kaisar Romawi Suci|Heinrich III]]<br>*1017 †1056<br>Kaisar Romawi Suci<br>(memerintah 1046-1056)|AGN1=[[Agnes dari Poitou]]<br>†1077|boxstyle_HEN1=background-color:#CEE0F2|boxstyle_AGN1=background-color:#CEE0F2}}

{{familytree|ADE2| | |ADE3|-|v|-|RUD|-|MAT1| |BER|-|v|-|HEN2|-|EUP| |CON1| |SOL|-|JUD|-|WLA|ADE2=[[Adelheid II, Abdis Biara Quedlinburg|Adelheid]]<br>*1045 †1096<br>Abdis biara Quedlinburg<br>dan biara Gandersheim<br>(memerintah 1061-1096)|ADE3=[[Adelaide dari Savoia, Istri Adipati Schwaben|Adelaide dari Savoia]]<br>†1079|RUD=[[Rudolf dari Rheinfelden]]<br>†1080<br>Raja tandingan Heinrich IV<br>(memerintah 1078-1080)|MAT1=[[Mathilde dari Jerman, Istri Adipati Schwaben|Mathilde]]<br>*1048 †1060|BER=[[Bertha dari Savoia|Berta dari Savoia]]<br>*1051 †1087|HEN2='''HEINRICH IV'''<br>*1050 †1106<br>Kaisar Romawi Suci<br>(memerintah 1084-1105)|EUP=[[Eupraxia dari Kiev|Yevpraksia dari Kiev]]<br>*''[[circa|ca.]]''1068 †1109|CON1=[[Konrad II, Adipati Bayern|Konrad]]<br>*1052 †1055<br>Adipati Bayern<br>(memerintah 1054-1055)|SOL=[[Salomon, Raja HongariaHungaria|Salomon]]<br>*1053 †1087<br>Raja HongariaHungaria<br>(memerintah 1063-1074)|JUD=[[Judith dari Schwaben|Judith]]<br>†1092/1096|WLA=[[Władysław I Herman]]<br>*''[[circa|ca.]]''1044 †1102<br>Adipati Polandia<br>(memerintah 1079-1102)|boxstyle_ADE2=background-color:#CEE0F2|boxstyle_MAT1=background-color:#CEE0F2|boxstyle_CON1=background-color:#CEE0F2|boxstyle_HEN2=background-color:#CEE0F2|boxstyle_JUD=background-color:#CEE0F2}}

{{familytree|BER1| |BER2|-|AGN2| | | | | |FRE|-|v|-|AGN3|-|v|-|LEO| | |MAX|-|CON2| |HEN3|-|MAT2|BER1=[[Berthold I, Adipati Schwaben|Berthold dari Rheinfelden]]<br>†1090<br>Adipati Schwaben tandingan<br>(memerintah 1079-1090)|BER2=[[Berthold II, Adipati Schwaben|Berthold dari Zähringen]]<br>†1111<br>Adipati Schwaben tandingan<br>(memerintah 1092-1098)|AGN2=[[Agnes dari Rheinfelden]]<br>†1111|FRE=[[Friedrich I, Adipati Schwaben|Friedrich dari Büren]]<br>*''[[circa|ca.]]''1050 †1105<br>Adipati Schwaben<br>(memerintah 1079-1105)|AGN3=[[Agnes dari Jerman|Agnes]]<br>*1072/1073 †1143|LEO=[[Luitpold III dari Austria|Leopold III]]<br>*1073 †1136<br>''Markgraf''Bupati Austria<br>(memerintah 1095-1136)|MAX=Maximilla dari Sisilia|CON2=[[Konrad II dari Italia|Konrad]]<br>*1074 †1101<br>Raja tandingan Heinrich IV<br>(memerintah 1095-1101)|HEN3=[[Heinrich V, Kaisar Romawi Suci|Heinrich V]]<br>*1086 †1125<br>Kaisar Romawi Suci<br>(memerintah 1111-1125)|MAT2=[[Matilda dari Inggris]]<br>*1102 †1067|boxstyle_AGN3=background-color:#CEE0F2|boxstyle_CON2=background-color:#CEE0F2|boxstyle_HEN3=background-color:#CEE0F2}}

*{{cite book |last=Blumenthal |first=Uta-Renate |orig-year=1982 |year=2010 |title=The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/investiturecontr0000blum |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |isbn=0-8122-1386-6 |ref=harv}}

*{{Cite journal |last=Israngura Na Ayudhya |first=Tul |date=Juli–Desember 2018 |title="Not against the kingdom, but for the kingdom and my freedom" Revisiting the Saxon War (1073–1075): Opposition to the King or a Revolt for the Kingdom?. |journal=Veridian E-Journal |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=123–150 |url=https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/Veridian-E-Journal/article/view/151255/110656 |issn=1906-3431 |ref=none |access-date=2020-07-05 |archive-date=2022-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206033211/https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/Veridian-E-Journal/article/view/151255/110656 |dead-url=no }}

*{{cite book |last=Weinfurter |first=Stefan |orig-year=1992 |year=1999 |title=The Salian Century: Main Currents in an Age of Transition|url=https://archive.org/details/saliancenturymai0000wein |translator-last=Kaiser |translator-first=Denise A. |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |isbn=0-8122-3508-8 |ref=none}}

* Laporan [http://www.zum.de/Faecher/G/BW/Landeskunde/rhein/kultur/museen/speyer/ausstell/heinrich_vier/kopf.htm rekonstruksi patung sedada Kaisar Heinrich IV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626155355/http://www.zum.de/Faecher/G/BW/Landeskunde/rhein/kultur/museen/speyer/ausstell/heinrich_vier/kopf.htm |date=2023-06-26 }} (disertai gambar)

* [http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba-cgi/kleioc/00101KlLBA/exec/apply2/width/%226109%22/height/%226109%22/url/%22http:%7B|%7D%7B|%7D137.248.186.134%7B|%7Dlba-cgi-local%7B|%7Dpic.sh%7B-%7Djpg%7B|%7DE4894.jpg%22 Piagam tertanggal 17 Agustus 1057 yang dikeluarkan Kaisar Heinrich IV untuk Keuskupan Bamberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706081507/http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba-cgi/kleioc/00101KlLBA/exec/apply2/width/%226109%22/height/%226109%22/url/%22http:%7B%7C%7D%7B%7C%7D137.248.186.134%7B%7C%7Dlba-cgi-local%7B%7C%7Dpic.sh%7B-%7Djpg%7B%7C%7DE4894.jpg%22 |date=2020-07-06 }}, bagian dari koleksi [http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba/ Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210135339/http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba/ |date=2008-12-10 }} di [[Universitas Marburg]] (foto bagian piagam yang dibubuhi meterai Kaisar Heinrich IV)