Heinrich IV, Kaisar Romawi Suci: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Pada tahun 1061, hubungan Paus Nikolaus II dengan para prelatus Jerman menegang karena alasan-alasan yang tidak diketahui.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=40}}{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=96}} Ketika Paus Nikolaus II wafat pada tanggal 20 Juli 1061, para menak Roma mengirim utusan ke Jerman untuk meminta Heinrich mengajukan calon paus baru.{{sfn|Vollrath|1995|p=53}} Rahib Hildebrand dan tokoh-tokoh rohaniwan reformis lainnya memilih Anselmus dari Baggio, Uskup Lucca, menjadi paus baru pada tanggal 30 September tanpa pengesahan Heinrich.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=96}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=40–41, 42}}{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=56}} Selaku paus, Anselmus memakai nama [[Paus Aleksander II|Aleksander II]].{{sfn|Tabacco|1995|p=84}}{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=56}} Heinrich memanggil uskup-uskup Italia untuk bersidang dalam sinode yang digelar di kota [[Basel]] guna membicarakan situasi saat itu.{{sfn|Tabacco|1995|p=84}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=42}} Ia menghadiri persidangan dengan mengenakan tanda-tanda kebesaran statusnya selaku ''Patricius'' Roma.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=42}} Sinode memilih [[Antipaus Honorius II|Cadalus, Uskup Parma]], menjadi [[antipaus|paus tandingan]] (memakai nama Honorius II selaku paus) pada tanggal 28 Oktober.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=42}}
 
Keberadaan dua orang paus membuat rohaniwan Jerman terpecah. Beberapa uskup mendukung Honorius II, sementara yang lain mendukung Aleksander II.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=56}} Adalbert, Uskup Agung Hamburg, mendukung Honorius II, sementara [[Anno II|Hanno II]], Uskup Agung Köln, mendukung Aleksander II.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=56}} Ibu Suri Agnes mendukung Honorius II, sehingga para penasihatnya diekskomunikasi Paus Aleksander II.{{sfn|Schutz|2010|p=145}} Tindakannya menganakemaskan [[Heinrich II dari Augsburg|Heinrich II, Uskup Augsburg]], dan kegagalan kampanye militer Jerman di Hongaria memudarkan wibawa Agnes. [[Skisma]] membuat kawula Jerman semakin kesal terhadap pemerintahan Agnes.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=43}}{{sfn|Vollrath|1995|p=54}} Uskup Agung Hanno, Ekbert dari Braunschweig, Otto dari Nordheim, dan menak-menak lain yang tidak berpuas hati memutuskan untuk melengserkan Agnes dari jabatan pemangku takhta.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=43–44}} Uskup Agung Hanno menyiapkan sebuah kapal yang "dikerjakan dengan sedemikian baiknya sehingga tampak sangat memukau" dan berlayar menyusuri [[Sungai Rhein]] sampai ke sebuah pulau dekat istana raja di [[Kaiserswerth]] pada bulan April 1062.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=43}}{{sfn|Hill|2020|p=99}} Heinrich terkagum-kagum melihat kapal itu, sehingga mudah dibujuk Hanno untuk menaikinya.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=43}} Begitu Heinrich menjejakkan kakinya di atas geladak, kapal punkembali bertolak meninggalkan dermagaberlayar.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=43}} Karena takut dibunuh para penculiknya, Heinrich menceburkan diri ke sungai.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=43}}{{sfn|Vollrath|1995|p=54}} Ia hampir sajanyaris tenggelam, tetapi diselamatkan Ekbert dari Braunschweig.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=43}}<!--
 
ThePeristiwa "[[CoupKudeta ofdi Kaiserswerth]]" destroyedmeruntuhkan therasa Empress'spercaya self-confidence,diri andibu shesuri. retiredIa tomengundurkan herdiri estatesdan menyepi ke daerah pertuanannya.{{sfn|Hill|2020|p=99}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=44}}<!-- Anno replaced her as the head of the government.{{sfn|Hill|2020|p=99}} His new title of ''magister'' (master) shows that he also took charge of Henry's education.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=45–46}} Anno was determined to put an end to the schism.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=48}} In October 1062, the synod of the German bishops appointed his nephew, [[Burchard II (bishop of Halberstadt)|Burchard&nbsp;II, Bishop of Halberstadt]], to begin negotiations with Pope Alexander II.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=48–49}} That same month, the theologian Peter Damian completed a [[treatise]] defending the legality of Alexander II's election.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=94}} He emphasised that Henry's "right to participate in the papal elections&nbsp;... is subject each time to reconfirmation by the pope".{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=94}} Damian's argument implied that Henry only inherited a claim to the imperial prerogatives relating to papal elections, but he could forfeit it.{{sfn|Blumenthal|2010|p=94}} Respect for the monarch also declined in Germany.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=61–62}} For example, the retainers of Abbot [[Widerad of Fulda]] and Bishop [[Hezilo of Hildesheim]] ignored Henry's commands when an [[Goslar Precedence Dispute|armed conflict broke out between them]] in his presence at a church in Goslar in June 1063.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=61–62}}{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=61}}
 
Béla&nbsp;I of Hungary wanted to make peace with Henry to secure his throne against his nephew, Solomon, who had taken refuge in Germany.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=53}} Henry and his advisors, however, insisted on Solomon's restoration to the Hungarian throne and German troops invaded Hungary in August 1063.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=53}}{{sfn|Zupka|2016|p=75}} Henry gained his first military experience during this campaign.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=53}}{{sfn|Zupka|2016|p=75}} Béla died in an accident unexpectedly and the German army entered [[Székesfehérvár]].{{sfn|Zupka|2016|p=75}} Henry installed Solomon on the throne and attended his wedding to Judith before returning to Germany.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=53}}{{sfn|Zupka|2016|pp=75–76}} Adalbert of Bremen accompanied Henry on the Hungarian campaign and struck up a friendship with him.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=53}} Adalbert was mentioned as Henry's "protector" in royal diplomas from 1063, indicating a position equal to Anno's.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=53}} Anno went to Italy to recognise Alexander II&nbsp;as pope at a synod in [[Mantua]] in May 1064, and in his absence Adalbert was able to strengthen his influence with Henry.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2001|p=57}}{{sfn|Robinson|2003|p=49}}