Homoseksualitas: Perbedaan antara revisi

Homoseksualitas adalah salah satu dari tiga kategori utama orientasi seksual, bersama dengan [[biseksualitas]] dan [[heteroseksualitas]], dalam [[kontinum heteroseksual-homoseksual]]. Ilmuwan tidak tahu secara pasti apa yang menentukan orientasi seksual seseorang, tetapi mereka menduga bahwa orientasi seksual dipicu oleh kombinasi faktor genetik, hormon, dan lingkungan,<ref name="Frankowski">{{cite journal|doi=10.1542/peds.113.6.1827 |author=Frankowski BL|author2=American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence|title=Sexual orientation and adolescents |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]]|volume=113 |issue=6|pages=1827–32 |date=June 2004|pmid=15173519|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/6/1827.long}}</ref><ref name="Lamanna">{{cite book|author1=Mary Ann Lamanna|author2= Agnes Riedmann|author3= Susan D Stewart|title=Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=1305176898|year=2014|page=82|accessdate=February 11, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fofaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|quote=The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established &nbsp;– nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychological Association 2010).}}</ref><ref name="Stuart">{{cite book|author=Gail Wiscarz Stuart|title=Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|isbn=032329412X|year=2014|page=502|accessdate=February 11, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivALBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502|quote=No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation.}}</ref> dan bukanlah suatu pilihan.<ref name="Frankowski"/><ref name="Lamanna"/><ref name="Kersey-Matusiak">{{cite book|author=Gloria Kersey-Matusiak|title=Delivering Culturally Competent Nursing Care|publisher=[[Springer Publishing Company]]|isbn=0826193811|year=2012|page=169|accessdate=February 10, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8O_wGedAYoC&pg=PA169|quote=Most health and mental health organizations do not view sexual orientation as a 'choice.'}}</ref> Mereka mengacu kepada teori-teori yang berbasiskan pada biologi,<ref name="Frankowski"/> yang menyebut faktor genetik, lingkungan awal di [[uterus]], atau keduanya.<ref name="rcp2007"/><ref name="Långström2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Långström | first1 = N. | last2 = Rahman | first2 = Q. | last3 = Carlström | first3 = E. | last4 = Lichtenstein | first4 = P. | title = Genetic and Environmental Effects on Same-sex Sexual Behavior: A Population Study of Twins in Sweden | doi = 10.1007/s10508-008-9386-1| journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 39 | issue = 1| pages = 75–80 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18536986| pmc = }}</ref> Tidak ada bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa pengalaman pada masa kecil berperan terhadap orientasi seksual.<ref name="rcp2007"/><ref name="Bailey">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M|title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science |journal=[[Psychological Science in the Public Interest]]|volume=17|issue=21|date=2016|doi=10.1177/1529100616637616|PMID=27113562|pages=45-101}}</ref> Selain itu, [[upaya mengubah orientasi seksual|upaya untuk mengubah orientasi seksual]] juga tidak didukung oleh bukti-bukti ilmiah.<ref name="apa2009">American Psychological Association: [http://www.apa.org/about/governance/council/policy/sexual-orientation.aspx Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts]</ref>

 

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Kesimpulannya, para pakar kejiwaan dan peneliti telah lama mengakui bahwa menjadi homoseksual tidak menimbulkan hambatan untuk menjalani hidup yang bahagia, sehat, dan produktif, dan bahwa sebagian besar kalangan gay dan lesbian bekerja dengan baik di berbagai lembaga sosial dan hubungan interpersonal."<ref name=amici />}}

 

 

Kebanyakan individu lesbian, gay, dan biseksual menjalani psikoterapi dengan alasan sama seperti individu heteroseksual (stres, kesulitan dalam hubungan, kesulitan menyesuaikan diri dengan situasi sosial atau tempat kerja, dll); orientasi seksual mereka mungkin penting, sepele, atau tidak penting bagi perlakuan dan pokok permasalahan mereka. Apapun masalahnya, ada risiko tinggi prasangka anti-gay terhadap klien psikoterapi yang lesbian, gay, dan biseksual.<ref name=textbook>Cabaj, R; Stein, T. eds. ''Textbook of Homosexuality and Mental Health'', hal. 421</ref> Penelitian psikologis untuk hal ini telah membantu melawan sikap dan tindakan berprasangka ("homofobia") yang merugikan, dan secara umum membantu gerakan perjuangan hak-hak LGBT.<ref name=intro>ed. Sandfort, T; et al. Lesbian and Gay Studies: An Introductory, Interdisciplinary Approach. Chapter 2.</ref>