Homoseksualitas: Perbedaan antara revisi

Istilah umum dalam homoseksualitas yang sering digunakan adalah [[lesbian]] untuk perempuan pecinta sesama jenis dan [[gay]] untuk pria pecinta sesama jenis, meskipun gay dapat merujuk pada laki-laki atau perempuan. Bagi para peneliti, jumlah individu yang diidentifikasikan sebagai gay atau lesbian — dan perbandingan individu yang memiliki pengalaman seksual sesama jenis — sulit diperkirakan atas berbagai alasan.<ref name="levay">LeVay, Simon (1996). ''Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press ISBN 0-262-12199-9</ref> Dalam modernitas Barat, menurut berbagai penelitian, 2% sampai 13% dari populasi manusia adalah homoseksual atau pernah melakukan hubungan sesama jenis dalam hidupnya.<ref name="ACSF1992">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/360407a0 | author = Investigators ACSF | year = 1992 | title = AIDS and sexual behaviour in France | url = | journal = Nature | volume = 360 | issue = 6403| pages = 407–409 | pmid = 1448162 | ref = harv }}</ref><ref name="Billy1993">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/2136206|author=Billy JO, Tanfer K, Grady WR, Klepinger DH |title=The sexual behavior of men in the United States|url=http://jstor.org/stable/2136206 |journal=Family Planning Perspectives |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=52–60 |year=1993 |pmid=8491287|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="Binson1995">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/00224499509551795|first1=Diane |last1=Binson |first2=Stuart |last2=Michaels |first3=Ron |last3=Stall |first4=Thomas J. |last4=Coates |first5=John H. |last5=Gagnon |first6=Joseph A. |last6=Catania |year=1995 |title=Prevalence and Social Distribution of Men Who Have Sex with Men: United States and Its Urban Centers |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=245–54 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3812794|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="Bogaert2004">{{Cite journal|author=Bogaert AF |title=The prevalence of male homosexuality: the effect of fraternal birth order and variations in family size |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=230 |issue=1 |pages=33–7 |year=2004 |pmid=15275997 |doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.04.035|ref=harv}} Bogaert berpendapat bahwa: "The prevalence of male homosexuality is debated. One widely reported early estimate was 10% (e.g., Marmor, 1980; Voeller, 1990). Some recent data provided support for this estimate (Bagley and Tremblay, 1998), but most recent large national samples suggest that the prevalence of male homosexuality in modern western societies, including the United States, is lower than this early estimate (e.g., 1–2% in Billy et al., 1993; 2–3% in Laumann et al., 1994; 6% in Sell et al., 1995; 1–3% in Wellings et al., 1994). It is of note, however, that homosexuality is defined in different ways in these studies. For example, some use same-sex behavior and not same-sex attraction as the operational definition of homosexuality (e.g., Billy et al., 1993); many sex researchers (e.g., Bailey et al., 2000; Bogaert, 2003; Money, 1988; Zucker and Bradley, 1995) now emphasize attraction over overt behavior in conceptualizing sexual orientation." (p. 33) Also: "...the prevalence of male homosexuality (in particular, same-sex attraction) varies over time and across societies (and hence is a ‘‘moving target’’) in part because of two effects: (1) variations in fertility rate or family size; and (2) the fraternal birth order effect. Thus, even if accurately measured in one country at one time, the rate of male homosexuality is subject to change and is not generalizable over time or across societies." (p. 33)</ref><ref name="Fay1989">{{Cite journal|author=Fay RE, Turner CF, Klassen AD, Gagnon JH |title=Prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men |journal=Science |volume=243 |issue=4889 |pages=338–48 |year=1989 |pmid=2911744 |doi=10.1126/science.2911744|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="Johnson1992">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson AM, Wadsworth J, Wellings K, Bradshaw S, Field J |title=Sexual lifestyles and HIV risk |journal=Nature |volume=360 |issue=6403 |pages=410–2 |year=1992 |pmid=1448163 |doi=10.1038/360410a0|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="Laumann1994">Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., & Michaels, S. (1994). ''The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press.{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref><ref name="Sell1995">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01541598|author=Sell RL, Wells JA, Wypij D |title=The prevalence of homosexual behavior and attraction in the United States, the United Kingdom and France: results of national population-based samples |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=235–48 |year=1995 |pmid=7611844|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="Wellings1994">Wellings, K., Field, J., Johnson, A., & Wadsworth, J. (1994). ''Sexual behavior in Britain: The national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles.'' London, UK: Penguin Books.{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref><ref name="aftenposten">{{cite web|author=AVJonathan Tisdall&nbsp;&nbsp; |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article633160.ece |title=Norway world leader in casual sex, Aftenposten |publisher=Aftenposten.no |date= |accessdate=2010-08-24}}</ref><ref name="guardianpoll">{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2008/oct/26/relationships|title=Sex uncovered poll: Homosexuality|publisher=Guardian|date= 2008-10-26|accessdate=2010-08-24|location=London}}</ref> Sebuah studi tahun 2006 menunjukkan bahwa 20% dari populasi secara anonim melaporkan memiliki perasaan homoseksual, meskipun relatif sedikit peserta dalam penelitian ini menyatakan diri mereka sebagai homoseksual.<ref name="McConaghy et al">McConaghy et al., 2006</ref> Perilaku homoseksual juga banyak diamati [[homoseksualitas pada binatang|pada hewan]].<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090616122106.htm Science Daily: Same-Sex Behavior Seen In Nearly All Animals]</ref><ref name="Bagemihl">{{harv|Bagemihl|1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.news-medical.net/news/2006/10/23/20718.aspx |title=''1,500 animal species practice homosexuality'' - The Medical News, 23 October 2006 |access-date=2011-09-13 |archive-date=2011-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210172226/http://www.news-medical.net/news/2006/10/23/20718.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>Sommer, Volker & Paul L. Vasey (2006), Homosexual Behaviour in Animals, An Evolutionary Perspective. [[Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-86446-1</ref><ref name="Biological Exuberance: Animal" />

 

 

== Etimologi ==

 

Perkiraan populasi homoseksualitas eksklusif berkisar antara 1-20 persen dari populasi, biasanya ditemukan lebih banyak populasi gay daripada lesbian.<ref name="Billy1993"/><ref name="Binson1995"/><ref name="Johnson1992"/><ref name="Laumann1994"/><ref name="Wellings1994"/><ref name="aftenposten"/><ref name="guardianpoll"/><ref name="McConaghy et al" /><ref name="autogenerated4">* {{cite journal|author=ACSF Investigators|year=1992|title=AIDS and sexual behavior in France|url=|journal=Nature|volume=360|issue=6403|pages=407–409|doi=10.1038/360407a0|pmid=1448162|ref=harv}}

* {{Cite journal|author=Fay RE, Turner CF, Klassen AD, Gagnon JH|year=1989|title=Prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2911744|journal=Science|volume=243|issue=4889|pages=338–48|doi=10.1126/science.2911744|pmid=2911744|ref=harv}}

* {{Cite journal|author=Sell RL, Wells JA, Wypij D|year=1995|title=The prevalence of homosexual behavior and attraction in the United States, the United Kingdom and France: results of national population-based samples|journal=Arch Sex Behav|volume=24|issue=3|pages=235–48|doi=10.1007/BF01541598|pmid=7611844|ref=harv}}