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'''Iran''' ({{lang-fa|ایران}}), secara resmi '''Republik Islam Iran''' dan juga disebut '''Persia''' adalah sebuah negara yang terletak di [[Asia Barat]]. Meski negara ini telah dikenal penduduk lokal sebagai "Iran" sejak zaman kuno, hingga tahun [[1935]] Iran masih disebut sebagai "[[Persia]]" di [[dunia Barat]]. Pada tahun [[1959]], [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] mengumumkan bahwa kedua [[istilah]] tersebut boleh digunakan. Nama Iran adalah sebuah perkataan "[[Arya]]" yang berarti "Tanah Bangsa Arya".▼
 
{{Iran infobox}}
▲'''Iran''' ({{lang-fa|ایران}}), juga dikenal sebagai '''Persia''' dan secara resmi bernama '''Republik Islam Iran''' dan({{lang-fa|جمهوری jugaاسلامی disebutايران}} '''Persia'Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran''), adalah sebuah negara yang terletak di [[Asia Barat]]. Meski negara ini telah dikenal penduduk lokal sebagai "Iran" sejak zaman kuno, hingga tahun [[1935]] Iran masih disebut sebagai "[[Persia]]" di [[dunia Barat]]. Pada tahun [[1959]], [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] mengumumkan bahwa kedua [[istilah]] tersebut boleh digunakan. Nama Iran adalah sebuah perkataan "[[Arya]]" yang berarti "Tanah Bangsa Arya".
 
Iran berbatasan dengan [[Azerbaijan]] (500  km) dan [[Armenia]] (35  km) di barat laut, [[Laut Kaspia]] di utara, [[Turkmenistan]] (1.000  km) di timur laut, [[Pakistan]] (909  km) dan [[Afganistan]] (936  km) di timur, [[Türkiye]] (500  km) dan [[Irak]] (1.458  km) di barat, dan perairan [[Teluk Persia]] dan [[Teluk Oman]] di selatan.
 
Pada tahun [[1979]], sebuah [[Revolusi Iran]] yang dipimpin [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] mendirikan sebuah [[Republik Islam]] [[Teokrasi]] sehingga nama lengkap Iran saat ini adalah "Republik Islam Iran" (جمهوری اسلامی ایران).
 
Iran adalah negara multibudaya yang memiliki banyak kelompok [[suku]] dan [[bahasa]]. Persia (61%), Azerbaijan (16%), KurdiKurdistan (10%) dan Lorestan (6%).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html|title=Middle East: Iran — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=4 Oktober 2016|archive-date=3 Februari 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 
== Sejarah ==
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Di Iran utara, sebagian besar terbatas pada provinsi [[Provinsi Gilan|Gilan]] dan [[Provinsi Mazenderan|Mazenderan]], bahasa [[bahasa Gilaki|Gilaki]] dan [[bahasa Mazenderani|Mazenderani]] secara luas diucapkan. Mereka memiliki kedekatan dengan [[Bahasa di Kaukasus|bahasa Kaukasia]] tetangga. Di bagian [[Provinsi Gilan|Gilan]], [[bahasa Talysh]] juga digunakan secara luas, yang membentang sampai ke negara tetangga [[Azerbaijan]]. [[Bahasa Kurdi]] digunakan secara luas di [[Provinsi Kurdistan]] dan sekitarnya. Dalam [[Khuzestan]], [[Dialek Persia di Khuzestan|banyak dialek Persia yang berbeda]] dituturkan. [[Bahasa Luri]] dan [[bahasa Lari|Lari]] diucapkan di barat daya dan selatan Iran.
 
[[Rumpun bahasa Turki]] dan dialeknya, yang paling penting [[bahasa Azerbaijan|Turki Azerbaijan]] yang sejauh ini bahasa yang paling diucapkan di negara itu setelah Persia,<ref>Annika Rabo,Bo Utas. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT156&dq=azerbaijani+largest+minority+language+iran&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAGoVChMIqaj0r4OIxgIVQY4sCh2m_Qch#v=onepage&q=azerbaijani%20largest%20minority%20language%20iran&f=false ''The Role of the State in West Asia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211033457/https://books.google.nl/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT156&dq=azerbaijani+largest+minority+language+iran&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAGoVChMIqaj0r4OIxgIVQY4sCh2m_Qch#v=onepage&q=azerbaijani%20largest%20minority%20language%20iran&f=false |date=2023-02-11 }} Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, 2005 ISBN 91-86884-13-1</ref> dituturkan di berbagai wilayah di Iran, tetapi terutama luas dan dominan digunakan di provinsi [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]].
 
Bahasa minoritas penting di Iran termasuk [[bahasa Armenia|Armenia]], [[bahasa Georgia|Georgia]], [[bahasa Neo-Aram|Neo-Aram]], dan [[bahasa Arab|Arab]]. [[bahasa Arab Khuzestan|Arab Khuzi]] dituturkan oleh orang-orang [[Arab Ahwazi|Arab di Khuzestan]], dan kelompok yang lebih luas dari [[Arab Iran]]. [[Bahasa Sirkasia]] juga pernah digunakan secara luas oleh minoritas besar Sirkasia, namun, karena asimilasi selama bertahun-tahun, tidak ada jumlah yang cukup besar dari Sirkasia yang menuturkan bahasa itu lagi.<ref>[https://books.google.nl/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141&dq=number+of+circassians+in+iran&source=bl&ots=u_SmExfuC8&sig=2lK8k9IsUQZyjCtdKqIAIr6Rc5M&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBDgKahUKEwins7Whz4vGAhVRCNsKHb9pAME#v=onepage&q=number%20of%20circassians%20in%20iran&f=false ''Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211033457/https://books.google.nl/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141&dq=number+of+circassians+in+iran&source=bl&ots=u_SmExfuC8&sig=2lK8k9IsUQZyjCtdKqIAIr6Rc5M&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBDgKahUKEwins7Whz4vGAhVRCNsKHb9pAME#v=onepage&q=number%20of%20circassians%20in%20iran&f=false |date=2023-02-11 }} Facts On File, Incorporated ISBN 1-4381-2676-X p 141</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-iv--2 |title=Georgia viii: Georgian communities in Persia |last1=Oberling |first1=Pierre |date=7 February 2012 |website=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]] |accessdate=9 June 2014 |archive-date=2013-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517031826/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-iv--2 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mcha.kbsu.ru/english/m_hist_01E.htm.html |title=Circassian |publisher=Official Circassian Association |accessdate=9 June 2014 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035542/http://mcha.kbsu.ru/english/m_hist_01E.htm.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://iranian.com/Travelers/June97/Chardin/index.shtml |title=Persians: Kind, hospitable, tolerant flattering cheats? |first1=Sir John |last1=Chardin |authorlink=Jean Chardin |date=June 1997 |journal=[[Iranian.com|The Iranian]] |accessdate=9 June 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970620173929/http://www.iranian.com/Travelers/June97/Chardin/index.shtml |archivedate=20 June 1997 |deadurl=no }} Excerpted from:
* {{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jPL0A31H5MC&pg=PA183#v=twopage&q&f=false |chapter=Book 2, Chapter XI: Of the Temper, Manners, and Customs of the Persians: A XVII th. Century Viewpoint |first1=Sir John |last1=Chardin |authorlink=Jean Chardin |title=Travels in Persia, 1673–1677 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jPL0A31H5MC |location=New York |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1988 |pages=183–197 |isbn=9780486256368 |oclc=798310290 |accessdate=9 June 2014 |archive-date=2023-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211033457/https://books.google.com/books?id=5jPL0A31H5MC |dead-url=no }}</ref>
 
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[[Berkas:Ethnicities and religions in Iran.png|jmpl|300px|Right|Persebaran suku bangsa dan [[Agama di Iran|Agama]] di Iran.]]
Estimasi non-pemerintah lainnya mengenai kelompok selain Persia dan Azerbaijan secara kasar ''congruate'' dengan The World Factbook dan Perpustakaan Kongres. Namun, banyak estimasi ilmiah dan organisasi mengenai jumlah kedua kelompok berbeda secara signifikan dari sensus disebutkan. Menurut banyak dari mereka, jumlah etnis Azerbaijan di Iran terdiri antara 21,6-30% dari total penduduk, dengan mayoritas pada 25%.{{ref|New America Foundation|c}}<ref name="New America Foundation">{{cite news|url=http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf|title=Results a new nationwide public opinion survey of Iran|publisher=[[New America Foundation]]|date=June 12, 2009|accessdate=13 August 2013|archive-date=2013-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723044939/http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>{{ref|Minority Rights|d}}<ref name="Minority Rights">{{cite news|url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=5096|title=Azeris|publisher=[[Minority Rights Group International]]|year=2009|accessdate=16 October 2013|archive-date=2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053530/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=5096|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>* Shaffer, Brenda (2003). Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity. MIT Press. pp. 221–225. ISBN 0-262-19477-5 "There is considerable lack of consensus regarding the number of Azerbaijanis in Iran ... Most conventional estimates of the Azerbaijani population range between one-fifth to one-third of the general population of Iran, the majority claiming one-fourth." – "Azerbaijani student groups in Iran claim that there are 27 million Azerbaijanis residing in Iran."
* Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1765. ISBN 978-0-313-32384-3 "Approximately (2002e) 18,500,000 Southern Azeris in Iran, concentrated in the northwestern provinces of East and West Azerbaijan. It is difficult to determine the exact number of Southern Azeris in Iran, as official statistics are not published detailing Iran's ethnic structure. Estimates of the Southern Azeri population range from as low as 12 million up to 40% of the population of Iran – that is, nearly 27 million..."</ref><ref>Rasmus Christian Elling, Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Excerpt: "The number of Azeris in Iran is heavily disputed. In 2005, Amanolahi estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million. CIA and Library of congress estimates range from 16 percent to 24 percent – that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million). Azeri ethnicsts, on the other hand, argue that overall number is much higher, even as much as 50 percent or more of the total population. Such inflated estimates may have influenced some Western scholars who suggest that up to 30 percent (that is, some 23 million today) Iranians are Azeris." [https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211033457/https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA |date=2023-02-11 }}</ref><ref name="Criticism">Ali Gheissari. ''Contemporary Iran: Economy, Society – Politics: Economy, Society, Politics''. Page 300. "Azeri ethnonationalist activist, however, claim that number to be 24 million, hence as high as 35 percent of the Iranian population." Oxford University Press. 2 April 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf |title=Iran |publisher=[[New America Foundation]] |date=June 12, 2009 |accessdate=31 August 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723044939/http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> Dalam kasus apapun, populasi terbesar dari bangsa Azerbaijan di dunia hidup di Iran.
 
=== Agama ===
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* {{cite book | last1 = Fisher | first1 = William Bayne | last2 = Avery | first2= P. | last3 = Hambly | first3 = G. R. G | last4 = Melville | first4 = C. | title = The Cambridge History of Iran | volume = 7 | url = https://books.google.nl/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC&dq=agha+muhammad+khan+invade+georgia&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | location = Cambridge | year = 1991 | isbn = 0521200954 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Roisman|first1=Joseph|last2=Worthington|first2=Ian|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-1-44-435163-7|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&pg=PA345&lpg=PA345&dq=Achaemenid+Persians+ruled+balkans&source=bl&ots=K7qasgPG1K&sig=lkiajbVuNcHEbI5Lz3MnvIUBG1U&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=sb6RVP2qHoPUaqeGgZgE&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Achaemenid%20Persians%20ruled%20balkans&f=false|ref=harv}}
* Ubaidillah, M. F. (2022). Emancipating Critical Thinking Skills in a Writing Class: What and How?. ''Pengantar Dekan'', 33.
 
== Referensi ==
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* {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040714094508/http://www.president.ir/eng/ Situs Kepresidenan]
* {{en}} [http://itto.org/index.asp Situs resmi pariwisata]
* [http://www.farhangsara.com/ Farhangsara.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801120529/http://farhangsara.com/ |date=2015-08-01 }}
* [http://www.ahmadinejad.ir/ Blog Presiden Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071003013439/http://www.ahmadinejad.ir/ |date=2007-10-03 }}
* [http://www.iranologyfo.com/low-e01.htm Perlembagaan Iran]
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| South = [[Teluk Persia]], [[Teluk Oman]]
| Southeast = {{flag|Pakistan}}
}}
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{{Topik Iran}}
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