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Baris 1: [[Berkas:Silkroutes.jpg\|jmpl\|ka\|350px\|Rute Jalur Sutra]] '''Jalur Sutra''' ([[Hanzi tradisional]]: 絲綢之路; [[Hanzi ~~yang Disederhanakan~~sederhana]]: 丝绸之路; [[pinyin]]: sī chóu zhī lù, [[bahasa Persia]] راه ابریشم ''Râh-e Abrisham'') adalah sebuah jalur [[perdagangan]] melalui [[Asia]] yang menghubungkan antara Timur dan Barat dengan dihubungkan oleh pedagang, pengelana, biarawan, prajurit, nomaden dengan menggunakan [[karavan]] dan kapal laut, dan menghubungkan [[Chang'an]], [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]], dengan [[Antiokhia]], [[Suriah]], dan juga tempat lainnya pada waktu yang bervariasi. Pengaruh jalur ini terbawa sampai ke [[Korea]] dan [[Jepang]]. Pertukaran ini sangat penting tak hanya untuk pengembangan ~~blabkablaaaaa~~[[kebudayaan]] [[Cina]], [[India]] dan [[Roma]] namun juga merupakan dasar dari dunia modern. Istilah 'jalur sutra' pertama kali digunakan oleh geografer [[Jerman]] [[Ferdinand von Richthofen]] pada [[abad ke-19]] karena komoditas perdagangan dari [[Cina]] yang banyak berupa [[sutra]].<ref name="Waugh 2007, p. 4">Waugh (2007), p. 4.</ref><ref name="The Silk Roads 1998 pp. 1-2">"Approaches Old and New to the Silk Roads" Eliseeff in: ''The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce''. Paris (1998) UNESCO, Reprint: Berghahn Books (2009), pp. 1–2. ISBN 92-3-103652-1; ISBN 1-57181-221-0; ISBN 1-57181-222-9 (pbk)</ref> Jalur Sutra benua membagi menjadi jalur utara dan selatan begitu dia meluas dari pusat perdagangan Cina Utara dan Cina Selatan, rute utara melewati [[Bulgar]]-[[Suku Kipchak\|Kipchak]] ke [[Eropa Timur]] dan Semenanjung [[Crimea]], dan dari sana menuju ke [[Laut Hitam]], [[Laut Marmara]], dan [[Balkan]] ke [[Venezia]]; rute selatan melewati [[Turkestan]]-[[Khorasan]] menuju [[Mesopotamia]] dan [[Anatolia]], dan kemudian ke [[Antiokia]] di Selatan Anatolia menuju ke [[Laut Tengah]] atau melalui [[Levant]] ke [[Mesir]] dan [[Afrika Utara]]. Baris 18: == Pranala luar == * [http://www.mynetcologne.de/~nc-jostenge/banas-Dateien/image002.gif Peta rute-ture pelayaran antara 25 dan 220 M: ''Eurasian Trade Routes at the Time of the Eastern Han Dynasty''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628010734/http://www.mynetcologne.de/~nc-jostenge/banas-Dateien/image002.gif \|date=2007-06-28 }} * [http://www.bl.uk/whatson/exhibitions/silkroad/main.html Pameran British Library Silk Road], dengan versi digital ''[[The Diamond Sutra]]'', buku tercetak tertua di dunia. * [http://www.cnto.org/silkroad.asp China National Tourist Office] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221192524/http://www.cnto.org/silkroad.asp \|date=2007-12-21 }} * [http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/cities/map.html Cities Along the Silk Road (University of Washington)] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911153900/http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/cities/map.html \|date=2005-09-11 }} * ''[http://www.dawn.com/events/lifestyle2002/ls16.htm "The changing Northern Areas"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041009205908/http://dawn.com/events/lifestyle2002/ls16.htm \|date=2004-10-09 }}, ''Dawn'' * [http://www.ess.uci.edu/~oliver/silk.html Dr. Oliver Wild] {{Webarchive\|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160315145417/http://www.ess.uci.edu/~oliver/silk.html \|date=2016-03-15 }} * [http://idp.bl.uk/ International Dunhuang Project] * [http://www.ciolek.com/owtrad.html Old World Traditional Trade Routes (OWTRAD)] * [http://www.silk-road.com/ Silkroad Foundation] * [http://www.silkroadproject.org/ Silk Road Project] * [http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/ Silk Road Seattle] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520020715/http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/ \|date=2008-05-20 }} == Referensi == Baris 38: * [[Richard Foltz\|Foltz, Richard C.]] 2010. ''Religions of the Silk Road: Premodern Patterns of Globalization'', New York" Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-62125-1 * Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. ''History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250''. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. * Hill, John E. 2004. ''The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu.'' Draft annotated English translation.[http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426032835/http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html \|date=2006-04-26 }} * Hill, John E. 2004. ''The Peoples of the West from the Weilue'' 魏略 ''by Yu Huan'' 魚豢'': A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.'' Draft annotated English translation. [http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315032618/http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html \|date=2005-03-15 }} * Hopkirk, Peter: ''The Great Game: the Struggle for Empire in Central Asia''; Kodansha International, New York, 1990, 1992. * Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979. ''China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty''. E. J. Brill, Leiden. Baris 46: * Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim. 1993. '''''Gnosis on the Silk Road''': Gnostic Texts from Central Asia''. Trans. & presented by Hans-Joachim Klimkeit. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-064586-5. * Knight, E. F. 1893. ''Where Three Empires Meet: A Narrative of Recent Travel in: Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the adjoining countries''. Longmans, Green, and Co., London. Reprint: Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company, Taipei. 1971. * Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996. ''History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750''. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. s * Liu, Xinru 2001 “Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies.” ''Journal of World History'', Volume 12, No. 2, Fall 2001. University of Hawaii Press, pp. 261–292. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jwh/]. * McDonald, Angus. 1995. ''The Five Foot Road: In Search of a Vanished China''. HarperCollins''West'', San Francisco.