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'''Jalur Sutra''' ([[Hanzi tradisional]]: 絲綢之路; [[Hanzi
Pertukaran ini sangat penting tak hanya untuk pengembangan [[kebudayaan]] [[Cina]], [[India]] dan [[Roma]] namun juga merupakan dasar dari dunia modern. Istilah 'jalur sutra' pertama kali digunakan oleh geografer [[Jerman]] [[Ferdinand von Richthofen]] pada [[abad ke-19]] karena komoditas perdagangan dari [[Cina]] yang banyak berupa [[sutra]].<ref name="Waugh 2007, p. 4">Waugh (2007), p. 4.</ref><ref name="The Silk Roads 1998 pp. 1-2">"Approaches Old and New to the Silk Roads" Eliseeff in: ''The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce''. Paris (1998) UNESCO, Reprint: Berghahn Books (2009), pp. 1–2. ISBN 92-3-103652-1; ISBN 1-57181-221-0; ISBN 1-57181-222-9 (pbk)</ref>
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Hubungan jalan rel yang hilang dalam Jalur Sutra diselesaikan pada [[1992]], ketika jalan rel internasional [[Almaty]] - [[Urumqi]] dibuka.
Orang orang lebih memilih untuk berjalan pada saat musim dingin karena faktor adanya air dan juga barang yang dijual di musim panas jauh lebih mahal daripada musim dingin. Di Jalur Sutra ini terdapat sebuah tempat peristirahatan berbentuk seperti benteng yang disebut [[karavanserai]]. Di dalamnya banyak terdapat toko, penginapan, dan yang paling banyak ialah tempat trade in hewan. Mereka menukar hewan mereka yang sudah digunakan selama perjalanan dengan hewan baru (yang lebih bertenaga). Orang yang meninggal di Jalur Sutra ini dilemparkan ke suatu tempat yang bernama pemakaman langit (alam terbuka), karena mereka mempercayai bahwa kehidupan manusia selalu berbuat baik hingga akhir hayatnya, oleh karena itu tubuh mereka dibiarkan di alam terbuka agar dapat dimakan oleh burung.
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Karavanserai]], tempat istirahat kafilah dagang saat jalur sutra masih aktif
* [[:Kategori:Kota di Jalur Sutra|Daftar kota di sepanjang Jalur Sutra]]
* [[Kashgar]], [[Khotan]], [[Yarkand]]
* [[Sutra]]
* [[Ulat sutra]]
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.mynetcologne.de/~nc-jostenge/banas-Dateien/image002.gif Peta rute-ture pelayaran antara 25 dan 220 M: ''Eurasian Trade Routes at the Time of the Eastern Han Dynasty''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628010734/http://www.mynetcologne.de/~nc-jostenge/banas-Dateien/image002.gif |date=2007-06-28 }}
* [http://www.bl.uk/whatson/exhibitions/silkroad/main.html Pameran British Library Silk Road], dengan versi digital ''[[The Diamond Sutra]]'', buku tercetak tertua di dunia.
* [http://www.cnto.org/silkroad.asp China National Tourist Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221192524/http://www.cnto.org/silkroad.asp |date=2007-12-21 }}
* [http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/cities/map.html Cities Along the Silk Road (University of Washington)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911153900/http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/cities/map.html |date=2005-09-11 }}
* ''[http://www.dawn.com/events/lifestyle2002/ls16.htm "The changing Northern Areas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041009205908/http://dawn.com/events/lifestyle2002/ls16.htm |date=2004-10-09 }}, ''Dawn''
* [http://www.ess.uci.edu/~oliver/silk.html Dr. Oliver Wild] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160315145417/http://www.ess.uci.edu/~oliver/silk.html |date=2016-03-15 }}
* [http://idp.bl.uk/ International Dunhuang Project]
* [http://www.ciolek.com/owtrad.html Old World Traditional Trade Routes (OWTRAD)]
* [http://www.silk-road.com/ Silkroad Foundation]
* [http://www.silkroadproject.org/ Silk Road Project]
* [http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/ Silk Road Seattle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520020715/http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/ |date=2008-05-20 }}
== Referensi ==
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* Bulliet, Richard W. 1975. ''The Camel and the Wheel''. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-09130-2.
* Casson, Lionel. 1989. The ''Periplus Maris Erythraei''. Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04060-5.
* Elisseeff, Vadime. Editor. 1998. '''''The Silk Roads:''' Highways of Culture and Commerce''. UNESCO Publishing. Paris. Reprint: 2000. ISBN 92-3-103652-1 (pbk); ISBN 1-57181-221-0; ISBN 1-57181-222-9 (pbk).
* [[Richard Foltz|Foltz, Richard C.]] 2010. ''Religions of the Silk Road: Premodern Patterns of Globalization'', New York" Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-62125-1
* Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. ''History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250''. Paris, UNESCO Publishing.
* Hill, John E. 2004. ''The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu.'' Draft annotated English translation.[http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426032835/http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html |date=2006-04-26 }}
* Hill, John E. 2004. ''The Peoples of the West from the Weilue'' 魏略 ''by Yu Huan'' 魚豢'': A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.'' Draft annotated English translation. [http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315032618/http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html |date=2005-03-15 }}
* Hopkirk, Peter: ''The Great Game: the Struggle for Empire in Central Asia''; Kodansha International, New York, 1990, 1992.
* Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979. ''China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty''. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
* Juliano, Annettte, L. and Lerner, Judith A., et al. 2002. ''Monks and Merchants: Silk Road Treasures from Northwest China: Gansu and Ningxia, 4th-7th Century''. Harry N. Abrams Inc., with The Asia Society. ISBN 0-8109-3478-7 ; ISBN 0-87848-089-7 (pbk).
* Klimkeit, Hans-Joach, im. 1988. ''Die Seidenstrasse: Handelsweg and Kulturbruecke zwischen Morgen- and Abendland.'' Koeln: DuMont Buchverlag.
* Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim. 1993. '''''Gnosis on the Silk Road''': Gnostic Texts from Central Asia''. Trans. & presented by Hans-Joachim Klimkeit. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-064586-5.
* Knight, E. F. 1893. ''Where Three Empires Meet: A Narrative of Recent Travel in: Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the adjoining countries''. Longmans, Green, and Co., London. Reprint: Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company, Taipei. 1971.
* Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996. ''History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750''. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. s
* Liu, Xinru 2001 “Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies.” ''Journal of World History'', Volume 12, No. 2, Fall 2001. University of Hawaii Press, pp. 261–292. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jwh/].
* McDonald, Angus. 1995. ''The Five Foot Road: In Search of a Vanished China''. HarperCollins''West'', San Francisco.
* Mallory, J. P. and Mair, Victor H. 2000. ''The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West''. Thames & Hudson, London.
* Osborne, Milton. 1975. ''River Road to China: The Mekong River Expedition'', 1866-73. George Allen & Unwin Lt.
* Puri, B. N. ''Buddhism in Central Asia'', Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi, 1987. (2000 reprint).
* Ray, Himanshu Prabha. 2003. ''The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80455-8 (hardback); ISBN 0-521-01109-4 (paperback).
* Sarianidi, Victor. 1985. ''The Golden Hoard of Bactria: From the Tillya-tepe Excavations in Northern Afghanistan''. Harry N. Abrams, New York.
* Stein, Aurel M. 1907. ''Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan'', 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford. [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/]
* Stein, Aurel M. 1912. ''Ruins of Desert Cathay: Personal narrative of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China'', 2 vols. Reprint: Delhi. Low Price Publications. 1990.
* Stein, Aurel M. 1921. ''Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China'', 5 vols. London & Oxford. Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980.[http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/]
* Stein Aurel M. 1928. ''Innermost Asia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran'', 5 vols. Clarendon Press. Reprint: New Delhi. Cosmo Publications. 1981.
* Stein Aurel M. 1932 ''On Ancient Central Asian Tracks: Brief Narrative of Three Expeditions in Innermost Asia and Northwestern China''. Reprinted with Introduction by Jeannette Mirsky. Book Faith India, Delhi. 1999.
* von Le Coq, Albert. 1928. Buried Treasures of Turkestan. Reprint with Introduction by Peter Hopkirk, Oxford University Press. 1985.
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* Yan, Chen. 1986. “EARLIEST SILK ROUTE: The Southwest Route.” Chen Yan. ''China Reconstructs'', Vol. XXXV, No. 10. Oct. 1986, pp. 59–62.
{{Topik Dinasti Han}}
{{jalur perdagangan}}
[[Kategori:Jalur Sutra| ]]
[[Kategori:Rintisan bertopik geografi]]
[[Kategori:Rintisan bertopik sejarah]]
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[[Kategori:Sejarah Tiongkok]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah ekonomi]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah perdagangan asing di Tiongkok]]
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