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<!--[[Berkas:Skema.jp.jpg|thumb|450px|Skema perbandingan 1 tahun kalender Yahudi dengan Kalender Gregorian]]-->
[[Berkas:Jewish calendar, showing Adar II between 1927 and 1948.jpeg|jmpl|Kalender Yahudi, menampilkan bulan Adar II antara 1927 dan 1948]]
'''Kalender Yahudi''' atau '''Kalender Ibrani''' ({{lang-he|הלוח העברי}} ''ha'luach ha'ivri'') adalah [[kalender lunisolar]] yang digunakan oleh bangsa [[Yahudi]].<ref name="Ensiklopedia">{{en}}Jacob Neusner, Alan J. Avery-Peck, dan William Scott Green.1999.''The Encyclopedia of Judaism''.New York:The Continuum Publishing Company. hlm 32-50.</ref> Kalender ini memiliki [[12 (angka)|12]] bulan, dengan setiap bulannya berjumlah 29 atau 30 hari dan kurang lebih berjumlah 354 hari setiap tahunnya.<ref name="Encyclopedia2">{{en}}Geoffry Wigoder.1989.''The Encyclopedia of Judiasm''. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. hlm 145-146.</ref>
Sistem penanggalan kalender ini disebut '''''lunisolar''''' karena berpatokan pada perubahan [[musim]] yang dipengaruhi oleh putaran [[matahari]] dan [[bulan]].<ref name="Hari Raya Liturgi">{{id}}Rasid Rachman.2005. ''Hari Raya Liturgi
Peredaran bulan menjadi dasar pergantian hari yang dimulai dengan malam (dalam tradisi Yahudi kuno, hari baru dimulai setelah Matahari terbenam, hingga terbenamnya Matahari kembali di keesokan harinya).<ref name="Hari Raya Liturgi"/> Karena perpaduan antara sistem kalender Matahari dan bulan tersebut, kalender Yahudi selalu beriringan dengan [[Kalender Gregorian]] walaupun tetap memiliki perbedaan.<ref name="Hari Raya Liturgi"/>
== Sejarah ==
Kalender Yahudi tertua yang pernah ditemukan disebut dengan ''[[
Pada masa kerajaan, penambahan bulan ke-13 dilakukan secara periodik setelah mengamati kondisi agrikultural pada akhir bulan ke-12.<ref name="Encyclopedia2"/> Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya, penambahan ini dilakukan pada tahun ke-3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, dan 19 dan siklus 19 tahun.<ref name="Encyclopedia2"/>
Pada tahun [[
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{{further|Zmanim}}
Satu hari dalam budaya Yahudi tidak mempunyai panjang yang tetap. Perhitungan hari didasarkan pada Referensi ayat [[Alkitab]] yaitu: "...[[Kejadian 1#Jadilah petang dan jadilah pagi|Jadilah petang dan jadilah pagi]]..."<ref>[[Kejadian 1#Ayat 5|Kejadian 1:5]]; {{Alkitab|Kejadian 1:8}}; {{Alkitab|Kejadian 1:13}}; {{Alkitab|Kejadian 1:19}}; {{Alkitab|Kejadian 1:23}}; {{Alkitab|Kejadian 1:31}}; dan {{Alkitab|Kejadian 2:2}}.</ref> pada kisah [[:en:Genesis creation narrative|Penciptaan]] yang ditulis pada [[Kitab Kejadian]] [[Kejadian 1|pasal 1]] [[Kejadian 2|dan 2]]. Menurut penafsiran rabinik klasik atas teks ini, maka satu hari Yahudi dimulai dari matahari terbenam (awal "petang") sampai matahari terbenam keesokan harinya. Faktor yang rumit adalah tidak adanya kepastian waktu matahari terbit dan terbenam pada garis lintang tinggi selama musim-musim tertentu. Pada musim panas di garis lintang tinggi, ketika matahari tidak pernah terbenam di bawah horizon, satu hari dihitung dari tengah hari ke tengah hari, sedangkan pada musim dingin, ketika matahari tidak pernah muncul di atas horizon, maka satu hari adalah dari tengah malam ke tengah malam berikutnya.
Dalam sejarah Yahudi tidak dikenal sistem jam, sehingga digunakan sistem jam umum yang dipakai di seluruh dunia dengan aturan wilayah waktu, waktu standar dan [[daylight saving]]. Sistem jam umum ini biasanya hanya menjadi Referensi, dalam istilah misalnya: "[[Sabat]] dimulai pukul ...". Perubahan teratur waktu terbenamnya matahari di seluruh dunia serta perubahan musim menghasilkan berubahnya panjang hari sepanjang tahun berdasarkan gejala astronomi yang teramati, dan bukan atas aturan buatan manusia.
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Instead of the [[international date line]] convention, there are varying opinions as to where the day changes. One opinion uses the [[antimeridian]] of [[Jerusalem]]. (Jerusalem is 35°13’ east of the [[prime meridian]], so the antimeridian is at 144°47' W, passing through eastern [[Alaska]].) Other opinions exist as well.<ref>See Willie Roth's essay [http://koltorah.org/ravj/The%20International%20Date%20Line%20and%20Halacha.htm The International Date Line and ''Halacha''].</ref><ref>"Appendix II: Baal HaMaor's Interpretation of 20b and its Relevance to the Dateline" in ''Talmud Bavli'', Schottenstein Edition, Tractate ''Rosh HaShanah'', Mesorah Publications Ltd. ("ArtScroll") 1999, where "20b" refers to the 20th page 2nd folio of the tractate.</ref>
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Setiap jam [[:en:Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement#Day|dibagi]] atas 1080 ''halakim'' (singular: ''[[helek]]'') atau "bagian". Satu bagian adalah 3⅓ [[detik]] atau <sup>1</sup>/<sub>18</sub> [[menit]].<!--The ultimate ancestor of the helek was a small Babylonian time period called a ''barleycorn'', itself equal to <sup>1</sup>/<sub>72</sub> of a Babylonian ''time degree'' (1° of celestial rotation).<ref name=Neugebauer1>Otto Neugebauer, "The astronomy of Maimonides and its sources", ''Hebrew Union College Annual'' '''23''' (1949) 322–363.</ref> Actually, the barleycorn or ''she'' was the name applied to the smallest units of all Babylonian measurements, whether of length, area, volume, weight, angle, or time.
The weekdays start with Sunday (day 1, or ''[[Yom]] Rishon'') and proceed to Saturday (day 7), [[Shabbat]]. Since some calculations use division, a remainder of 0 signifies Saturday.
While calculations of days, months and years are based on fixed hours equal to <sup>1</sup>/<sub>24</sub> of a day, the beginning of each ''halachic'' day is based on the local time of [[sunset]]. The end of the Shabbat and other [[Jewish holiday]]s is based on nightfall (''Tzeth haKochabim'') which occurs some amount of time, typically 42 to 72 minutes, after sunset. According to Maimonides, nightfall occurs when three medium-sized stars become visible after sunset. By the 17th century this had become three second-magnitude stars. The modern definition is when the center of the sun is 7° below the geometric (airless) horizon, somewhat later than civil twilight at 6°. The beginning of the daytime portion of each day is determined both by dawn and [[sunrise]]. Most ''halachic'' times are based on some combination of these four times and vary from day to day throughout the year and also vary significantly depending on location. The daytime hours are often divided into ''Sha`oth Zemaniyoth'' or "Halachic hours" by taking the time between sunrise and sunset or between dawn and nightfall and dividing it into 12 equal hours. The nighttime hours are similarly divided into 12 equal portions, albeit a different amount of time than the "hours" of the daytime. The earliest and latest times for [[Jewish services]], the latest time to eat [[Chametz]] on the day before [[Passover]] and many other rules are based on ''Sha`oth Zemaniyoth''. For convenience, the modern day using ''Sha`oth Zemaniyoth'' is often discussed as if sunset were at 6:00pm, sunrise at 6:00am and each hour were equal to a fixed hour. For example, ''halachic'' noon may be after 1:00pm in some areas during [[daylight saving time]]. Within the [[Mishnah]], however, the numbering of the hours starts with the "first" hour after the start of the day.<ref>See, for example, [[Berakhoth (Talmud)|Berachot]] chapter 1, Mishnah 2.</ref>
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== Minggu ==
'''Shevua''' [שבוע] adalah siklus mingguan yang terdiri atas tujuh hari, serupa dengan tujuh hari penciptaan dalam [[Kitab Kejadian]] di mana dunia dan isinya diciptakan. Nama-nama hari dalam minggu, sebagaimana yang tercatat dalam [[Kitab Kejadian]] adalah sekadar bilangan 1 sampai 7 dengan [[Sabat]] sebagai hari ketujuh. Setiap hari dalam seminggu dihitung mulai dari matahari terbenam sampai ke matahari terbenam berikutnya dan ditetapkan secara lokal.
=== Nama-nama hari ===
Kalender Yahudi mengikuti siklus tujuh hari yang berjalan seiring tetapi tidak berhubungan dengan siklus bulanan maupun tahunan. Nama-nama hari sekadar bilangan urutan hari dalam seminggu. Dalam [[bahasa Ibrani]], nama-nama ini dapat disingkat dengan menggunakan angka Ibrani ([[:en:Hebrew numerals|''numerical value'']]) yang diwakili oleh huruf-huruf tertentu, misalnya {{hebrew|יום א׳}} (''Hari 1'', atau [[Yom]] Rishon ({{hebrew|יום ראשון}})):
# Yom Rishon – {{hebrew|יום ראשון}} (disingkat {{hebrew|יום א׳}}), artinya "hari pertama" [seiring dengan hari Minggu] (dimulai dari saat matahari terbenam hari Sabtunya)
# Yom Sheni – {{hebrew|יום שני}} (disingkat {{hebrew|יום ב׳}}) artinya "hari kedua" [seiring dengan hari Senin]
# Yom Shlishi – {{hebrew|יום שלישי}} (disingkat {{hebrew|יום ג׳}}) artinya "hari ketiga" [seiring dengan hari Selasa]
# Yom Reviʻi – {{hebrew|יום רביעי}} (disingkat {{hebrew|יום ד׳}}) artinya "hari keempat" [seiring dengan hari Rabu]
# Yom Chamishi – {{hebrew|יום חמישי}} (disingkat {{hebrew|יום ה׳}}) artinya "hari kelima" [seiring dengan hari Kamis]
# Yom Shishi – {{hebrew|יום ששי}} (disingkat {{hebrew|יום ו׳}}) artinya "hari keenam" [seiring dengan hari Jumat]
# Yom Shabbat – {{hebrew|יום שבת}} (disingkat {{hebrew|יום ש׳}}), atau lebih sering disebut "[[Sabat]]" – {{Hebrew|שבת}} = "hari perhentian Sabat" [seiring dengan hari Sabtu].
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The names of the days of the week are modeled on the seven days mentioned in the [[Genesis creation myth|Creation]] story. For example, {{bibleverse||Genesis|1:5|HE}} "... And there was evening and there was morning, one day". ''One day'' ({{hebrew|יוֹם אֶחָד}}) in Genesis 1:15 is translated in JPS as ''first day'', and in some other contexts (including KJV) as ''day one''. In subsequent verses the Hebrew refers to the days using ordinal numbers, e.g., 'second day', 'third day', and so forth, but with the sixth and seventh days the Hebrew includes the definite article ("the").<ref>See {{bibleverse||Genesis|1:8|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Gen|1:13|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Gen|1:19|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Gen|1:23|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Gen|1:31|HE}} and {{bibleverse-nb||Gen|2.2|HE}}.</ref>
The Jewish [[Shabbat]] has a special role in the Jewish weekly cycle. There are many special rules which relate to the Shabbat, discussed more fully in the Talmudic tractate [[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]].
In Hebrew, the word ''Shabbat'' ({{hebrew|שַׁבָּת}}) can also mean "(Talmudic) week",<ref>For example, according to [http://milon.morfix.co.il/default.aspx?q=שבת Morfix מילון מורפיקס, Morfix Dictionary], which is based upon Prof. [[Yaakov Choeka]]'s [[Rav Milim]] dictionary. But the word meaning a non-Talmudic week is שָׁבוּע ''(shavuʻa)'', according to the same "מילון מורפיקס".</ref> so that in ritual liturgy a phrase like "Yom Reviʻi bəShabbat" means "the fourth day in the week".<ref>For example, when referring to the daily psalm recited in the morning prayer ([[Jewish services#Shacharit: morning prayers|Shacharit]]).</ref>
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== Bulan ==
Kalender Yahudi menggunakan perhitungan [[lunisolar]], artinya bulan-bulan didasarkan atas tahun lunar, tetapi tahun-tahun dihitung menurut tahun solar.<ref>Sebagai perbandingan, [[kalender Gregorian]] murni merupakan kalender solar, sedangkan kalender Islam adalah murni kalender lunar.</ref> <!-- The calendar year features twelve lunar months of twenty-nine or thirty days, with an [[Intercalation (timekeeping)|intercalary]] lunar month added periodically to synchronize the twelve lunar cycles with the longer solar year. (These extra months are added seven times every nineteen years. See [[#Leap months|Leap months]], below.) The beginning of each Jewish lunar month is based on the appearance of the [[new moon]].<ref>Under the fixed, calculated calendar, this is only loosely true. Because the calculations are based on ''mean'' lunar months, not observed ones–and because of the [[#Rosh Hashanah postponement|Rosh Hashanah postponement rules]]—a given month may not begin on the same day as its astronomical conjunction. See {{cite web |url= http://www.sym454.org/hebrew/molad.htm|title=Moon and the Molad of the Hebrew Calendar|last1=Bromberg |first1=Dr. Irv|date= August 5, 2010|publisher= utoronto.ca|accessdate=December 16, 2012}}</ref> Although originally the new lunar crescent had to be observed and certified by witnesses,<ref>This practice continues to be used in [[Karaite Judaism]] as well as in the [[Islamic calendar]].</ref> the moment of the new moon is now approximated arithmetically.
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Rata-rata panjang satu bulan lunar (lebih tepatnya [[:en:Months#Synodic month|bulan sinodik atau ''synodic month'']]) dekat dengan 29,5 hari. Karenanya, tahun dalam kalender Ibrani biasa terdiri dari 12 bulan lunar yang bergantian panjangnya 29 dan 30 hari.
=== Nama-Nama Bulan ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Nama-nama bulan dalam kalender Yahudi'''<ref name="Hari Raya Liturgi"/>
! # tahun eklesiasitikal
! # tahun sipil
! Ibrani
! Ejaan Tiberias
Baris 26 ⟶ 71:
! Catatan
|-
| 1 || 7 ||align=right| {{hebrew|נִיסָן}} || Nīsān || [[Nisan]] || [[Nisan (bulan)|Nisan]]<br />Nissan || 30 ||[[Maret]] - [[April]]|| [[Paskah Yahudi]] || Disebut ''[[Abib]]'' ({{Alkitab|Keluaran 13:4}}, {{Alkitab|Keluaran 23:15}}, {{Alkitab|Keluaran 34:18}}, {{Alkitab|Ulangan 16:1}}) <br />
|-
| 2 || 8 ||align=right| {{hebrew|אִיָּר / אייר}} || ʼIyyār || Iyyar || [[Iyar]] || 29 || [[April]] - [[Mei]]|| [[Pesach Sheni]]<br />[[Lag B'Omer]] || Disebut ''
|-
| 3 || 9 ||align=right| {{hebrew|סִיוָן / סיוון}} || Sīwān || [[Siwan]] || [[Sivan]] || 30
|-
| 4 || 10 ||align=right| {{hebrew|תַּמּוּז }}|| Tammūz || Tammuz || [[Tamus (bulan)|Tamus]]<br />Tamuz || 29
|-
| 5 || 11 ||align=right| {{hebrew|אָב }}|| ʼĀḇ || Av || [[Ab (bulan)|Ab]] || 30 ||[[Juli]] - [[Agustus]] || [[Tisha B'Av]]<br />[[Tu B'Av]] ||
|-
| 6 || 12 ||align=right|{{hebrew| אֱלוּל }}|| ʼĔlūl || [[Elul]] || [[Elul]] || 29 ||[[Agustus]] - [[September]] || ||
|-
| 7 || 1 ||align=right|{{hebrew| תִּשׁרִי}} || Tišrī || Tishri || [[Tisyri]] || 30 ||[[September]] - [[Oktober]]|| {{nowrap|[[Rosh Hashanah]]}}<br />[[Yom Kippur]]<br />[[Sukkot]]<br />[[Shmini Atzeret]]<br />[[Simchat Torah]] || Disebut ''Ethanim'' di {{Alkitab|1 Raja-raja 8:2}}.
|-
| 8 || 2 ||align=right|{{hebrew| מַרְחֶשְׁוָן / מרחשוון }}|| Marḥešwān || Marẖeshwan || [[Markhesywan]]<br />Hesywan|| 29 / 30 ||[[Oktober]] - [[November]]|| || Disebut ''[[Bul]]'' di
|-
| 9 || 3 ||align=right|{{hebrew| כִּסְלֵו }}|| Kislēw || [[Kislew]] || [[Kislew]] <br /> Chisleu <br /> Chislev || 29 / 30 ||[[November]] - [[Desember]]|| [[Hanukkah]] ||
|-
| 10 || 4 ||align=right|{{hebrew| טֵבֵת }}|| Ṭēḇēṯ || Tebeth || [[Tebet]] || 29 ||[[Desember]] - [[Januari]]|| [[Tenth of Tevet]] ||
|-
| 11 || 5 ||align=right|{{hebrew| שְׁבָט }}|| Šəḇāṭ || Shevat || Shvat <br /> [[Syebat]] || 30 || [[Januari]] - [[Februari]]|| [[Tu Bishvat]] ||
|-
| 12L<sup>*</sup> || 6<sup>*</sup> ||align=right|{{hebrew| אֲדָר א׳ }}|| || Adar I<sup>*</sup> ||[[Adar]] || 30 ||[[Februari]] - [[Maret]]|| || rowspan="2"|<sup>*</sup>Hanya ada
|-
| 12 || 6 ||align=right|{{nowrap|{{hebrew| אֲדָר / אֲדָר ב׳ }}}}|| ʼĂḏār || {{nowrap|[[Adar]] / Adar II<sup>*</sup>}} ||[[Adar]] || 29 ||[[Februari]] - [[Maret]]|| [[Purim]]
|}
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