Kampanye Gurun Barat: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Kotak kampanye Gurun Barat}}
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'''Kampanye Gurun Barat''' atau '''Perang Gurun'''
Operasi militer diawali dengan pernyaaan perang Italia terhadap Sekutu pada 10 Juni 1940 untuk merebut Mesir dari Inggris, dimana saat itu ia memiliki lebih dari satu juta orang angkatan perang yang berbasis di Libya, serangan dilancarkan dari Libya menuju mesir pada 13 September 1940. [[Marshall Rodolfo Graziani]] bersama lima divisi Italia mulai bergerak cepat ke Mesir tetapi terhenti di depan pertahanan utama Inggris di [[Mersa Matruh]]. Meskipun kalah jumlah, Jenderal [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]] memerintahkan serangan balasan Inggris pada 9 Desember 1940. Italia menderita banyak korban dan terdesak mundur lebih dari 800 km (500 mil). Pasukan Inggris bergerak di sepanjang pantai dan pada 22 Januari 1941, dan berhasil merebut pelabuhan Tobruk di Libya dari Italia.
[[Benito Mussolini]] mencari bantuan dari [[Adolf Hitler]] dan akhirnya pada Januari 1941, [[Adolf Hitler]] mengirim Jenderal [[Erwin Rommel]] dan ''[[Deutsches Afrikakorps]]'' yang baru dibentuk ke Afrika Utara. Rommel melancarkan serangan pertamanya pada 24 Maret 1941, dan setelah seminggu pertempuran dia mendorong Archibald Wavell dan Tentara Inggris keluar dari sebagian besar Libya. Namun, di bawah Letnan Jenderal Leslie Morshead, Inggris berhasil mempertahankan basis pasokan penting di Tobruk.
Archibald Wavell mencoba melakukan serangan balik pada 17 Juni 1941, tetapi pasukannya dihentikan di Halfaya Pass. Tiga minggu kemudian dia digantikan oleh Jenderal Claude Auchinleck.
== Catatan kaki ==
Baris 44 ⟶ 49:
|title=Appendix E, H.Q. Cyrenaica Command Intelligence Summary No. 6 (23 Feb 41) WO 169/1258 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=23 February 1941 |website=The National Archives |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ |accessdate=15 March 2015}}
* {{cite book|first=Niall|last=Barr|title=Pendulum of War: The Three Battles of El Alamein|location= Woodstock, NY|publisher=Overlook Press|year=2005|origyear=2004|isbn=978-1-58567-738-2}}
* {{cite book|first=Eddy|last=Bauer|editor-first=Young|editor-last=Peter|title=The History of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofworldwa0000baue|location=London|publisher=Orbis|edition=rev.|year=2000|isbn=1-85605-552-3|origyear=1979}}
* {{cite book|last=Bekker|first=Cajus|title=The Luftwaffe War Diaries|url=https://archive.org/details/luftwaffewardiar0000bekk_j4h7|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|year=1975|isbn=978-0-306-80604-9}}
* {{cite book|first1=John|last1=Bierman|last2=Smith|first2=Colin|title=War Without Hate: the Desert Campaign of 1940–1943|url=https://archive.org/details/warwithouthatede0000bier|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|origyear=2002|edition=New|year= 2003|isbn=978-0-14-200394-7}}
* {{cite book|first1=John|last1=Bierman|last2=Smith|first2=Colin|title=The Battle of Alamein: Turning Point, World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/battleofalameint00bier|publisher=Viking|year=2002|location=New York|isbn=978-0-670-03040-8}}
* {{cite book|title=Dilemmas of the Desert War: the Libyan Campaign 1940–1942|url=https://archive.org/details/dilemmasofdesert0000carv|last=Carver|first=M.|authorlink=Michael Carver, Baron Carver|year=2002|orig-year=1986|publisher=Batsford|location=Staplehurst|edition=Spellmount|isbn=1-86227-153-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Cooper|first=Matthew|title=The German Army 1933–1945: its Political and Military Failure|url=https://archive.org/details/germanarmy1933190000coop_r0w6|publisher=Stein and Day|year=1978|location=Briarcliff Manor, NY|isbn=0-8128-2468-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Creveld|first=M. van|authorlink=Martin van Creveld|title=Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton|url=https://archive.org/details/supplyingwarlogi0000vanc|year=1977|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-29793-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Edgerton|first=D.|title=Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War|year=2011|publisher=Allen Lane|location=London|isbn=978-0-713-99918-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Green|first=William|title=Warplanes of the Third Reich|url=https://archive.org/details/warplanesofthird0000will|location=New York|publisher=Doubleday|year=1970|isbn=0-38505-782-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hinsley|first1=F. H.|last2=Thomas|first2=E. E.|last3=Ransom|first3=C. F. G.|last4=Knight|first4=R. C.|series=History of the Second World War|title=British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations|volume=II|location=London|publisher=[[HMSO]]|year=1981|isbn=0-11-630934-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Hoffman|first=K.|title=Erwin Rommel|url=https://archive.org/details/erwinrommel0000hoff|year=2004|publisher=Brassey's|location=London|isbn=1-85753-374-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Lewin|first=Ronald|year=1998|origyear=1968|title=Rommel As Military Commander|url=https://archive.org/details/rommelasmilitary0000lewi|publisher=B&N Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7607-0861-3}}
* {{cite book|last=von Luck|first=Hans|author-link=Hans von Luck|title=Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck|url=https://archive.org/details/panzercommander00hans|year=1989|location=New York|publisher=Dell (Random House)|isbn=0-440-20802-5}}
* {{Cite book|first=Compton|last=Mackenzie|authorlink=Compton Mackenzie|title=Eastern Epic|publisher=Chatto & Windus|location=London|year=1951|oclc=1412578}}
* {{cite book|first=Major Kenneth|last=Macksey|authorlink=Kenneth Macksey|series=Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century|number=Battle Book 22|title=Beda Fomm: Classic Victory|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|year=1971|oclc=473687868}}
* {{cite book|first=Andrew|last=MacGregor|title=A Military History of Modern Egypt: from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War|url=https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00andr|publisher=Praeger Security International General Interest|location=Santa Barbara, CA|year=2006|origyear=2006|isbn=0-275-98601-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Marcon|first=Tullio|title=I Muli del Mare|language=Italian|publisher=Albertelli|location=Parma|year=1998|edition=3rd|isbn=978-88-87372-02-1}}
* {{cite book|first=Richard|last=Mead|title=Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the Key British Generals of World War II|year=2007|publisher=Spellmount|location=Stroud (UK)|isbn=978-1-86227-431-0}}
* {{cite book|first=Robin|last=Neillands|title=Eighth Army: From the Western Desert to the Alps, 1939–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/eightharmyfromwe0000neil|publisher=John Murray|year=2004|isbn=0-7195-5647-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Pitt|first=Barrie|title=Crucible of War: Western Desert 1941|year=1989|publisher=Paragon House|edition=New|isbn=978-1-55778-232-8}}
* {{cite book|first1=Major-General I. S. O.|last1=Playfair|author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair|first2=Commander G. M. S.|last2=with Stitt [[Royal Navy|R.N.]]|first3=Brigadier C. J. C.|last3=Molony|first4=Air Vice-Marshal S. E.|last4=Toomer|editor-last=Butler|editor-first=J. R. M.|editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler|series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series|title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)|volume=I|publisher=Naval & Military Press|year=2004|origyear=1st. pub. [[HMSO]] 1954|isbn=1-84574-065-3|lastauthoramp=y}}
Baris 68 ⟶ 73:
* {{cite book|first1=Major-General I. S. O.|last1=Playfair|first2=Captain F. C.|last2= with Flynn R.N.|first3=Brigadier C. J. C.|last3=Molony|first4=Group Captain T. P.|last4=Gleave|editor-last=Butler|editor-first=J. R. M.|series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series|title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942)|volume=III|publisher=Naval & Military Press|year=2004|origyear=HMSO 1960|isbn=1-84574-067-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|first1=Major-General I. S. O.|last1=Playfair|first2=Brigadier C. J. C.|last2=and Molony|first3=Captain F. C.|last3=with Flynn R.N.|first4=Group Captain T. P.|last4=Gleave|editor-last=Butler|editor-first=J. R. M.|title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa|volume=IV|series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series|origyear=HMSO 1966|year=2004|location=Uckfield, UK|publisher= Naval & Military Press|isbn=1-84574-068-8|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Porch|first=Douglas|author-link=Douglas Porch|title=Hitler's Mediterranean Gamble|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersmediterra0000porc|year=2004|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicholson|edition=Cassell Military Paperbacks 2005|location=London|isbn=0-304-36705-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Raugh|first=H. E.|title=Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship|url=https://archive.org/details/wavellinmiddleea0000raug|authorlink=|year=1993|publisher=Brassey's UK|location=London|edition=|isbn=0-08-040983-0}}
* {{cite book|first=Erwin|last=Rommel|authorlink=Erwin Rommel|editor-last=Pimlott|editor-first=John|title=Rommel: in his own words|url=https://archive.org/details/rommelinhisownwo0000romm|location=London|publisher=Greenhill Books|year=1994|isbn=978-1-85367-185-2}}
* {{cite book|first=Erwin|last=Rommel|editor-last=Liddell Hart|editor-first=Basil|editorlink=Basil Liddell-Hart|title=The Rommel Papers|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=1982|location=New York|origyear=1953|isbn=978-0-306-80157-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Schenk|first=Peter|title=Invasion of England 1940: The Planning of Operation Sealion|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=London|year=1990|isbn=0-85177-548-9}}
* {{cite book|first=B. A.|last=Watson|title=Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43|url=https://archive.org/details/exitrommeltunisi0000wats|publisher=Stackpole|location=Mechanicsburg, PA|year=2007|isbn=0-8117-3381-5|origyear=1999}}
;Jurnal
* {{cite journal |last1=Greene |first1=Jack |authorlink= |first2=Alessandro |last2=Massignani |title=The Summer of '42: The Proposed Axis Invasion of Malta |publisher=Command Magazine |location=Conshohocken, PA |issue=20 |date=Jan–Feb 1993 |issn=1059-5651}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jenner |first=C. J. |title=Turning the Hinge of Fate: Good Source and the UK–U.S. Intelligence Alliance, 1940–1942 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diplomatic-history_2008-04_32_2/page/165 |year=2008 |journal=Diplomatic History |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=165–205 |publisher=[[Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations]] ([[Oxford University Press]]) |location=London |issn=0145-2096}}
* {{cite journal |first=Archibald |last=Wavell |year=1946 |authorlink=Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell |title=Despatch on Operations in the Middle East From August, 1939 to November, 1940 |publisher=War Office |location=London}} in {{London Gazette |issue=37609 |date=13
* {{cite journal |first=Archibald |last=Wavell |year=1946 |title=Despatch on Operations in the Western Desert From 7th December, 1940 to 7th February 1941 |publisher=War Office |location=London}} in {{London Gazette |issue=37628 |date=26
* {{cite journal |first=Archibald |last=Wavell |year=1946 |title=Despatch on Operations in the Middle East From 7th February, 1941 to 15th July 1941 |publisher=War Office |location=London}} in {{London Gazette |issue=37638 |date=3
;Laporan
* {{cite report |title=Battle Report: Alam Halfa |first1=Major-General G. P. B. |last1=Roberts |authorlink=George Philip Bradley Roberts |last2=Bayerlein, Generalleutnant |first2=Fritz |authorlink2=Fritz Bayerlein |editor=[[Basil Liddell Hart]] |year=1956 |publisher=Combat Studies Institute, US Army Command and General Staff College |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |accessdate=5 November 2007 |url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/hart/hart.asp |oclc=464601329 |archive-date=2007-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021084922/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/hart/hart.asp |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite report |url=http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/wwii/marine1/1296ii.pdf |format=PDF |title=German Experiences in Desert Warfare During World War II |volume=II |publisher=Historical Division, European Command |last=Toppe |first=Generalmajor Alfred |origyear=~1947 |year=1990 |location=Washington: U.S. Marine Corps |website=[http://www.theblackvault.com/ The Black Vault] |id=FMFRP 12-96-II |deadurl=no |accessdate=15 October 2013}}
;Tesis
* {{cite thesis |first=Howard R. |last=Christie |title=Fallen Eagles: The Italian 10th Army in the Opening Campaign in the Western Desert, June 1940 – December 1940 |type=MA |year=1999 |publisher=U. S. Army Command and General Staff College |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |id=A116763 |url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll2/id/597 |accessdate=16 February 2015 |oclc=465212715 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216220301/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll2/id/597 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216220301/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll2/id/597 |date=2015-02-16 }}
;Situs web
Baris 98 ⟶ 103:
* {{cite book|title=War Diaries 1939–1945|last=Alanbrooke|first=Field Marshal Lord|authorlink=Alan Brooke|year=2002|origyear=1957|editor1-last=Danchev|editor1-first=Alex|editor2-last=Todman|editor2-first=Daniel|publisher=Phoenix Press|location=London|edition=rev.|isbn=1-84212-526-5}}
* Beaumont, Joan (1996). ''Australia's War, 1939–1945''. Melbourne: Allen & Unwin; ISBN 1-86448-039-4.
* {{cite book|authorlink=Michael Carver, Baron Carver|last=Carver|first=Field Marshal Lord|title=El Alamein|url=https://archive.org/details/elalamein0000carv|publisher=Wordsworth Editions|edition=New|year=2000|origyear=1962|location=Ware, Herts. UK|isbn=978-1-84022-220-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Carver|first=Field Marshal Lord|title=Tobruk|url=https://archive.org/details/tobruk0000carv|publisher=[[Pan Books]]|edition=|year=1964|isbn=0-330-23376-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Winston S.|last=Churchill|authorlink=Winston Churchill|series=The Second World War|title=Their Finest Hour|volume=II|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location= Boston|year=1986|origyear=1949|isbn=0-395-41056-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Churchill|first=Winston S.|series=The Second World War|title=The Grand Alliance|volume=III|year=1985|origyear=1950|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston|isbn=0-395-41057-6}}
Baris 112 ⟶ 117:
* {{cite book|first=Jon|last=Latimer|authorlink=Jon Latimer|series=Campaign|title=Operation Compass 1940: Wavell's Whirlwind Offensive|number=73|publisher=Osprey|year=2000|location=Oxford|isbn=1-85532-967-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Latimer|first=Jon|title=Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-275-98287-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Long|first=Gavin|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=17|series=Official History of Australia in the Second World War Series 1 (Army)|volume=I|title=To Benghazi|year=1961|origyear=1952|publisher=Australian War Memorial|location=Canberra|oclc=314648263|access-date=2015-10-28|archive-date=2007-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908054833/http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=17|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|first=C. E.|last=Lucas-Phillips|title=Alamein|publisher=Heinemann|location=London|year=1962|oclc=3510044}}
* {{cite book|last=Maughan|first=Barton|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=19|series=Official History of Australia in the Second World War Series 1 (Army)|volume=III|title=Tobruk and El Alamein|year=1966|publisher=Australian War Memorial|location=Canberra|oclc=954993|access-date=2015-10-28|archive-date=2007-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908055035/http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=19|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|author=von Mellenthin, Major General F. W.|title=[[Panzer Battles (book)|Panzer Battles: A Study of the Employment of Armour in the Second World War]]|edition=First|origyear=1956|location=New York|publisher=[[Ballantine Books]]|year=1971|isbn=0-345-24440-0}}
* {{cite book|first=Ian W.|last=Walker|title=Iron hulls, iron hearts: Mussolini's elite armoured divisions in North Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/ironhullsironhea0000walk|publisher=Crowood|year=2003|location=Marlborough|isbn=978-1-86126-646-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Walker|first=Ronald|series=The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945|title=Alam Halfa and Alamein|url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Alam.html|location=Wellington, NZ|publisher=Historical Publications Branch|year=1967|oclc=504337535}}
;Laporan
* {{cite report |series=USAWC strategy research project |title=Discarded Victory: North Africa, 1940–1941 |last=Thompson |first=D. H. |authorlink= |year=2002 |publisher=U.S. Army War College |location=Carlisle Barracks, PA |url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a404277.pdf |accessdate=9 July 2015 |oclc=50872739 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093859/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a404277.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite report |last=Tosch |first=D. F. |series=Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph |title=German Operations in North Africa: A Case Study of the Link Between Operational Design and Sustainment |type=Report |url=http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll3/id/2194/rec/11 |year=1987 |publisher=School of Advanced Military Studies U.S. Army Command and General Staff College |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |accessdate=28 March 2015 |docket=ADA 184732 |oclc=17455859}}
Baris 126 ⟶ 131:
* {{cite thesis |last=Dando |first=N. |title=The Impact of Terrain on British Operations and Doctrine in North Africa 1940–1943 |type=PhD |url=https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk//handle/10026.1/3035 |year=2014 |publisher=Plymouth University |accessdate=25 March 2015 |oclc=885436735}}
* {{cite thesis |last=LaFace |first=J. L. |series=Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph |title=Tactical Victory Leading to Operational Failure: Rommel in North Africa |type=Monograph |authorlink= |year=2001 |publisher=Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |edition= |url=http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll3/id/305/rec/1 |accessdate=28 March 2015 |docket=ADA 397473 |oclc=831724060}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Snead |first=L. R. |series=Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph |title=Wavell's Campaigns in the Middle East: An Analysis of Operational Art and the Implications for Today |date=6 May 1994 |type=Monograph |url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll3/id/1328/rec/2 |publisher=School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |accessdate=9 March 2015 |docket=ADA 284720 |oclc=831935679 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062551/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll3/id/1328/rec/2 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062551/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll3/id/1328/rec/2 |date=2016-03-04 }}
{{refend}}
Baris 136 ⟶ 141:
* [[commons:File:Battle report of Panzerarmeeafrika for 29 June 1942.jpg|Panzer Army Africa Battle Report dated 29 June 1942 K.T.B. 812 page 2]]
* [http://rommelsriposte.com/2008/07/16/supply-statistics-for-north-africa/ Crusader Project, Axis supply statistics for North Africa]
* https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWdesert.htm
{{Perang Dunia II}}
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