Kekayaan intelektual: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Argumen bahwa HaKI harus (dalam hal menyeimbangkan minat publik dan pribadi) disebut sebagai ''intellectual monopoly privilege'' (IMP, hak istimewa monopoli intelektual) juga didukung akademikus seperti Birgitte Andersen<ref>Birgitte Andersen. "'Intellectual Property Right' Or 'Intellectual Monopoly Privilege: Which One Should Patent Analysts Focus On?" CONFERENCIA INTERNACIONAL SOBRE SISTEMAS DE INOVAÇÃO E ESTRATÉGIAS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO PARA O TERCEIRO MILÊNIO. Nov 2003</ref> dan [[Thomas Alured Faunce]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=G |last2=Sorenson |first2=C |last3=Faunce |first3=TA |year=2007 |title=Balancing intellectual monopoly privileges and the need for essential medicines |journal=Globalization and Health |volume=3 |page=4 |doi=10.1186/1744-8603-3-4 |quote=Balancing the need to protect the intellectual property rights (IPRs) (which the third author considers are more accurately described as intellectual monopoly privileges (IMPs)) of pharmaceutical companies, with the need to ensure access to essential medicines in developing countries is one of the most pressing challenges facing international policy makers today. |pmid=17565684 |pmc=1904211}}</ref>
=== Tentangan terhadap cakupan HaKI yang luas ===
[[Berkas:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg|jmpl|The [[free culture movement]] champions the production of [[Free content|content]] [[Information wants to be free|that bears little or no restrictions]].]]
Sejumlah kritikus HaKI, seperti yang ada dalam [[gerakan budaya bebas]], menganggap bahwa monopoli intelektual dapat mengancam kesehatan (seperti pada [[paten obat]]), menghambat kemajuan, menguntungkan golongan tertentu, dan merugikan masyarakat,<ref>Birgitte Andersen. [http://redesist.ie.ufrj.br/globelics/pdfs/GLOBELICS_0050_Andersen.pdf 'Intellectual Property Right' Or 'Intellectual Monopoly Privilege': Which One Should Patent Analysts Focus On?] Conferência Internacional Sobre Sistemas De Inovação E Estratégias De Desenvolvimento Para O Terceiro Milênio. Nov. 2003</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=G|last2=Sorenson|first2=C|last3=Faunce|first3=TA|year=2007|title=Editorial: Balancing the need to protect the intellectual property rights (IPRs)|journal=Globalization and Health|volume=3|page=4|doi=10.1186/1744-8603-3-4|pmc=1904211|pmid=17565684}}</ref><ref>On patents – {{cite web|author=Daniel B. Ravicher|date=6 August 2008|title=Protecting Freedom In The Patent System: The Public Patent Foundation's Mission and Activities|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0chez_Jf5A|website=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Stiglitz|first=Joseph|author-link=Joseph Stiglitz|date=13 October 2006|title=Authors@Google: Joseph Stiglitz – Making Globalization Work.|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzhD7KVs-R4#t=16m05s|website=YouTube|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/UzhD7KVs-R4|archive-date=2021-10-28}}{{cbignore}}</ref> dan beranggapan bahwa minat publik menjadi terancam karena adanya bentuk monopoli seperti [[perpanjangan hak cipta]], [[paten perangkat lunak]], dan [[paten metode bisnis]]. Lebih baru lagi, ilmuwan dan rekayasawan mengkhawatirkan [[penumpukan paten]] menghambat kemajuan teknologi bahkan di bidang teknologi tinggi seperti [[nanoteknologi]] .<ref>[https://arstechnica.com/science/2012/11/stallmans-got-company-researcher-wants-nanotech-patent-moratorium/ Stallman's got company: Researcher wants nanotech patent moratorium] – Ars Technica</ref><ref>[https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-11/23/professor-seeks-nanotech-patent-moratorium Freeze on nanotechnology patents proposed to help grow the sector] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302113908/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-11/23/professor-seeks-nanotech-patent-moratorium|date=2 March 2014}}- Wired UK 23 Nov 2012</ref>
Petra Moser telah menegaskan bahwa analisis historis menunjukkan bahwa undang-undang kekayaan intelektual dapat membahayakan inovasi:<blockquote>Secara keseluruhan, bukti-bukti sejarah yang ada menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan paten, yang memberikan hak kekayaan intelektual yang kuat kepada penemu generasi awal, dapat menghambat inovasi. Sebaliknya, kebijakan yang mendorong difusi gagasan dan memodifikasi UU paten untuk memfasilitasi masuknya dan dorongan persaingan mungkin merupakan mekanisme yang terbaik untuk mendorong inovasi.<ref>Moser, Petra. 2013. "Patents and Innovation: Evidence from Economic History." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(1): 23–44.</ref></blockquote>Mendukung argumentasi ini, [[Jörg Baten]], Nicola Bianchi, dan Petra Moser<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baten|first1=Jörg|last2=Bianchi|first2=Nicola|last3=Moser|first3=Petra|year=2017|title=Compulsory licensing and innovation–Historical evidence from German patents after WWI|journal=Journal of Development Economics|volume=126|pages=231–242|doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.01.002|doi-access=free}}</ref> menemukan bukti sejarah bahwa khususnya lisensi wajib – yang memungkinkan pemerintah untuk melisensikan paten tanpa seizin pemilik paten – mendorong penemuan di Jerman pada awal abad ke-20 dengan meningkatkan ancaman persaingan di bidang-bidang dengan tingkat persaingan yang mulanya rendah.
[[Peter Drahos]] mencatat, "Hak milik mengotorisasi sumber daya. Ketika otoritas diberikan kepada segelintir orang atas sumber daya yang menjadi sandaran banyak orang, beberapa orang memperoleh kekuasaan atas tujuan banyak orang. Ini memiliki konsekuensi bagi kebebasan politik dan ekonomi dalam masyarakat."<ref>Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite. [http://www.anu.edu.au/fellows/pdrahos/books/Information%20Feudalism.pdf Information Feudalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?], Earthscan 2002</ref>{{rp|13}}
[[World Intellectual Property Organization|Organisasi HaKI Dunia]] (WIPO) mengakui bahwa ada konflik antara penghormatan dan implementasi HaKI terhadap hak-hak asasi manusia lainnya.<ref>{{cite web|author=WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organization|title=Human Rights and Intellectual Property: An Overview|url=http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/hr/|website=wipo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022125749/http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/hr/|archive-date=22 October 2011|access-date=25 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pada 2001 [[Komite Hak-hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya]] PBB menerbitkan dokumen berjudul ''Human rights and intellectual property'' yang berpendapat bahwa HaKI cenderung diatur oleh tujuan ekonomi ketika harus dipandang sebagai sebuah produk sosial; sehingga untuk melayani kesejahteraan manusia, sistem HaKI harus menghormati dan mematuhi undang-undang hak asasi manusia. Menurut Komite, bila sistem ini gagal, HaKI dianggap bertentangan dengan hak asasi manusia atas pangan dan kesehatan, serta partisipasi budaya dan manfaat ilmiah.<ref>Staff, UN Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights. Geneva, 12–30 November 2001. [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/docs/statements/E.C.12.2001.15HRIntel-property.pdf Human rights and intellectual property]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chapman|first=Audrey R.|date=December 2002|title=The Human Rights Implications of Intellectual Property Protection|journal=Journal of International Economic Law|volume=5|issue=4|pages=861–882|doi=10.1093/jiel/5.4.861}}</ref> Pada 2004 Majelis Umum WIPO mengadopsi ''Deklarasi Jenewa tentang Masa Depan Organisasi HaKI Dunia'' yang berpendapat bahwa WIPO harus "lebih fokus pada kebutuhan negara-negara berkembang, dan untuk melihat HaKI sebagai salah satu dari banyak alat untuk pembangunan—bukan sebagai akhir pembangunan". <ref>[http://www.cptech.org/ip/wipo/genevadeclaration.html ''The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization'']</ref>
Masalah etis yang cukup relevan ketika barang-barang bernilai sosial seperti obat-obatan yang menyelamatkan jiwa diberikan perlindungan HaKI. Sementara penerapan HaKI dapat memungkinkan perusahaan untuk membebankan biaya produksi marginal yang lebih mahal untuk menutup biaya penelitian dan pengembangan, sehingga harga akan menghambat pasar terhadap siapa pun yang tidak mampu membayar biaya produk, dalam hal ini suatu obat yang menyelamatkan nyawa.<ref name="Sonderholm">{{Cite journal|last1=Sonderholm|first1=Jorn|year=2010|title=Ethical Issues Surrounding Intellectual Property Rights|journal=Philosophy Compass|volume=5|issue=12|pages=1107–1115|doi=10.1111/j.1747-9991.2010.00358.x}}</ref> "Rezim HaKI bukanlah rezim yang yang konduktif untuk investasi litbang produk yang bernilai sosial bagi populasi yang didominasi masyarakat miskin".<ref name="Sonderholm" />{{rp|1108–9}}
[[Libertarian]] memiliki pandangan berbeda.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} [[Stephan Kinsella]], an [[anarcho-capitalist]] on the [[Right-libertarian|right-wing of libertarianism]],<ref>Stephan Kinsella, [https://web.archive.org/web/20180415041048/https://www.lewrockwell.com/2004/01/stephan-kinsella/what-it-means-to-be-an-anarcho-capitalist/ "What It Means To Be an Anarcho-Capitalist"], "LewRockwell.com", published 2004-01-20, archived 15 April 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2018</ref> argues against intellectual property because allowing property rights in ideas and information creates [[artificial scarcity]] and infringes on the right to own tangible property. Kinsella uses the following scenario to argue this point:<blockquote>[I]magine the time when men lived in caves. One bright guy—let's call him Galt-Magnon—decides to build a log cabin on an open field, near his crops. To be sure, this is a good idea, and others notice it. They naturally imitate Galt-Magnon, and they start building their own cabins. But the first man to invent a house, according to IP advocates, would have a right to prevent others from building houses on their own land, with their own logs, or to charge them a fee if they do build houses. It is plain that the innovator in these examples becomes a partial owner of the tangible property (e.g., land and logs) of others, due not to first occupation and use of that property (for it is already owned), but due to his coming up with an idea. Clearly, this rule flies in the face of the first-user homesteading rule, arbitrarily and groundlessly overriding the very homesteading rule that is at the foundation of all property rights.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080730030236/https://mises.org/books/against.pdf N. Stephan Kinsella, ''Against Intellectual property''] (2008), p. 44.</ref></blockquote>[[Thomas Jefferson]] once said in a letter to Isaac McPherson on 13 August 1813:<blockquote>If nature has made any one thing less susceptible than all others of exclusive property, it is the action of the thinking power called an idea, which an individual may exclusively possess as long as he keeps it to himself; but the moment it is divulged, it forces itself into the possession of every one, and the receiver cannot dispossess himself of it. Its peculiar character, too, is that no one possesses the less, because every other possesses the whole of it. He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his [[Candle|taper]] at mine, receives light without darkening me.<ref>[http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a1_8_8s12.html Thomas Jefferson, ''Letter to Isaac McPherson''] (August 13, 1813)</ref></blockquote>In 2005 the [[Royal Society of Arts]] launched the [[Adelphi Charter]], aimed at creating an international policy statement to frame how governments should make balanced intellectual property law.<ref>Boyle, James (14 October 2005). [http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/comment/story/0,,1591467,00.html Protecting the public domain]. ''The Guardian''.</ref>
Another aspect of current U.S. Intellectual Property legislation is its focus on individual and joint works; thus, copyright protection can only be obtained in 'original' works of authorship. Critics like Philip Bennet argue that this does not provide adequate protection against [[cultural appropriation]] of indigenous knowledge, for which a [[Indigenous intellectual property|collective IP regime]] is needed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bennet|first=Philip|year=2009|title=Native Americans and Intellectual Property: the Necessity of Implementing Collective Ideals into Current United States Intellectual Property Laws|ssrn=1498783}}</ref>
Intellectual property law has been criticized as not recognizing new forms of art such as the [[remix culture]], whose participants often commit what technically constitutes violations of such laws, creation works such as [[Anime music video|anime music videos]] and others, or are otherwise subject to unnecessary burdens and limitations which prevent them from fully expressing themselves.<ref name="JemielniakPrzegalinska20202">{{cite book|author1=Dariusz Jemielniak|author2=Aleksandra Przegalinska|date=18 February 2020|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLDMDwAAQBAJ|title=Collaborative Society|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-35645-9}}</ref>{{Rp|70}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fiesler|first1=Casey|last2=Feuston|first2=Jessica L.|last3=Bruckman|first3=Amy S.|date=28 February 2015|title=Understanding Copyright Law in Online Creative Communities|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675234|journal=Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing|series=CSCW '15|location=Vancouver, BC, Canada|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=116–129|doi=10.1145/2675133.2675234|isbn=978-1-4503-2922-4|s2cid=28669082}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Freund|first=Katharina|date=1 August 2016|title="Fair use is legal use": Copyright negotiations and strategies in the fan-vidding community|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814555952|journal=New Media & Society|language=en|volume=18|issue=7|pages=1347–1363|doi=10.1177/1461444814555952|issn=1461-4448|s2cid=11258627}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allen|first=Peter James|date=24 August 2008|title=Rip, mix, burn … sue … ad infinitum: The effects of deterrence vs voluntary cooperation on non-commercial online copyright infringing behaviour|url=https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2073|journal=First Monday|language=en|doi=10.5210/fm.v13i9.2073|issn=1396-0466}}</ref>
=== Tentangan terhadap perluasan sifat dan ruang lingkup HaKI ===
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