Kenneth Kaunda: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{Infobox president
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{{Infobox_President
|name=Kenneth Kaunda
|nationality=Zambia
|image=2020 Kenneth Kaunda 1978.jpg
|caption=Kaunda 2020.
|order=[[Presiden Zambia]] Pertama
|order=[[Presiden Zambia]] pertama
|term_start=[[24 Oktober]] [[1964]]
|term_start=24 Oktober 1964
|term_end=[[2 November]] [[1991]]
|term_end=2 November 1991
|predecessor=Tidak ada
|successor=[[Frederick Chiluba]]
|order2=[[Gerakan Non-Blok#Sekretaris Jenderal|Sekretaris Jenderal Gerakan Non-Blok]] ke–3
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1924|4|28}}
|term_start2=8 September 1970
|birth_place=[[Chinsali]], [[Rhodesia Utara]]
|term_end2=5 September 1973
|dead=alive
|predecessor2=[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]
|death_date=
|successor2=[[Houari Boumédienne]]
|death_place=
|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1924|4|28}}
|spouse= Betty Kaunda
|birth_place={{flagicon|Rhodesia Utara}} [[Chinsali]], [[Rhodesia Utara]] (sekarang [[Zambia]])
|party=[[Partai Uni Kemerdekaan Nasional]]
|death_date={{Death date and age|2021|6|17|1924|4|28}}
|profession=[[Pengajar]]
|death_place={{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]]
|spouse= [[Betty Kaunda]]
|children= 8
|party=[[Partai Kemerdekaan Nasional Serikat|UNIP]]
|profession=Guru
|vicepresident=
|religion= [[PresbiterianismeGereja Presbiterian|Presbiterian]]
}}
'''Kenneth Kaunda David''' ({{lahirmati||28|4|1924||17|6|2021}}), juga dikenal sebagai '''KK''', menjabat sebagai [[Presiden Zambia|Presiden]] pertama [[Zambia]] mulai dari tahun 1964 hingga 1991.
 
== Masa muda ==
'''Kenneth David Kaunda''', juga dikenal dengan '''KK''' ({{lahirmati|[[Chinsali]], [[Rhodesia Utara]]|28|4|1924}}) tampil pertama sebagai [[Presiden Zambia|Presiden]] [[Zambia]] pada periode [[1964]]-[[1991]].
Kaunda adalah anak bungsu dari delapan bersaudara. Ia dilahirkan di Lubwa Mission, [[Chinsali]], Northern Province di [[Northern Rhodesia]], sekarang [[Zambia]]. Ayahnya adalah Reverend David Kaunda, seorang misionaris dan guru yang ditahbiskan dari [[Church of Scotland]], yang lahir di [[Malawi]] dan pindah ke Chinsali untuk bekerja di Lubwa Mission. Kaunda bersekolah di Munali Training Centre di [[Lusaka]] (Agustus 1941–1943).
 
Kaunda menjadi guru pada Upper Primary School dan Boarding Master di Lubwa, kemudian "Headmaster" di Lubwa dari tahun [[1943]] sampai [[1945]]. Ia meninggalkan Lubwa dan pindah ke Lusaka untuk menjadi instruktur tentara tetapi kemudian diberhentikan. Untuk sementara waktu ia bekerja pada [[Salisbury and Bindura Mine]]. Pada awal tahun 1948, ia menjadi guru di [[Mufulira]] untuk "United Missions to the Copperbelt" (UMCB). Lalu ia menjadi asisten pada African Welfare Centre dan Boarding Master suatu Mine School di Mufulira. Pada periode ini, ia memimpin sebuah Pathfinder Scout Group dan juga menjadi Choirmaster pada sebuah Church of Central Africa Congregation. Saat itu ia juga menjabat sebagai Vice-Secretary dari Nchanga Branch of Congress.
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==Early life==
Kaunda was the youngest of eight children. He was born at Lubwa Mission in [[Chinsali]], Northern Province of [[Northern Rhodesia]], now [[Zambia]]. His father was the Reverend David Kaunda, an ordained [[Church of Scotland]] missionary and teacher, who was born in [[Malawi]] and had moved to Chinsali to work at Lubwa Mission. He attended Munali Training Centre in [[Lusaka]] (August 1941–1943).
 
== Perjuangan kemerdekaan ==
Kaunda was a teacher at the Upper Primary School and Boarding Master at Lubwa and then Headmaster at Lubwa from [[1943]] to [[1945]]. He left Lubwa for Lusaka to become an instructor in the army but was dismissed. He was for a time working at the [[Salisbury and Bindura Mine]]. In early 1948, he became a teacher in [[Mufulira]] for the United Missions to the Copperbelt (UMCB). He was then assistant at an African Welfare Centre and Boarding Master of a Mine School in Mufulira. In this period, he was leading a Pathfinder Scout Group and was Choirmaster at a Church of Central Africa Congregation. He was also for a time Vice-Secretary of the Nchanga Branch of Congress.
Pada bulan April 1949 Kaunda pulang ke Lubwa untuk menjadi guru paruh-waktu, tetapi berhenti pada tahun 1951. Tahun itu ia menjadi Organising Secretary of the [[Northern Rhodesian African National Congress]] untuk Northern Province, yang waktu itu meliputi Provinsi Luapula. Pada tanggal [[11 November]] [[1953]] ia pindah ke Lusaka untuk menjabat sebagai Sekretaris Jenderal ANC, di bawah kepresidenan [[Harry Nkumbula]]. Usaha bersama Kaunda dan Nkumbula gagal memobilisasi rakyat Afrika melawan [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] yang didominasi orang kulit putih. Pada tahun 1955 Kaunda dan Nkumbula dipenjarakan selama dua bulan (dengan kerja paksa) karena menyebarkan literatur "subversif". Penahanan dan siksaan demikian merupakan jalur biasa bagi para pemimpin nasionalis Afrika. Pengalaman di penjara memberi dampak radikal pada Kaunda. Kedua pemimpin itu menjauh hubungannya karena Nkumbula semakin dipengaruhi oleh liberal kulit putih dan bersedia berkompromi dalam hal pemerintahan mayoritas kulit hitam. Kepemimpinan Nkumbula yang dianggap otokratik dalam ANC akhirnya menghasilkan perpecahan. Kaunda keluar dari ANC dan mendirikan [[Zambian African National Congress]] (ZANC) pada bulan Oktober [[1958]]. ZANC dilarang pada bulan Maret [[1959]]. Pad bulan Juni Kaunda dihukum sembilan bulan penjara, yang dijalaninya mula-mula di Lusaka, kemudian di Salisbury (Harare).
 
Sementara Kaunda di penjara, [[Mainza Chona]] dan para nasionalis lain keluar dari ANC dan, pada bulan Oktober 1959, Chona menjadi presiden pertama partai baru, [[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP), penerus ZANC. Namun, Chona tidak melihat dirinya sebagai pendiri partai itu. Ketika Kaunda dilepaskan dari penjara pada bulan Januari 1960 ia dipilih sebagai presiden UNIP. Pada bulan Juli 1961 Kaunda mengorganisir kampanye ketidakpatuhan sipil di Northern Province, disebut "Cha-cha-cha campaign", yang meliputi pembakaran sekolah-sekolah dan pemblokiran jalan-jalan.
==Independence struggle==
In April 1949 Kaunda returned to Lubwa to become part-time teacher, but resigned in 1951. In that year he became Organising Secretary of the [[Northern Rhodesian African National Congress]] for Northern Province, which included at that time Luapula Province. On [[11 November]] [[1953]] he moved to Lusaka to take up the post of Secretary General of the ANC, under the presidency of [[Harry Nkumbula]]. The combined efforts of Kaunda and Nkumbula were unsuccessful in mobilizing African people against the White-dominated [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]. In 1955 Kaunda and Nkumbula were imprisoned for two months (with hard labour) for distributing "subversive" literature. Such imprisonment and other forms of harassment were normal rites of passage for African nationalist leaders. The experience of imprisonment had a radicalizing impact on Kaunda. The two leaders drifted apart as Nkumbula became increasingly influenced by white liberals and was seen as being willing to compromise on the issue of Black [[majority rule]]. Nkumbula's allegedly autocratic leadership of the ANC eventually resulted in a split. Kaunda broke from the ANC and formed the [[Zambian African National Congress]] (ZANC) in October [[1958]]. ZANC was banned in March [[1959]]. In June Kaunda was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment, which he spent first in Lusaka, then in Salisbury (Harare).
 
== Kepresidenan ==
While Kaunda was in prison, [[Mainza Chona]] and other nationalists broke away from the ANC and, in October 1959, Chona became the first president of the [[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP), the successor to ZANC. However, Chona did not see himself as the party's main founder. When Kaunda was released from prison in January 1960 he was elected President of UNIP. In July 1961 Kaunda organized a [[civil disobedience]] campaign in Northern Province, the so called Cha-cha-cha campaign, which consisted of burning schools and blocking roads. Kaunda ran as a UNIP candidate during the [[1962]] elections. This resulted in a UNIP–ANC Coalition Government, with Kaunda as Minister of Local Government and Social Welfare. In January 1964 UNIP won the General Election under the new Constitution beating the ANC under Nkumbula. Kaunda was appointed [[Prime Minister of Zambia|Prime Minister]]. On [[24 October]] [[1964]] he became the first President of independent Zambia. [[Simon Kapwepwe]] was appointed as the first Vice President.
Kaunda mencalonkan diri sebagai kandidat dari UNIP dalam pemilihan umum tahun [[1962]]. Hasilnya adalah pemerintahan koalisi UNIP–ANC, dengan Kaunda sebagai "Minister of Local Government and Social Welfare". Pada bulan Januari 1964 UNIP memenangkan Pemilihan Umum di bawah Konstitusi baru, mengalahkan ANC pimpinan Nkumbula. Kaunda ditunjuk sebagai Perdana Menteri Zambia. Pada tanggal [[24 Oktober]] [[1964]] ia menjadi presiden pertama Zambia merdeka. [[Simon Kapwepwe]] diangkat menjadi Wakil Presiden yang pertama.
 
==Presidency==
In the year of independence, Kaunda had to deal with the independent [[Lumpa Church]], led by [[Alice Lenshina]] in Chinsali, his home district in the Northern Province. The Lumpa Church tried to take up a neutral position in the political conflict between UNIP and the ANC, but was then accused by UNIP of collaboration with the White minority governments. Conflicts arose between UNIP youth and Lumpa members, especially in Chinsali District, where the headquarters of the church were. Kaunda, as Prime Minister of an African majority Government, send in two battalions of the [[Northern Rhodesia Regiment]]. The fight led to the deaths of thousands of villagers and the flight to [[Katanga]] of tens of thousands of followers of Lenshina. Kaunda banned the Lumpa Church in August 1964 and proclaimed a [[state of emergency]] that was retained till [[1991]].
 
Pada tahun kemerdekaan, Kaunda harus menangani [[Lumpa Church]] independen, pimpinan [[Alice Lenshina]] di Chinsali, distrik asalnya di "Northern Province". Lumpa Church berusaha mengambil posisi netral dalam konflik politik antara UNIP dan ANC, tetapi kemudian dituduh oleh UNIP berkoloborasi dengan pemerintah minoritas kulit putih. Konflik muncul antara pemuda UNIP dan anggota Lumpa, terutama di distrik Chinsali, lokasi kantor pusat gereja itu. Kaunda, sebagai Perdana Menteri pemerintahan mayoritas Afrika mengirimkan dua batalyon [[Northern Rhodesia Regiment]]. Peperangan ini mengakibatkan kematian ribuan orang desa dan pengikut Lenshina sebanyak puluhan ribu lari ke [[Katanga]]. Kaunda melarang Lumpa Church pada bulan Agustus 1964 dan memproklamirkan keadaan darurat yang berlangsung sampai tahun [[1991]].
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===Educational policies===
At independence Zambia had just 109 university graduates and less than 0.5% of the population was estimated to have completed primary education. {{Fact|date=March 2007}} The nation's educational system was one of the most poorly developed in all of Britain's former colonies. Because of this, Zambia had to invest heavily in education at all levels. Kaunda instituted a policy where all children, irrespective of their parents' ability to pay, were given ''free exercise books, pens and pencils''. The parents' main responsibility was to buy uniforms, pay a token "school fee" and ensure that the children attended school. This approach meant that the best pupils were promoted to achieve their best results, all the way from primary school to university level. Not every child could go to secondary school, for example, but those who did were well educated.
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This was the tactic he used when he saw off Nkumbula and Kapwepwe's challenges to his sole candidacy for the 1978 UNIP elections. On that occasion, the UNIP's constitution was "amended" overnight to bring in rules that invalidated the two challengers' nominations: Kapwepwe was told he could not stand because only people who had been members for five years could be nominated to the presidency (he had only rejoined UNIP three years before); Nkumbula was outmaneuvered by introducing a new rule that said each candidate needed the signatures of 200 delegates from ''each'' province to back his candidacy. A third candidate called Chiluwe was beaten up by the UNIP Youth Wing, so that he was in no state to submit his nomination.
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== Jatuh dari kekuasaan ==
Kesulitan ekonomi dan tekanan internasional yang meningkat untuk membawa demokrasi ke Afrika memaksa Kaunda mengubah aturan-aturan yang mendukungnya dalam mempertahankan kekuasaan. Orang yang takut mengkritiknya sekarang berani menantang kompetensinya. Teman dekatnya [[Julius Nyerere]] telah meletakkan jabatan sebagai presiden Tanzania pada tahun 1985 dan diam-diam mendorong Kaunda untuk bertindak demikian. Tekanan untuk mengembalikan ke sistem politik multipartai terus meningkat dan Kaunda dengan sukarela menurutinya. Pemilihan umum multipartai diadakan pada tahun 1991, di mana [[Movement for Multiparty Democracy]] (MMD) menang. Kaunda meninggalkan jabatan bersamaan dengan pengangkatan pemimpin MMD [[Frederick Chiluba]] sebagai presiden pada tanggal [[2 November]] [[1991]].
 
== Pasca-kepresidenan ==
==Fall from power==
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Eventually, however, economic troubles and increasing international pressure to bring more democracy to Africa forced Kaunda to change the rules that kept him in power. People who had been afraid to criticise him were now emboldened to challenge his competence. His close friend [[Julius Nyerere]] had stepped down from the republican presidency in Tanzania in 1985 and was quietly encouraging Kaunda to follow suit. Pressure for a return to multiparty politics increased and Kaunda voluntarily yielded and called for multiparty elections in 1991, in which the [[Movement for Multiparty Democracy]] (MMD) won. Kaunda left office with the inauguration of MMD leader [[Frederick Chiluba]] as president on [[November 2]], [[1991]].
Chiluba later attempted to deport Kaunda on the grounds that he was a [[Malawi]]an. The MMD dominated government under the leadership of Chiluba had the constitution amended, barring citizens with foreign parentage from standing for the presidency, to prevent Kaunda from contesting the next elections in [[1996]].
 
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==Post presidency==
Kaunda pensiun dari politik setelah ia didakwa terlibat dalam kudeta yang gagal pada tahun [[1997]]. Setelah pensiun, ia aktif terlibat dalam organisasi sosial. Dari tahun 2002 sampai 2004, ia menjadi seorang "African President in Residence" pada [[Boston University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bu.edu/aparc/presidents/index.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2007-05-06 |archive-date=2006-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920185157/http://www.bu.edu/aparc/presidents/index.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
Chiluba later attempted to deport Kaunda on the grounds that he was a [[Malawi]]an. The MMD dominated government under the leadership of Chiluba had the constitution amended, barring citizens with foreign parentage from standing for the presidency, to prevent Kaunda from contesting the next elections in [[1996]], and Kaunda retired from politics after he was accused of involvement in a failed [[1997]] coup attempt.
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After retiring, he has been involved in various charitable organizations. From 2002 to 2004, he was an African President in Residence at Boston University.<ref>http://www.bu.edu/aparc/presidents/index.html</ref>
 
Recently, he was seen in the attendance of an episode of [[Dancing With The Stars]] as Kaunda is an avid ballroom dancer.<ref>http://www.bizsandiego.com/business-news-article-99.shtml</ref>
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== Referensi ==
 
{{reflist}}
* ''"Kaunda, Kenneth."''Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. <small>URL:http://search.eb.com/eb/article-3849 Accessed 19 Mei 2006.</small>
* ''Fergus Macpherson'', Kenneth Kaunda: The Times and the Man (1974)
* ''Richard Hall'', ''The High Price of Principles: Kaunda and the White South (1969)
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== Lihat pula ==
 
* [[Michael Sata]]
* [[Harry Nkumbula]]
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== Pranala luar ==
 
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm 1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia]
 
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{{succession box|title=[[Perdana Menteri Zambia|Perdana Menteri Northern Rhodesia]]|before=(–)|after=(–)|years=1964}}
{{succession box|title=[[Perdana Menteri Zambia|Perdana Menteri Rhodesia Utara]]|before=(–)|after=(–)|years=1964}}
{{succession box|title=[[Presiden Zambia]]|before=''(Tidak ada)''|after=[[Frederick Chiluba]]|years=1964–1991}}
{{succession box|title=Sekretaris Jenderal [[Gerakan Non-Blok]]|before=[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]|after=[[Houari Boumédienne]]|years=1970–1973}}
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[[Kategori:Presbiterian]]
[[Kategori:Aktivis anti-apartheid di luar Afrika Selatan]]
[[Kategori:Politikus Zambia]]
[[Kategori:Pimpinan Perang Dingin]]
[[Kategori:Presiden Zambia]]
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[[Kategori:Tokoh Kristen]]
 
[[af:Kenneth Kaunda]]
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[[it:Kenneth Kaunda]]
[[ja:ケネス・カウンダ]]
[[ka:კენეთ კაუნდა]]
[[ko:케네스 카운다]]
[[mr:केनेथ काँडा]]
[[my:ကအွန်ဒါ ကင်းနက်]]
[[nds:Kenneth Kaunda]]
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[[oc:Kenneth Kaunda]]
[[pl:Kenneth Kaunda]]
[[pt:Kenneth Kaunda]]
[[ru:Каунда, Кеннет]]
[[sr:Кенет Каунда]]
[[sv:Kenneth Kaunda]]
[[sw:Kenneth Kaunda]]
[[uk:Кеннет Каунда]]
[[vec:Kenneth Kaunda]]
[[vi:Kenneth Kaunda]]
[[yo:Kenneth Kaunda]]
[[zh:肯尼思·卡翁达]]