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Baris 16: \|population_rank = ke-4 \|population_total = 5,138,208 \|population_total_cite = <ref name="WG">{{cite web\|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-104&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan\|title=India: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population\|publisher=World Gazetteer\|accessdate=10 March 2010\|archive-date=2006-11-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117081029/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-104&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> \|population_metro = 15,644,040 \|population_metro_cite = <ref name="WG2">{{cite web\|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a\|title=India: metropolitan areas\|publisher=World Gazetteer\|accessdate=10 March 2010\|archive-date=2010-02-28\|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=%26men=gcis%26lng=en%26dat=80%26geo=-104%26srt=pnan%26col=aohdq%26msz=1500%26va=%26pt=a&date=2010-02-28+18:24:37\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> \|population_metro_as_of = 2010 \|population_metro_rank = ke-3 \|languages_type = [[Bahasa India\|india]] \|languages = {{Collapsible list\|title={{nbsp}}\|[[Bahasa Bengali\|Bengali]]\|[[Bahasa inggris\|Inggris]]\|[[Hindi]]<ref name="india.gov.in">[http://india.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php Official Language - Constitutional/Statutory Provisions] World Gazetteer. Retrieved 8 February 2010.</ref>}} \|ethnic_groups = {{Collapsible list\|title={{nbsp}}\|[[Hindu]]\|[[Muslim]]\|[[Christiani]]\|[[Jainisme\|Jain]]}} Baris 32: \|website = Kolkatamycity.com \|footnotes = <sup>'''†'''</sup> Aglomerasi perkotaan Kolkata juga mencakup bagian dari 24 Parganas Utara, 24 Parganas Selatan, [[Howrah]], dan Hooghly.}} '''Kolkata''' (sebelumnya bernama '''Calcutta''' atau '''Kalkuta''') ialah salah satu [[kota]] pelabuhan penting di [[India]] yang merupakan ibu kota [[Benggala Barat]]. Didirikan [[Inggris]] pada [[1690]], ditaklukkan kepala daerah Benggala pada 1756, dan direbut kembali oleh Clive pada 1757. Kolkata ialah ibu kota India antara 1833 sampai 1912. Merupakan pusat industri goni dan tekstil. Mengekspor goni, teh, dan mika. Terdapat [[Universitas Kolkata]] dan Museum India. Calcutta adalah pusat gerakan kemerdekaan India . Setelah kemerdekaan pada tahun 1947, Kolkata, yang pernah menjadi pusat perdagangan, budaya, dan politik India, mengalami beberapa dekade kekerasan politik dan [[stagnasi ekonomi]].<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=BANERJEE\|first=PARTHA SARATHI\|date=2011\|title=Party, Power and Political Violence in West Bengal\|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27918111\|journal=Economic and Political Weekly\|volume=46\|issue=6\|pages=16–18\|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> ~~Nama '''Kolkata''' resmi dipakai sejak tahun [[2001]]~~ ==Etimologi== Kata Kolkata berasal dari Kôlikata ( [[Bahasa Bengali\|Bengali]]: কলিকাতা ) [ˈkɔliˌkat̪a], nama Bengali dari salah satu dari tiga desa yang mendahului kedatangan [[Inggris]], di daerah di mana kota itu akhirnya didirikan, dua desa lainnya adalah ''Sutanuti'' dan ''Govindapur''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizingcitie00marc\|title=Globalizing cities : a new spatial order? : Marcuse, Peter : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming\|website=Internet Archive\|language=en\|access-date=2020-07-17}}</ref> Ada beberapa penjelasan untuk etimologi nama ini: {{Col}} Kolikata dianggap sebagai variasi dari Kalikkhetrô [ˈkaliˌkʰːet̪rɔ] (Bengali : কালীক্ষেত্র), yang berarti "Bidang dewi Kali ". Demikian pula, ini dapat menjadi variasi 'Kalikshetra' ([[bahasa Sansekerta]] : कालीक्षेत्र, lit. "area Dewi Kali"). Teori lain adalah bahwa nama tersebut berasal dari Daerah ''Kalighat''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web\|url=http://kalighattemple.com/\|title=Kalighat Kali Temple\|date=2017-09-17\|website=web.archive.org\|access-date=2020-07-17\|archive-date=2017-09-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917134630/http://kalighattemple.com/\|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Atau, nama itu mungkin berasal dari istilah Bengali kilkila ( Bengali : কিলকিলা ), atau "area datar".<ref name=":1" /> Nama ini mungkin berasal dari kata khal [ˈkʰal] ( Bengali : খাল ) yang berarti "[[kanal]]", diikuti oleh kaṭa [ˈkaʈa] ( Bengali : কাটা ), yang dapat berarti "digali". Menurut teori lain, area yang dikhususkan untuk produksi kapur api atau koli chun [ˈkɔliˌtɕun] (Bengali : কলি চুন) dan [[sabut]] atau kata [ˈkat̪a] (Bengali : কাতা) karenanya, itu disebut Kolikata [alikɔliˌkat̪a] (Bengali : কলিকাতা).<ref name=":2" /> {{Colend}} ==Geografi== Kolkata berada di dalam [[Delta Gangga]] bagian bawah di India timur sekitar 75  km (47 mil) di barat perbatasan internasional dengan [[Bangladesh]], ketinggian kota adalah {{convert\|1.5\|-\|9\|m\|kaki\|abbr=on\|0}}.<ref>{{cite web\|title=PIA01844: space radar image of Calcutta, West Bengal, India\|url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01844\|publisher=NASA\|accessdate=15 January 2012\|date=15 April 1999\|url-status=live\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114231031/http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01844\|archivedate=14 January 2012}}</ref> ===Iklim=== Kolkata ber [[Iklim sabana tropis\|iklim basah dan kering tropis]] yang ditetapkan sebagai ''Aw'' berdasarkan [[klasifikasi iklim Köppen]]. Menurut laporan [[Program Pembangunan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], zona angin dan angin topannya "sangat berisiko merusak". <ref>{{Cite web\|url=~~https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/~~http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf\|title=Wayback Machine\|date=2006-05-19\|website=web.archive.org\|access-date=2020-07-17\|archive-date=2006-05-19\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf\|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Suhu rata-rata tahunan adalah 26,8  ° C (80,2  ° F), suhu rata-rata bulanan adalah 19-30  ° C (66-86  ° F). Musim panas (Maret – Juni) panas dan lembab, dengan suhu di bawah 30-an [[Celsius]] selama musim kering, suhu maksimum sering melebihi 40  ° C (104  ° F) pada bulan Mei dan Juni. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=596065&cityname=Kolkata--New-Alipore-West-Bengal-India\|title=Kolkata - New Alipore, India Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)\|website=Weatherbase\|access-date=2020-07-17}}</ref> Musim dingin berlangsung selama kira-kira dua setengah bulan, dengan posisi terendah musiman turun menjadi 9–11  ° C (48–52  ° F) pada bulan Desember dan Januari. Mei adalah bulan terpanas, dengan suhu harian berkisar antara 27-37  ° C (81-99  ° F) Januari, bulan terdingin, memiliki suhu yang bervariasi dari 12-23  ° C (54-73  ° F).<ref name=":0" /> Suhu tertinggi yang tercatar adalah 43,9  ° C (111,0  ° F), dan terendah adalah 5  ° C (41  ° F). [[Musim dingin]] ringan dan cuaca sangat nyaman di seluruh kota sepanjang musim ini. Seringkali, pada bulan April – Juni, kota ini dilanda hujan lebat atau badai berdebu yang diikuti oleh badai petir atau [[hujan es]], membawa bantuan pendinginan dari kelembaban yang ada. Badai petir ini bersifat konvektif, dan dikenal secara lokal sebagai kal ''bôishakhi'' ( কালবৈশাখী ), atau "Nor'westers" dalam [[bahasa Inggris]]. <ref>{{Cite web\|url=~~https://web.archive.org/web/20060830065710/~~http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=kal-baisakhi1\|title=AMS Glossary\|date=2006-08-30\|website=web.archive.org\|access-date=2020-07-17\|archive-date=2006-08-30\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830065710/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=kal-baisakhi1\|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> == Transportasi == Baris 51 ⟶ 63: Transportasi publik dilayani oleh [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]], [[Kolkata Metro]], [[Kolkata tram\|tram]], dan bus. Jaringan kereta komuter mencapai pinggiran daerah kota ini. == ~~Bibiliografi~~Demografi == 1993. Ensiklopedi Umum. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. === Agama === {{Pie chart\|caption=Agama di kota Kolkata (2011)<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Kolkata City Population Census 2011-2021 {{!}} West Bengal\|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/215-kolkata.html#:~:text=Hinduism%20is%20majority%20religion%20in,%25%20and%20Buddhism%20by%200.31%20%25.\|website=www.census2011.co.in\|access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref>\|label5=[[Sikhisme]]\|color8=Black\|label8=Tidak tahu\|value7=0.03\|color7=White\|label7=Lainnya\|color6=Yellow\|value6=0.11\|label6=[[Agama Buddha\|Buddha]]\|color5=DarkKhaki\|value5=0.31\|color4=Brown\|label1=[[Agama Hindu\|Hindu]]\|value4=0.47\|label4=[[Jainisme]]\|color3=Dodgerblue\|value3=0.88\|label3=[[Kekristenan\|Kristen]]\|value2=20.6\|color2=Green\|label2=[[Islam]]\|color1=DarkOrange\|value1=76.51\|value8=1.09}} {\| class="wikitable" \|+Populasi keagamaan !Agama !Populasi \|- \|[[Agama Hindu\|Hindu]] \|3.440.290 \|- \|[[Muslim]] \|926.414 \|- \|[[Kekristenan\|Kristen]] \|39.758 \|- \|[[Jainisme]] \|21.178 \|- \|[[Sikhisme]] \|13.849 \|- \|[[Agama Buddha\|Buddha]] \|4.771 \|- \|Lainnya \|1.452 \|- \|Tidak tahu \|48.982 \|} == Kota kembar == {{flagicon\|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]<ref name="Kolkata twinnings">{{cite news\|last=Mazumdar\|first=Jaideep\|title=A tale of two cities: Will Kolkata learn from her sister?\|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/A-tale-of-two-cities-Will-Kolkata-learn-from-her-sister/articleshow/25916888.cms\|accessdate=17 November 2013\|newspaper=Times of India\|date=17 November 2013\|location=New Delhi\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723040319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/A-tale-of-two-cities-Will-Kolkata-learn-from-her-sister/articleshow/25916888.cms\|archive-date=23 July 2014\|url-status=live}}</ref> {{flagicon\|Tiongkok}} [[Kunming]], [[Tiongkok]] (Oktober 2013)<ref name="Kolkata twinnings"/><ref>{{cite news\|title=Agreement on the establishment of Sister City Relations between Kolkata, Republic of India and Kunming, People's Republic of China\|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/22378/Agreement+on+the+establishment+of+Sister+City+Relations+between+Kolkata+Republic+of+India+and+Kunming+Peoples+Republic+of+China\|date=23 October 2013\|access-date=17 March 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318054555/http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F22378%2FAgreement+on+the+establishment+of+Sister+City+Relations+between+Kolkata+Republic+of+India+and+Kunming+Peoples+Republic+of+China\|archive-date=18 March 2018\|url-status=live}}</ref> {{flagicon\|Greece}} [[Thessaloniki]], [[Yunani]] (21 Januari 2005)<ref name="Kolkata twinnings"/><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://elinepa.org/2005/page/3/?lang=en\|title=The Twinning of Thessaloniki and Calcutta\|date=21 January 2005\|access-date=17 March 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318054528/http://elinepa.org/2005/page/3/?lang=en\|archive-date=18 March 2018\|url-status=live}}</ref> {{flagicon\|Italy}} [[Naples]], [[Italia]]<ref name="Kolkata twinnings"/> {{flagicon\|Pakistan}} [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite news\|title=Islamabad to get new sister city\|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1230842\|access-date=17 March 2018\|newspaper=Dawn\|date=5 January 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318182531/https://www.dawn.com/news/1230842\|archive-date=18 March 2018\|url-status=live}}</ref> {{flagicon\|South Korea}} [[Incheon]], [[Korea Selatan]]<ref name="Kolkata twinnings"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://m.incheon.go.kr/en/intro/sub9.jsp \|title=Incheon Metropolitan City – Incheon City – Sister Cities \|publisher=Incheon Metropolitan City \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225185307/http://m.incheon.go.kr/en/intro/sub9.jsp \|archive-date=25 February 2017 \|url-status=live }}</ref> {{flagicon\|Ukraine}} [[Odessa]], [[Ukraina]]<ref name="Kolkata twinnings"/><ref>{{cite web\|title=Sister Cities\|publisher=Official site of Odessa\|url=http://omr.gov.ua/en/cooperation/twin_cities/\|access-date=17 March 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318054727/http://omr.gov.ua/en/cooperation/twin_cities/\|archive-date=18 March 2018\|url-status=live}}</ref> {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Jersey (disambiguasi)\|Jersey]], [[Amerika Serikat]]<ref name="Kolkata twinnings"/> {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Long Beach, California\|Long Beach]], [[Amerika Serikat]]<ref name="Kolkata twinnings"/> {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Dallas]], [[Amerika Serikat]]<ref name="Kolkata twinnings"/> == Bacaan tambahan == {{Refbegin\|35em}} * {{cite book\| last = Chaudhuri\| given = S\| year = 1990\| title = Calcutta: the living City\| volume = I and II\| publisher = Oxford University Press\|location=Kolkata\| isbn = 978-0-19-562585-1}} * {{cite book \| last1 = Dutta \| given1 = Krishna \| year = 2003 \| title = Calcutta: a cultural and literary history \| isbn = 978-1-902669-59-5 \| publisher = Signal Books \|location=Oxford, UK \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC }} * {{cite book \| last1 = Mitra \| given1 = A \| year = 1976 \| title = Calcutta diary \| publisher = Frank Cass \|location=London \| isbn = 978-0-7146-3082-3 }} * {{cite book \| last1 = Mukherjee \| given1 = SC \| year = 1991 \| title = The changing face of Calcutta: an architectural approach \|location= Kolkata \| publisher = Government of West Bengal \| asin = B0000D6TXX }} * {{cite book \| last1 = Roy \| given1 = A \| year = 2002 \| title = City requiem, Calcutta: gender and the politics of poverty \| publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]] \|location=Minneapolis, US \| isbn = 978-0-8166-3932-8 }} * {{cite book \| last1 = Thomas \| given1 = Frederic C. \| year = 1997 \| title = Calcutta poor: elegies on a city above pretense \| publisher = M.E. Sharpe \|location=Armonk, New York City \| isbn = 978-1-56324-981-5 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=shPmSQBGKRwC }} * {{cite book \| last1 = Lapierre \| given1 = Dominique \| year = 1985 \| title = La cité de la joie (The City of Joy) \| publisher = Arrow \|location=Kolkata \| isbn = 978-0-09-914091-7 \| url = https://books.google.com/books/about/City_Of_Joy.html?id=VbURK16m5ysC }} * {{cite book \|last=Singh \|first=Malvika \|date=2011 \|title=Kolkata: A Soul City (Historic and Famed Cities of India) \|publisher=Academic Foundation \|page=110 \|isbn=978-81-7188-886-3}} * {{cite book \|last=Hazra \|first= Indrajit \|date=1 December 2013 \|title=Grand Delusions: A Short Biography of Kolkata \|publisher=Aleph Book Company \|page=156 \|isbn=978-93-82277-28-6}} * {{cite book \|last=Ghosh \|first=Amitav \|date=22 April 2009 \|title=Calcutta Chromosome: A Novel of Fevers, Delirium and Discovery \|url=https://archive.org/details/calcuttachromoso0000ghos_q4z5 \|publisher=Penguin India \|page=[https://archive.org/details/calcuttachromoso0000ghos_q4z5/page/200 200] \|isbn=978-0-14-306655-2}} * {{cite book \|last=Deb \|first=Binaya Krishna \|date=1905 \|title=The Early History and Growth of Calcutta \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.91187 \|quote=calcutta. \|location=Harvard University \|publisher= Romesh Chandra Ghose\|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.91187/page/n292 278] }} * {{cite book \|last=Chaudhuri \|first=Sukanta \|date= 1990\|title= Calcutta, the Living City: The past\|location=the University of Michigan \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|page=292 \|isbn=978-0-19-562718-3}} * {{cite book \|last=Roy \|first=Ananya \|date=1 October 2002 \|title=City Requiem, Calcutta: Gender and Politics of Poverty \|publisher=University of Minnesota Press \|page=352 \|isbn=978-0-8166-3933-5}} * {{cite book \|last1= Chatterjee\|first1=Jayabrato \|last2=Khullar \|first2=Rupinder \|date=1 January 2004 \|title=Kolkata: the dream city \|location= the University of Michigan\|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors \|page=93 \|isbn=978-81-7476-471-3}} * {{cite book \|last=Moorhouse \|first=Geoffrey \|date=1971 \|title=Calcutta \|url= https://books.google.com/?id=3ALLbrilUQUC&dq=calcutta\|publisher=Penguin Books India \|page=393 \|isbn=978-0-14-009557-9}} * {{cite book \|last= Chatterjee\|first=Partha \|date=2012 \|title=The Black Hole of Empire: History of a Global Practice of Power \|url= https://archive.org/details/blackholeofempir0000chat\|publisher=Princeton University Press \|page=[https://archive.org/details/blackholeofempir0000chat/page/425 425] \|isbn=978-0-691-15201-1}} * {{cite book \|last=Chattopadhyay \|first=Swati \|date=2005 \|title=Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism, and the Colonial Uncanny \|url=https://archive.org/details/calcuttamodernit00chat \|publisher=Psychology Press \|page=[https://archive.org/details/calcuttamodernit00chat/page/314 314] \|isbn=978-0-415-34359-6}} * {{cite book \|last1= Dey \|first1=Ishita \|last2=Samaddar \|first2= Ranabir \|date=2016 \|title=Beyond Kolkata: Rajarhat and the Dystopia of Urban Imagination \|publisher=Routledge \|page=304 \|isbn= 9781134931378}} * {{cite book \|last1=Husain \|first1=Zakir \|last2=Dutta \|first2= Mousumi \|date=2013 \|title=Women in Kolkata's IT Sector: Satisficing Between Work and Household \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|page=133 \|isbn=9788132215936 }} * {{cite book \|last=Bose \|first= Pablo Shiladitya\|date=2015 \|title=Urban Development in India: Global Indians in the Remaking of Kolkata \|publisher=Routledge \|page=178 \|isbn= 9781317596738 }} * {{cite book \|last1=Ray \|first1= Raka\|last2= Qayum\|first2= Seemin \|date=2009 \|title=Cultures of Servitude: Modernity, Domesticity, and Class in India \|url=https://archive.org/details/culturesofservit0000rayr \|publisher=Stanford University Press \|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturesofservit0000rayr/page/255 255] \|isbn=9780804760713 }} * {{cite book \|last=Ghosh \|first=Anindita \|title= Claiming the City: Protest, Crime, and Scandals in Colonial Calcutta, c. 1860-1920\|url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.307.760954.gho.36202 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|page=340 \|isbn=978-0199464791 \|year=2016 }} * {{cite book \|last=Sanyal \|first=Shukla \|date=2014 \|title=Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|page=219 \|isbn=9781107065468 }} * {{cite book \|last=Busteed \|first=Henry Elmsley \|date=1888 \|title=Echoes from Old Calcutta: Being Chiefly Reminiscences of the Days of Warren Hastings, Francis, and Impey \|publisher=Asian Educational Services \|page=359 \|isbn=9788120612952 }} * {{cite book \|last1= Fruzzetti\|first1=Lina \|last2=Östör \|first2= Ákos \|date=2003 \|title=Calcutta Conversations \|publisher=Orient Blackswan \|page=242 \|isbn=9788180280092 }} {{Refend}} == Referensi == {{reflist}} ==Pranala luar== ~~{{India-geo-stub}}~~ * [https://www.kmcgov.in/ Kolkata Municipal Corporation] * {{curlie\|Regional/Asia/India/West_Bengal/Localities/Kolkata/}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline}} * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Kolkata Kolkata] di ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' {{Geographic location \|Centre = Kolkata \|North = [[Sikkim]] \|East = [[Assam]]<br />[[Bangladesh]] \|South = ''[[Bay of Bengal]]'' \|West = [[Bihar]]<br />[[Jharkhand]] }} {{Authority control}} {{Wilayah Metropolitan di Asia}} [[Kategori:Kolkata\| ]] [[Kategori:Kota di India]] [[Kategori:Ibukota bengal barat]] [[Kategori:Kota di asia]]