Kolkata: Perbedaan antara revisi
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*Kolikata dianggap sebagai variasi dari Kalikkhetrô [ˈkaliˌkʰːet̪rɔ] (Bengali : কালীক্ষেত্র), yang berarti "Bidang dewi Kali ". Demikian pula, ini dapat menjadi variasi 'Kalikshetra' ([[bahasa Sansekerta]] : कालीक्षेत्र, lit. "area Dewi Kali").
*Teori lain adalah bahwa nama tersebut berasal dari Daerah ''Kalighat''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=
*Atau, nama itu mungkin berasal dari istilah Bengali kilkila ( Bengali : কিলকিলা ), atau "area datar".<ref name=":1" />
*Nama ini mungkin berasal dari kata khal [ˈkʰal] ( Bengali : খাল ) yang berarti "[[kanal]]", diikuti oleh kaṭa [ˈkaʈa] ( Bengali : কাটা ), yang dapat berarti "digali".
Baris 51:
Kolkata berada di dalam [[Delta Gangga]] bagian bawah di India timur sekitar 75 km (47 mil) di barat perbatasan internasional dengan [[Bangladesh]], ketinggian kota adalah {{convert|1.5|-|9|m|kaki|abbr=on|0}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=PIA01844: space radar image of Calcutta, West Bengal, India|url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01844|publisher=NASA|accessdate=15 January 2012|date=15 April 1999|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114231031/http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01844|archivedate=14 January 2012}}</ref>
===Iklim===
Kolkata ber [[Iklim sabana tropis|iklim basah dan kering tropis]] yang ditetapkan sebagai ''Aw'' berdasarkan [[klasifikasi iklim Köppen]]. Menurut laporan [[Program Pembangunan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], zona angin dan angin topannya "sangat berisiko merusak".<ref>{{Cite web|url=
Suhu rata-rata tahunan adalah 26,8 °C (80,2 °F), suhu rata-rata bulanan adalah 19-30 °C (66-86 °F). Musim panas (Maret – Juni) panas dan lembab, dengan suhu di bawah 30-an [[Celsius]] selama musim kering, suhu maksimum sering melebihi 40 °C (104 °F) pada bulan Mei dan Juni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=596065&cityname=Kolkata--New-Alipore-West-Bengal-India|title=Kolkata - New Alipore, India Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2020-07-17}}</ref> Musim dingin berlangsung selama kira-kira dua setengah bulan, dengan posisi terendah musiman turun menjadi 9–11 °C (48–52 °F) pada bulan Desember dan Januari. Mei adalah bulan terpanas, dengan suhu harian berkisar antara 27-37 °C (81-99 °F) Januari, bulan terdingin, memiliki suhu yang bervariasi dari 12-23 °C (54-73 °F).<ref name=":0" /> Suhu tertinggi yang tercatar adalah 43,9 °C (111,0 °F), dan terendah adalah 5 °C (41 °F). [[Musim dingin]] ringan dan cuaca sangat nyaman di seluruh kota sepanjang musim ini. Seringkali, pada bulan April – Juni, kota ini dilanda hujan lebat atau badai berdebu yang diikuti oleh badai petir atau [[hujan es]], membawa bantuan pendinginan dari kelembaban yang ada. Badai petir ini bersifat konvektif, dan dikenal secara lokal sebagai kal ''bôishakhi'' ( কালবৈশাখী ), atau "Nor'westers" dalam [[bahasa Inggris]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=
== Transportasi ==
Baris 62:
Transportasi publik dilayani oleh [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]], [[Kolkata Metro]], [[Kolkata tram|tram]], dan bus. Jaringan kereta komuter mencapai pinggiran daerah kota ini.
== Demografi ==
=== Agama ===
{{Pie chart|caption=Agama di kota Kolkata (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kolkata City Population Census 2011-2021 {{!}} West Bengal|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/215-kolkata.html#:~:text=Hinduism%20is%20majority%20religion%20in,%25%20and%20Buddhism%20by%200.31%20%25.|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref>|label5=[[Sikhisme]]|color8=Black|label8=Tidak tahu|value7=0.03|color7=White|label7=Lainnya|color6=Yellow|value6=0.11|label6=[[Agama Buddha|Buddha]]|color5=DarkKhaki|value5=0.31|color4=Brown|label1=[[Agama Hindu|Hindu]]|value4=0.47|label4=[[Jainisme]]|color3=Dodgerblue|value3=0.88|label3=[[Kekristenan|Kristen]]|value2=20.6|color2=Green|label2=[[Islam]]|color1=DarkOrange|value1=76.51|value8=1.09}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Populasi keagamaan
!Agama
!Populasi
|-
|[[Agama Hindu|Hindu]]
|3.440.290
|-
|[[Muslim]]
|926.414
|-
|[[Kekristenan|Kristen]]
|39.758
|-
|[[Jainisme]]
|21.178
|-
|[[Sikhisme]]
|13.849
|-
|[[Agama Buddha|Buddha]]
|4.771
|-
|Lainnya
|1.452
|-
|Tidak tahu
|48.982
|}
== Kota kembar ==
Baris 137 ⟶ 171:
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Malvika |date=2011 |title=Kolkata: A Soul City (Historic and Famed Cities of India) |publisher=Academic Foundation |page=110 |isbn=978-81-7188-886-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Hazra |first= Indrajit |date=1 December 2013 |title=Grand Delusions: A Short Biography of Kolkata |publisher=Aleph Book Company |page=156 |isbn=978-93-82277-28-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |date=22 April 2009 |title=Calcutta Chromosome: A Novel of Fevers, Delirium and Discovery |url=https://archive.org/details/calcuttachromoso0000ghos_q4z5 |publisher=Penguin India |page=[https://archive.org/details/calcuttachromoso0000ghos_q4z5/page/200 200] |isbn=978-0-14-306655-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Deb |first=Binaya Krishna |date=1905 |title=The Early History and Growth of Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.91187 |quote=calcutta. |location=Harvard University |publisher= Romesh Chandra Ghose|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.91187/page/n292 278] }}
* {{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Sukanta |date= 1990|title= Calcutta, the Living City: The past|location=the University of Michigan |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=292 |isbn=978-0-19-562718-3}}
Baris 143 ⟶ 177:
* {{cite book |last1= Chatterjee|first1=Jayabrato |last2=Khullar |first2=Rupinder |date=1 January 2004 |title=Kolkata: the dream city |location= the University of Michigan|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |page=93 |isbn=978-81-7476-471-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Moorhouse |first=Geoffrey |date=1971 |title=Calcutta |url= https://books.google.com/?id=3ALLbrilUQUC&dq=calcutta|publisher=Penguin Books India |page=393 |isbn=978-0-14-009557-9}}
* {{cite book |last= Chatterjee|first=Partha |date=2012 |title=The Black Hole of Empire: History of a Global Practice of Power |url= https://archive.org/details/blackholeofempir0000chat|publisher=Princeton University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/blackholeofempir0000chat/page/425 425] |isbn=978-0-691-15201-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Swati |date=2005 |title=Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism, and the Colonial Uncanny |url=https://archive.org/details/calcuttamodernit00chat |publisher=Psychology Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/calcuttamodernit00chat/page/314 314] |isbn=978-0-415-34359-6}}
* {{cite book |last1= Dey |first1=Ishita |last2=Samaddar |first2= Ranabir |date=2016 |title=Beyond Kolkata: Rajarhat and the Dystopia of Urban Imagination |publisher=Routledge |page=304 |isbn= 9781134931378}}
* {{cite book |last1=Husain |first1=Zakir |last2=Dutta |first2= Mousumi |date=2013 |title=Women in Kolkata's IT Sector: Satisficing Between Work and Household |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |page=133 |isbn=9788132215936 }}
* {{cite book |last=Bose |first= Pablo Shiladitya|date=2015 |title=Urban Development in India: Global Indians in the Remaking of Kolkata |publisher=Routledge |page=178 |isbn= 9781317596738 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Ray |first1= Raka|last2= Qayum|first2= Seemin |date=2009 |title=Cultures of Servitude: Modernity, Domesticity, and Class in India |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesofservit0000rayr |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/culturesofservit0000rayr/page/255 255] |isbn=9780804760713 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Anindita |title= Claiming the City: Protest, Crime, and Scandals in Colonial Calcutta, c. 1860-1920|url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.307.760954.gho.36202 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=340 |isbn=978-0199464791 |year=2016 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Shukla |date=2014 |title=Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=219 |isbn=9781107065468 }}
* {{cite book |last=Busteed |first=Henry Elmsley |date=1888 |title=Echoes from Old Calcutta: Being Chiefly Reminiscences of the Days of Warren Hastings, Francis, and Impey |publisher=Asian Educational Services |page=359 |isbn=9788120612952 }}
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