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[[File:Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg|220x124px|thumb|right|Palu-Arit Merupakan Salah Satu Simbol yang Melambangkan Komunisme.]]'''Komunisme''' ({{lang-la|communis
== Dasar ideologi ==
Istilah komunisme sering dicampuradukkan dengan [[
Dalam komunisme, perubahan sosial harus dimulai dari pengambil alihan alat-alat produksi melalui peran
Komunisme sebagai anti-kapitalisme menggunakan sistem partai
▲== Komunis internasional ==
▲Komunis internasional sebagai teori ideologi mulai diterapkan setelah meletusnya [[Revolusi Oktober|Revolusi Bolshevik]] di [[Rusia]] tanggal [[7 November]] [[1917]]. Sejak saat itu komunisme diterapkan sebagai sebuah ideologi dan disebarluaskan ke negara lain. Pada tahun [[2005]] negara yang masih menganut paham komunis adalah [[RRT|Tiongkok]], [[Vietnam]], [[Korea Utara]], [[Kuba]] dan [[Laos]]. Komunis internasional adalah teori yang disebutkan oleh Karl Marx.
== Maoisme ==
Ideologi komunisme di Tiongkok agak lain daripada dengan Marxisme-Leninisme yang diadopsi bekas
== Perkembangan komunisme pasca-Uni Soviet ==
Banyak orang yang mengira komunisme "mati" setelah [[Revolusi 1989]] yang berakhir pada bubarnya Uni Soviet dua tahun kemudian, yang diawali dengan keputusan Presiden [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. Namun demikian, setelah [[pembubaran Uni Soviet|runtuhnya Uni Soviet]] dan [[disintegrasi Yugoslavia|pecahnya Yugoslavia]], terdapat beberapa negara yang masih dipimpin oleh pemerintahan [[Marxisme–Leninisme|Marxis–Leninis]] dengan [[negara satu-partai|partai tunggal]]. Di antaranya adalah [[Kuba]], Laos, Vietnam, dan Tiongkok. Korea Utara menyebut ideologinya sebagai ''[[Juche]]'', yang mereka anggap sebagai perkembangan dari Marxisme–Leninisme. Meskipun demikian, Tiongkok,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-china-went-from-communist-to-capitalist-2015-10/?IR=T|title=How China went from communist to capitalist|newspaper=Business Insider|language=en|access-date=14 Juli 2017}}</ref> Laos,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/18/world/asia/18laos.html|title=Communism and Capitalism Are Mixing in Laos|last=Fuller|first=Thomas|date=17 September 2009|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=14 Juli 2017}}</ref> Vietnam,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/apr/22/vietnam-40-years-on-how-communist-victory-gave-way-to-capitalist-corruption|title=Vietnam 40 years on: how a communist victory gave way to capitalist corruption|last=Davies|first=Nick|date=22 April 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=14 Juli 2017}}</ref> dan Kuba telah mengubah sistem ekonominya menjadi lebih terbuka. [[Sosialisme di India|Di India]], komunis memimpin pemerintahan di tiga bagian negara. Sementara di Nepal, partai komunis menjadi mayoritas di parlemen.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11057207&fsrc=nwl|title=The Maoists triumph|date=17 April 2008|newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613|access-date=14 Juli 2017}}</ref>
Partai-partai komunis dan Marxis-Leninis lainnya juga mendapat kursi dalam parlemen di berbagai negara, walaupun tidak memimpin pemerintahan. Di antaranya [[Partai Komunis Jepang]], [[Partai Komunis Federasi Rusia|Federasi Rusia]], [[Partai Komunis Venezuela|Venezuela]], dan [[Maki (partai politik)|Israel]].
▲==Lihat pula==
* [[Parti Komunis Malaya]]
* [[Partai Komunis Indonesia]]
Baris 68 ⟶ 30:
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Bacaan lanjut ==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Adami |editor-first1=Stefano |editor-last2=Marrone |editor-first2=G. |date=2006 |title=Communism |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies |edition=1st |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-57958-390-3}}
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* {{cite book |last=Daniels |first=Robert Vincent |author-link=Robert Vincent Daniels |date=2007 |title=The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-30010-649-7}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Engels |first1=Friedrich |author-link1=Friedrich Engels |last2=Marx |first2=Karl |author-link2=Karl Marx |title=[[The Communist Manifesto]] |date=1998 |orig-date=1848 |edition=reprint |publisher=Signet Classics |isbn=978-0-451-52710-3}}
* {{cite journal |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Sheila |author-link=Sheila Fitzpatrick |date=2007 |title=Revisionism in Soviet History |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-and-theory_2007-12_46_4/page/77 |journal=[[History and Theory]] |volume=46 |number=4 |pages=77–91 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2303.2007.00429.x |jstor=4502285}}. Historiographical essay that covers the scholarship of the three major schools: totalitarianism, revisionism, and post-revisionism.
* {{cite book |last=Forman |first=James D. |date=1972 |title=Communism: From Marx's Manifesto to 20th-century Reality |url=https://archive.org/details/communismfrommar0000form |publisher=Watts |isbn=978-0-531-02571-0}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Fuchs-Schündeln |first1=Nicola |last2=Schündeln |first2=Matthias |date=2020 |url=https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.34.2.172 |title=The Long-Term Effects of Communism in Eastern Europe |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=34 |number=2 |pages=172–191 |doi=10.1257/jep.34.2.172|s2cid=219053421}}. ([https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdf/ PDF version])
* {{cite book |last=Furet |first=François |author-link=François Furet |translator-last=Kan |translator-first=D. |date=2000 |title=The Passing of An Illusion: The Idea of Communism In the Twentieth Century |edition=English |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-27341-9}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Fürst |editor-first1=Juliane |editor-last2=Pons |editor-first2=Silvio |editor-link2=:it:Silvio Pons |editor-last3=Selden |editor-first3=Mark |editor-link3=Mark Selden |date=2017 |chapter=Endgames? Late Communism in Global Perspective, 1968 to the Present |title=The Cambridge History of Communism |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-31650-159-7}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Gerlach |editor-first1=Christian |editor-link1=Christian Gerlach |editor-last2=Six |editor-first2=Clemens |date=2020 |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anti-Communist Persecutions |location= |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-3030549657}}
* {{cite book |last=Gregor |first=A. J. |author-link=A. James Gregor |date=2014 |title=Marxism and the Making of China: A Doctrinal History |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-137-37949-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Henry |first=Michel |author-link=Michel Henry |translator-last=Davidson |translator-first=Scott |date=2014 |orig-date=1991 |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/from-communism-to-capitalism-9781472524317 |title=From Communism to Capitalism |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] |isbn=978-1-472-52431-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Laybourn |first1=Keith |author-link1=Keith Laybourn |last2=Murphy |first2=Dylan |date=1999 |title=Under the Red Flag: A History of Communism in Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/underredflag00keit |edition=illustrated, hardcover |publisher=[[Sutton Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-75091-485-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Lovell |first=Julia |author-link=Julia Lovell |date=2019 |title=Maoism: A Global History |publisher=Bodley Head |isbn=978-184792-250-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Morgan |first=W. John |date=2003 |title=Communists on Education and Culture 1848–1948 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=0-333-48586-6}}
* {{cite journal |last=Morgan |first=W. John |date=December 2005 |title=Communism, Post-Communism, and Moral Education |journal=[[The Journal of Moral Education]] |volume=34 |number=4 |issn=1465-3877}}. {{ISSN|0305-7240}} (print).
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Naimark |editor-first1=Norman |editor-link1=Norman Naimark |editor-last2=Pons |editor-first2=Silvio |editor-link2=:it:Silvio Pons |date=2017 |chapter=The Socialist Camp and World Power 1941–1960s |title=The Cambridge History of Communism |volume=2 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-31645-985-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pipes |first1=Richard |author-link1=Richard Pipes |date=2003 |title=Communism: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/communismhistory00pipe |edition=reprint |publisher=Modern Library |isbn=978-0-81296-864-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pons |first1=Silvio |author-link1=:it:Silvio Pons |date=2014 |title=The Global Revolution: A History of International Communism 1917–1991 |edition=English, hardcover |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19965-762-9}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Pons |editor-first1=Silvio |editor-link1=:it:Silvio Pons |editor-last2=Service |editor-first2=Robert |editor-link2=Robert Service (historian) |date=2010 |title=A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism |edition=hardcover |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-69113-585-4}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Pons |editor-first1=Silvio |editor-link1=:it:Silvio Pons |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Stephen A. |date=2017 |chapter=World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941 |title=The Cambridge History of Communism |volume=1 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-31613-702-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pop-Eleches |first1=Grigore |last2=Tucker |first2=Joshua A. |date=2017 |title=Communism's Shadow: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Political Attitudes |url=https://archive.org/details/communismsshadow0000pope |edition=hardcover |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-69117-558-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Priestland |first1=David |author-link1=David Priestland |date=2009 |title=The Red Flag: A History of Communism |url=https://archive.org/details/redflaghistoryof0000prie |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |isbn=978-0-80214-512-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sabirov |first1=Kharis Fatykhovich |date=1987 |url=https://archive.org/details/whatiscommunism1987 |title=What Is Communism? |edition=English |publisher=[[Progress Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-82853-346-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Service |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Service (historian) |date=2010 |title=Comrades!: A History of World Communism |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-67404-699-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Yu-ming |date=2019 |title=Changes And Continuities In Chinese Communism: Volume I: Ideology, Politics, and Foreign Policy |edition=hardcover |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-36716-385-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Zinoviev |first1=Alexandre |author-link1=Alexander Zinoviev |date=1984 |orig-date=1980 |title=The Reality of Communism |url=https://archive.org/details/realityofcommuni00zino |publisher=[[Schocken Books]] |isbn=978-0-80523-901-0}}
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