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{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Lambung
| Latin = Ventriculus
| Greek = Gaster
| GraySubject = 247
| GrayPage = 1161
| Image = Stomach colon rectum diagram-id.svg
| Caption = Lambung terletak di tengah agak ke kiri dalam tubuh manusia; terhubung dengan [[esofagus]] di atasnya dan [[usus halus]] di bawahnya.
| Width =
| Image2 = Illu stomach.jpg
| Caption2 = 1. [[#Struktur|Badan lambung]] 2. [[#Struktur|Fundus]] 3. [[#Struktur|Anterior wall]] 4. [[Curvatures of the stomach|Greater curvature]] 5. [[Curvatures of the stomach|Lesser curvature]] 6. [[#Struktur|Kardia]] 9. [[Pylorus#Pyloric sphincter|Pyloric sphincter]] 10. [[Pylorus#Antrum|Pyloric antrum]] 11. [[Pylorus#Pyloric canal|Pyloric canal]] 12. [[Angular incisure]] 13. [[Angular incisure|Gastric canal]] 14. [[Rugae]]<ref>Diagram from [http://training.seer.cancer.gov/ss_module07_ugi/unit02_sec02_anatomy.html cancer.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231182323/http://training.seer.cancer.gov/ss_module07_ugi/unit02_sec02_anatomy.html |date=2006-12-31 }}. [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|Work of the United States Government]]</ref>
| ImageMap =
| MapCaption =
| Precursor = [[Foregut]]
| System = [[Sistem pencernaan]]
| Artery = [[Right gastric artery]], [[left gastric artery]], [[right gastro-omental artery]], [[left gastro-omental artery]], [[short gastric arteries]]
| Vein = [[Right gastric vein]], [[left gastric vein]], [[right gastroepiploic vein]], [[left gastroepiploic vein]], [[short gastric veins]]
| Nerve = [[Celiac ganglia]], [[vagus nerve]]<ref>{{GeorgiaPhysiology|6/6ch2/s6ch2_30| }}</ref>
| Lymph = [[Celiac lymph nodes]]<ref>{{NormanAnatomy|stomach|The Stomach }}</ref>
| MeshName = Stomach
| MeshNumber = A03.556.875.875
| Code =
| Dorlands = seven/000100936
| DorlandsID = Stomach
}}
[[Berkas:Estómago.svg|jmpl|200px|ka|Lambung: <br />1) Esofagus <br />2) Kardia <br />3) Fundus <br />4) Selaput lendir <br />5) Otot lapisan <br />6) Lambung mukosa <br /> 7) Tubuh perut <br />8) Pilorik antrum <br />9) Pilorus <br />10) Usus dua belas jari (''duodenum'')]]
'''Lambung''' atau '''perut''' ({{lang-en|stomach}}; {{lang-nl|maag}}) atau ventrikulus berupa suatu kantong yang terletak di bawah sekat rongga badan.
Fungsi lambung secara umum adalah tempat di mana makanan dicerna dan sejumlah kecil sari-sari makanan diserap.
== Struktur ==
[[Berkas:Gray1046.svg|jmpl|kiri|upright=1.2|Daerah-daerah lambung manusia]]
Pada manusia dewasa, volume lambung dalam keadaan santai, hampir kosong, adalah sekitar 75 mililiter.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7274820.stm Key to way stomach expands found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729195326/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7274820.stm |date=2017-07-29 }}. BBC (3 March 2008)</ref> Merupakan organ tubuh yang dapat mengembang (''distensible''), dapat menampung sampai sekitar satu liter makanan.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sherwood, Lauralee |title=Human physiology: from cells to systems |url=https://archive.org/details/humanphysiologyf00sher |publisher=Wadsworth Pub. Co |location=Belmont, CA |year=1997 |pages= |isbn=0-314-09245-5 |oclc= 35270048|doi=}}</ref> Lambung bayi manusia yang baru lahir hanya dapat menampung sekitar 30 mililiter.
== Daerah ==
Lambung dapat dibagi menjadi tiga daerah, yaitu daerah
# ''Kardia.''
# ''Fundus.''
# ''Pilorus.''
'''1. Kardia''' adalah bagian atas, daerah pintu masuk makanan dari kerongkongan itu sendiri .
'''2. Fundus''' adalah bagian tengah, bentuknya membulat.
'''3. Pilorus''' adalah bagian bawah, daerah yang berhubungan dengan usus 12 jari atau sering disebut [[duodenum]].
<!--
In humans, the stomach lies between the [[oesophagus]] and the [[duodenum]] (the first part of the [[small intestine]]). It is in the [[quadrant (anatomy)|left upper part]] of the [[abdominal cavity]]. The top of the stomach lies against the [[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]]. Lying behind the stomach is the [[pancreas]]. A large double fold of visceral [[peritoneum]] called the [[greater omentum]] hangs down from the [[Curvatures of the stomach|greater curvature]] of the stomach. Two sphincters keep the contents of the stomach contained; the [[oesophagus#Sphincters|lower oesophageal sphincter]] (found in the cardiac region), at the junction of the oesophagus and stomach, and the [[pyloric sphincter]] at the junction of the stomach with the duodenum.
The stomach is surrounded by [[parasympathetic nervous system|parasympathetic]] (stimulant) and [[sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic]] (inhibitor) [[plexuses]] (networks of blood vessels and nerves in the [[anterior]] gastric, [[Posterior (anatomy)|posterior]], [[Anatomical terms of location#Superior and inferior|superior]] and [[Anatomical terms of location#Superior and inferior|inferior]], celiac and myenteric), which regulate both the secretory activity of the stomach and the motor (motion) activity of its muscles.
=== Sections ===
In classical [[anatomy]], the human stomach is divided into four sections, beginning at the ''gastric cardia'',<ref>{{SUNYAnatomyLabs|37|06|01|03}} – "Abdominal Cavity: The Stomach"</ref> each of which has different cells and functions.
* The ''cardia'' is where the contents of the oesophagus empty into the stomach. The cardia is defined as the region following the "z-line" of the gastroesophageal junction, the point at which the [[epithelium]] changes from [[stratified squamous epithelia|stratified squamous]] to [[columnar]]. Near the cardia is the lower oesophageal sphincter.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=F. Charles |editor-last=Brunicardi |editor2-first=Dana K. |editor2-last=Andersen |title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=0071547703|edition=9th|display-editors=etal}}</ref>
* The ''fundus'' (from Latin, "bottom") is formed by the upper curvature of the organ.
* The ''body'' is the main, central region.
* The [[pylorus]] (from Greek, "gatekeeper") is the lower section of the organ that facilitates emptying the contents into the small intestine.
=== Blood supply ===
[[Image:Stomach blood supply.svg|thumb|center|600px|Schematic image of the blood supply to the human stomach: [[left gastric artery|left]] and [[right gastric artery]], [[left gastroepiploic artery|left]] and [[right gastroepiploic artery]] and [[short gastric artery]].<ref name=Moore150>{{cite book |author1=Anne M. R. Agur |author2=Moore, Keith L. |title=Essential Clinical Anatomy (Point (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)) |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialclinica0000moor_c2o8 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, MD |year= 2007|pages= |isbn=0-7817-6274-X |oclc= 172964542|doi=}}; p. 150</ref>]]
The lesser curvature of the human stomach is supplied by the [[right gastric artery]] inferiorly, and the [[left gastric artery]] superiorly, which also supplies the cardiac region. The greater curvature is supplied by the [[right gastroepiploic artery]] inferiorly and the [[left gastroepiploic artery]] superiorly. The fundus of the stomach, and also the upper portion of the greater curvature, is supplied by the short gastric artery which arises from the splenic artery.
===Histology===
[[Image:Normal gastric mucosa intermed mag.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Micrograph]] showing a cross section of the human stomach wall, in the body portion of the stomach. [[H&E stain]].]]
{{Main article|Gastrointestinal wall}}
Like the other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, the human stomach walls consist of an outer [[mucosa]], inner [[submucosa]], [[muscularis externa]], and [[serosa]].
The [[gastric mucosa]] of the stomach consists of the [[epithelium]] and the [[lamina propria]] (composed of loose connective tissue), with a thin layer of [[smooth muscle]] called the [[muscularis mucosae]] separating it from the submucosa beneath. The [[submucosa]] lies under the mucosa and consists of [[fibrous connective tissue]], separating the mucosa from the next layer. [[Meissner's plexus]] is in this layer. The [[muscularis externa]] lies beneath the submucosa and is unique from other organs of the gastrointestinal tract, consisting of three layers:
* The ''inner oblique layer:'' This layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food. It is the only layer of the three which is not seen in other parts of the [[digestive system]]. The antrum has thicker skin cells in its walls and performs more forceful contractions than the fundus.
* The ''middle circular layer:'' At this layer, the [[pyloric valve|pylorus]] is surrounded by a thick circular muscular wall which is normally tonically constricted forming a functional (if not anatomically discrete) pyloric [[sphincter]], which controls the movement of [[chyme]] into the [[duodenum]]. This layer is concentric to the longitudinal axis of the stomach.
* [[Auerbach's plexus]] (AKA myenteric plexus) is found between the outer longitudinal and the middle circular layer and is responsible for the innervation of both (causing peristalsis and mixing)
* The ''outer longitudinal layer'' is responsible for moving the bolus towards the pylorus of the stomach through muscular shortening.
The stomach also possesses a [[serosa]], consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the [[peritoneum]].
-->
=== Dinding lambung ===
'''Dinding lambung tersusun menjadi empat lapisan, yakni:'''
# ''Mucosa''.
# ''Submucosa''.
# ''Muscularis''.
# ''Serosa''.
'''1. Mucosa''' ialah lapisan di mana sel-sel mengeluarkan berbagai jenis cairan, seperti enzim, asam lambung, dan hormon. Lapisan ini berbentuk seperti palung untuk memperbesar perbandingan antara luas dan volume sehingga memperbanyak volume getah lambung yang dapat dikeluarkan.
'''2. Submucosa''' ialah lapisan di mana pembuluh darah [[arteri]] dan [[vena]] dapat ditemukan untuk menyalurkan nutrisi dan oksigen ke sel-sel perut sekaligus untuk membawa nutrisi yang diserap, [[urea]], dan [[karbon dioksida]] dari sel-sel tersebut.
'''3. Muscularis''' adalah lapisan otot yang membantu perut dalam pencernaan mekanis. Lapisan ini dibagi menjadi 3 lapisan otot, yakni otot melingkar, memanjang, dan menyerong. Kontraksi dan ketiga macam lapisan otot tersebut mengakibatkan
'''4. gerak peristaltik''' (gerak menggelombang). Gerak peristaltik menyebabkan makanan di dalam lambung diaduk-aduk. Lapisan terluar yaitu ''serosa'' berfungsi sebagai lapisan pelindung perut. Sel-sel di lapisan ini mengeluarkan sejenis cairan untuk mengurangi gaya gesekan yang terjadi antara perut dengan anggota tubuh lainnya.
=== Kelenjar lambung ===
<!--{{Main article|Gastric glands}}-->
Pada manusia terdapat tiga jenis sel pada lapisan-lapisan mukosa atau kelenjar lambung (''[[:en:gastric glands|gastric glands]]''):
{| class="wikitable"
| '''Lapisan lambung''' || '''Nama''' || '''Sekresi''' || '''Daerah lambung''' || '''Pewarnaan''' (''Staining'')
|-
| Isthmus || Sel goblet/[[:en:Foveolar cell|sel foveolar]] || lapisan gel [[:en:Mucus|mukus]] || Fundus, Kardia, Pilorus || Jernih
|-
| Badan kelenjar (''body'') || [[:en:Parietal cell|Sel parietal (oxyntic)]] || [[:en:Gastric acid|Asam lambung]] dan [[:en:intrinsic factor|faktor intrinsik]] || Fundus saja || [[:en:Acidophilic|Asidofilik]]
|-
| Dasar kelenjar (''base'') || [[:en:Gastric chief cell|Sel chief (zymogenic)]] || [[:en:Pepsinogen|Pepsinogen]] dan [[:en:gastric lipase|lipase]] || Fundus saja || [[:en:Basophilic|Basofilik]]
|-
| Dasar kelenjar (''base'') || [[:en:Enteroendocrine cells|Sel enteroendokrin (APUD)]] || [[Hormon]] [[gastrin]], [[histamin]], endorphin, [[serotonin]], cholecystokinin dan [[somatostatin]]|| Fundus, kardia, pilorus || –
|}
<gallery>
Image:Gray1053.png|'''[[:en:cardiac glands|Kelenjar kardia]]''' (pada [[:en:cardia|kardia]] manusia)
Image:Gray1054.png|'''[[:en:pyloric glands|Kelenjar pilorus]]''' (pada [[:en:pylorus|pilorus]] manusia)
Image:Gray1055.png|'''[[:en:fundic glands|Kelenjar fundus]]''' (pada [[:en:Fundus (stomach)|fundus]] manusia)
</gallery>
'''1. Sel goblet''' berfungsi untuk memproduksi ''mucus'' atau lendir untuk menjaga lapisan terluar sel agar tidak rusak karena enzim pepsin dan asam lambung.
'''2. Sel parietal''' berfungsi untuk memproduksi asam lambung [''Hydrochloric acid''] yang berguna dalam pengaktifan enzim pepsin. Diperkirakan bahwa sel parietal memproduksi 1.5 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> asam lambung yang membuat tingkat keasaman dalam lambung mencapai pH 2.
'''3. Sel chief''' berfungsi untuk memproduksi [[:en:pepsinogen|pepsinogen]], yaitu [[enzim]] [[:en:pepsin|pepsin]] dalam bentuk tidak aktif. Sel chief memproduksi dalam bentuk tidak aktif agar enzim tersebut tidak mencerna protein yang dimiliki oleh sel tersebut yang dapat menyebabkan kematian pada sel tersebut.
== Enzim ==
Di bagian dinding lambung sebelah dalam terdapat kelenjar-kelenjar yang menghasilkan getah lambung. Aroma, bentuk, warna, dan selera terhadap makanan secara refleks akan menimbulkan sekresi getah lambung. Getah lambung mengandung asam lambung (HCI), pepsin, musin, dan [[renin]]. Asam lambung berperan sebagai pembunuh mikroorganisme dan mengaktifkan enzim pepsinogen menjadi pepsin.
* ''[[:en:pepsin|Pepsin]]'' merupakan enzim yang dapat mengubah protein menjadi molekul yang lebih kecil.
* ''[[:en:mucin|Musin]]'' merupakan mukosa protein yang melicinkan makanan.
* ''[[Renin]]'' merupakan enzim khusus yang hanya terdapat pada mamalia, berperan sebagai kaseinogen menjadi kasein. Kasein digumpalkan oleh Ca<sup>2+</sup> dari susu sehingga dapat dicerna oleh pepsin. Tanpa adanya renim susu yang berwujud cair akan lewat begitu saja di dalam lambuing dan usus tanpa sempat dicerna.
* ''[[HCl|HCl(Asam Klorida)]]'' merupakan asam yang berfungsi sebagai enzim, yang berguna untuk membunuh kuman dan bakteri pada makanan.
Kerja enzim dan pelumatan oleh otot lambung mengubah makanan menjadi lembut seperti bubur, disebut ''chyme'' (kim) atau bubur makanan. Otot lambung bagian pilorus mengatur pengeluaran kim sedikit demi sedikit dalam duodenum. Caranya, otot pilorus yang mengarah ke lambung akan relaksasi (mengendur) jika tersentuk kim yang bersifat asam.
Sebaliknya, otot pilorus yang mengarah ke duodenum akan berkontraksi (mengerut) jika tersentuh kim. Jadi, misalnya kim yang bersifat asam tiba di pilorus depan, maka pilorus akan membuka, sehingga makanan lewat. Oleh karena makanan asam mengenai pilorus belakang, pilorus menutup. Makanan tersebut dicerna sehingga keasamanya menurun.
Makanan yang bersifat basa di belakang pilorus akan merangsang pilorus untuk membuka. Akibatnya, makanan yang asam dari lambung masuk ke duodenum. Demikian seterusnya. Jadi, makanan melewati pilorus menuju duodenum segumpal demi segumpal agar makanan tersebut dapat tercerna efektif. Setelah 2 sampai 5 jam, lambung kosong kembali.
Pada lambung terdapat kelenjar oksintik ({{lang-en|oxyntic gland}}) yang memproduksi [[hormon]] [[Ghrelin|GHS]]. Hormon lain yang disekresi antara lain adalah [[somatostatin|GHIH]].
<!--
==Development==
In early [[human embryogenesis]], the ventral part of the embryo abuts the [[yolk sac]]. During the second week of development, as the embryo grows, it begins to surround parts of the sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract.<ref name=LARSEN2009 /> The sac is surrounded by a network of [[vitelline arteries]]. Over time, these arteries consolidate into the three main arteries that supply the developing gastrointestinal tract: the [[celiac artery]], [[superior mesenteric artery]], and [[inferior mesenteric artery]]. The areas supplied by these arteries are used to define the [[midgut]], [[hindgut]] and [[foregut]].<ref name=LARSEN2009 /> The surrounded sac becomes the primitive gut. Sections of this gut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, and the esophagus, and stomach form from the foregut.<ref name=LARSEN2009>{{cite book|author=Gary C. Schoenwolf |title=Larsen's human embryology|url=https://archive.org/details/larsenshumanembr0000unse |year=2009|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-443-06811-9|chapter=Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract|edition=4th}}</ref>
-->
== Fungsi ==
=== Absorpsi ===
Meskipun absorpsi pada sistem pencernaan manusia terutama merupakan fungsi usus halus, sejumlah absorpsi molekul kecil tertentu terjadi pada lambung melalui pelapisnya.<!-- This includes:
* Water, if the body is dehydrated
* Medication, like [[aspirin]]
* [[Amino acids]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition|edition=2nd|editor-first=J.P.F.|editor-last=D'Mello|chapter = Absorption of Amino acids and Peptides|last = Krehbiel|first = C.R.|publisher = |year = |isbn = |location = |chapter-url = http://www.fcav.unesp.br/Home/departamentos/zootecnia/lucianohauschild/085199654x_chap03.pdf|first2 = J.C.|last2 = Matthews|pages = 41–70|chapter-format = PDF}}</ref>
* 10–20% of ingested [[ethanol]] (e.g. from alcoholic beverages)<ref name=intox>{{cite web|title=Alcohol and the Human Body|url=http://www.intox.com/t-physiology.aspx|publisher=Intoximeters, Inc.|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref>
* Caffeine<ref>{{Cite book|title = Coffee and Health|last = Debry|first = Gérard|publisher = John Libbey Eurotext|year = 1994|isbn = 9782742000371|location = Montrouge|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uZaaCk-8s9sC&pg=PA129|publication-place = Montrouge|access-date = 2015-04-26|format = PDF (eBook)|page = 129}}</ref>
* To a small extent water-soluble vitamins (most are absorbed in the small intestine)<!-- See page 419--><ref>{{Cite book|title = Nutritional Sciences: From Fundamentals to Food|last1=McGuire|first1=
Michelle|last2=Beerman|first2=Kathy|publisher=Cengage Learning|edition=3|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bYAJAAAAQBAJ|isbn=1133707386|date=2012-01-01|page=419}}</ref>
[[:en:parietal cell|Sel parietal]] lambung manusia bertanggung jawab untuk memproduksi [[:en:intrinsic factor|faktor intrinsik]], yang dibutuhkan bagi absorpsi [[vitamin B12]]. B12 digunakan dalam metabolisme seluler dan dibutuhkan untuk produksi [[sel darah merah]], serta fungsi [[sistem syaraf]].
=== Kendali sekresi dan motilitas ===
Gerakan dan aliran bahan kimia ke dalam lambung dikendalikan baik oleh [[:en:autonomic nervous system|sistem syaraf otonom]] dan oleh berbagai [[:en:Digestion#Digestive hormones|hormon]] dalam sistem pencernaan:
{| class="wikitable"
| [[Gastrin]] || Hormon ''gastrin'' menyebabkan peningkatan sekresi HCl dari sel-sel parietal, dan pepsinogen dari sel-sel chief dalam lambung. Juga menyebabkan peningkatan motilitas lambung. Gastrin dilepaskan oleh [[:en:G cell|sel G]] dalam lambung sebagai respon terhadap mengembangnya antrum, dan produk pencernaan (terutama jumlah besar protein yang belum dicerna sempurna). Dihambat oleh [[pH]] yang secara normal kurang dari 4 (sangat asam), serta hormon [[somatostatin]].
|-
| [[:en:Cholecystokinin|Kolesistokinin]] || ''Kolesistokinin'' (''Cholecystokinin''; '''CCK''') mempunyai efek terbesar pada [[:en:gall bladder|kantong empedu]], menyebabkan kontraksi kantong empedu, tetapi juga menurunkan pengosongan lambung dan meningkatkan pelepasan cairan pankreas yang bersifat basa dan menetralkan ''chyme''. CCK disintesis oleh sel-I dalam epitelium mukosa usus halus.
|-
| [[:en:Secretin|Sekretin]] || Dengan cara yang berbeda dan langka, ''sekretin'', diproduksi dalam [[usus halus]], mempunyai efek terutama dalam pankreas, tetapi juga mengurangi sekresi asam dalam lambung.
|-
| [[GIP|Peptida penghambat lambung]] || ''Peptida penghambat lambung'' (''Gastric inhibitory peptide''; '''GIP''') menurunkan pelepasan asam lambung dan motilitas.
|-
| [[:en:Enteroglucagon|Enteroglukagon]] || ''Enteroglukagon'' menurunkan baik asam lambung maupun motilitas.
|-
|}
<!--
Other than gastrin, these hormones all act to turn off the stomach action. This is in response to food products in the liver and gall bladder, which have not yet been absorbed. The stomach needs to push food into the small intestine only when the intestine is not busy. While the intestine is full and still digesting food, the stomach acts as storage for food.
===Stomach acid===
{{main|Gastric acid}}
[[Epidermal growth factor]] (EGF) results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival.<ref name="Herbst">{{cite journal | author = Herbst RS | title = Review of epidermal growth factor receptor biology | journal = International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics | volume = 59 | issue = 2 Suppl | pages = 21–6 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15142631 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.11.041 | url = }}</ref> EGF is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, but since then found in many human tissues including the [[submandibular gland]], and the [[parotid gland]]. Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic [[iodine]], plays also an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-oesophageal and gastric tissue integrity. The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis, and mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and from physical, chemical, and bacterial agents.<ref>{{cite journal|author = Venturi S.|author2 = Venturi M.|year = 2009|title = Iodine in evolution of salivary glands and in oral health|journal = Nutrition and Health|volume = 20|pages = 119–134|pmid = 19835108|issue = 2|doi=10.1177/026010600902000204}}</ref>
[[File:Sequence of 123-iodide total body human scintiscans.jpg|thumb|Sequence of total-body [[Scintigraphy|scintigraphies]] of a woman after intravenous injection of [[iodine-123]] demonstrating iodine uptake by the [[gastric mucosa]]]]
===Stomach as nutrition sensor===
The human stomach can "taste" [[sodium glutamate]] using glutamate receptors<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Uematsu | first1 = A | last2 = Tsurugizawa | first2 = T | last3 = Kondoh | first3 = T | last4 = Torii | first4 = K. | year = 2009 | title = Conditioned flavor preference learning by intragastric administration of L-glutamate in rats | url = | journal = Neurosci. Lett. | volume = 451 | issue = 3| pages = 190–3 | doi = 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.12.054 | pmid = 19146916 }}</ref> and this information is passed to the [[lateral hypothalamus]] and [[limbic system]] in the [[brain]] as a [[palatability]] signal through the [[vagus nerve]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Uematsu | first1 = A | last2 = Tsurugizawa | first2 = T | last3 = Uneyama | first3 = H | last4 = Torii | first4 = K. | year = 2010 | title = Brain-gut communication via vagus nerve modulates conditioned flavor preference | url = | journal = Eur J Neurosci | volume = 31 | issue = 6| pages = 1136–43 | doi = 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07136.x | pmid = 20377626 }}</ref> The stomach can also sense, independently of tongue and oral taste receptors, [[glucose]],<ref name="Araujo">{{cite journal| pmid= 18367093 | doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.032| title= Food Reward in the Absence of Taste Receptor Signaling| year= 2008| last1= De Araujo| first1= Ivan E.| last2= Oliveira-Maia| first2= Albino J.| last3= Sotnikova| first3= Tatyana D.| last4= Gainetdinov| first4= Raul R.| last5= Caron| first5= Marc G.| last6= Nicolelis| first6= Miguel A.L.| last7= Simon| first7= Sidney A.| journal= Neuron| volume= 57| issue= 6| pages= 930–41}}</ref> [[carbohydrate]]s,<ref name="Perez">{{cite journal | last1 = Perez | first1 = C. | last2 = Ackroff | first2 = K. | last3 = Sclafani | first3 = A. | year = 1996 | title = Carbohydrate- and protein conditioned flavor preferences: effects of nutrient preloads | url = | journal = Physiol. Behav. | volume = 59 | issue = 3| pages = 467–474 | doi = 10.1016/0031-9384(95)02085-3 | pmid = 8700948 }}</ref> [[protein]]s,<ref name="Perez"/> and [[fat]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ackroff | first1 = K. | last2 = Lucas | first2 = F. | last3 = Sclafani | first3 = A. | year = 2005 | title = Flavor preference conditioning as a function of fat source | url = | journal = Physiol. Behav. | volume = 85 | issue = 4| pages = 448–460 | doi = 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.05.006 | pmid = 15990126 }}</ref> This allows the brain to link [[nutritional]] value of foods to their tastes.<ref name="Araujo"/>
== Gene and protein expression ==
{{Further |Bioinformatics#Gene and protein expression}}
About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and nearly 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal stomach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/stomach|title=The human proteome in stomach - The Human Protein Atlas|website=www.proteinatlas.org|access-date=2017-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uhlén|first=Mathias|last2=Fagerberg|first2=Linn|last3=Hallström|first3=Björn M.|last4=Lindskog|first4=Cecilia|last5=Oksvold|first5=Per|last6=Mardinoglu|first6=Adil|last7=Sivertsson|first7=Åsa|last8=Kampf|first8=Caroline|last9=Sjöstedt|first9=Evelina|date=2015-01-23|title=Tissue-based map of the human proteome|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6220/1260419|journal=Science|language=en|volume=347|issue=6220|pages=1260419|doi=10.1126/science.1260419|issn=0036-8075|pmid=25613900}}</ref> Just over 150 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the stomach compared to other organs, with only some 20 genes being highly specific. The corresponding specific proteins expressed in stomach are mainly involved in creating a suitable environment for handling the digestion of food for uptake of nutrients. Highly stomach-specific proteins include [[GKN1]], expressed in the mucosa; [[Pepsin|pepsinogen PGC]] and the [[Lipase|lipase LIPF]], expressed in [[Gastric chief cell|chief cells]]; and gastric [[ATPase|ATPase ATP4A]] and [[Gastric intrinsic factor|gastric intrinsic factor GIF]], expressed in [[parietal cell]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gremel|first=Gabriela|last2=Wanders|first2=Alkwin|last3=Cedernaes|first3=Jonathan|last4=Fagerberg|first4=Linn|last5=Hallström|first5=Björn|last6=Edlund|first6=Karolina|last7=Sjöstedt|first7=Evelina|last8=Uhlén|first8=Mathias|last9=Pontén|first9=Fredrik|date=2015-01-01|title=The human gastrointestinal tract-specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody-based profiling|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00535-014-0958-7|journal=Journal of Gastroenterology|language=en|volume=50|issue=1|pages=46–57|doi=10.1007/s00535-014-0958-7|issn=0944-1174}}</ref>
-->
== Signifikansi klinis ==
[[Berkas:Stomach endoscopy 1.jpg|jmpl|ka|200px|Suatu [[endoskopi]] lambung normal seorang wanita sehat berusia 65 tahun.]]
=== Penyakit ===
<!--{{Main article|Stomach disease}}
A [[Upper gastrointestinal series|series of radiographs]] can be used to examine the stomach for various disorders. This will often include the use of a [[Upper gastrointestinal series|swallow barium]]. Another method of examination of the stomach, is the use of an [[endoscopy|endoscope]]. A [[gastric emptying scan]] is considered the gold standard to assess gastric emptying rate.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Masaoka|first1=Tatsuhiro|last2=Tack|first2=Jan|title=Gastroparesis: Current Concepts and Management|journal=Gut and Liver|date=30 September 2009 | volume=3 |issue=3| pages=166–173 | doi=10.5009/gnl.2009.3.3.166 | pmc=2852706}}</ref>
A large number of studies have indicated that most cases of [[peptic ulcer]]s, and [[gastritis]], in humans are caused by ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' infection, and an association has been seen with the development of stomach cancer.<ref name="Brown">{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=LM|title=Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmission.|journal=Epidemiologic Reviews|date=2000|volume=22|issue=2|pages=283–97|pmid=11218379}}</ref>
A [[stomach rumble]] is actually noise from the intestines.-->
<!-- following unclear why under "diseases": -->Lambung harus menghasilkan lapisan mukus baru setiap dua minggu. Kalau tidak, akan terjadi kerusakan epitelium.
<!--===Surgery===
In humans, many [[bariatric surgery]] procedures involve the stomach, in order to lose weight. A [[Adjustable gastric band|gastric band]] may be placed around the cardia area, which can adjust to limit intake. The [[Sleeve gastrectomy|anatomy of the stomach may be modified]], or the stomach may be [[Gastric bypass surgery|bypassed entirely]].
Surgical removal of the stomach is called a [[gastrectomy]], and removal of the cardia area is a called a '''cardiectomy'''. "Cardiectomy" is a term that is also used to describe the removal of the [[heart]].<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cardiectomy cardiectomy] at dictionary.reference.com</ref><ref name="BARLOW">{{cite journal | author =Barlow, O. W. | title =The survival of the circulation in the frog web after cardiectomy | work = | journal =Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, | volume = 35| issue = 1 | pages = 17–24 | year=1929 | date = | url =http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/35/1/17 | accessdate = February 24, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="MELTZER">{{cite journal | title =The effect of strychnin in cardiectomized frogs with destroyed lymph hearts; a demonstration | journal =American Journal of Physiology | volume =10 | issue =2 | year =1913 | pages =xix | url =https://books.google.com/?id=pnsZI2vxfH8C&pg=RA1-PR19&dq=Cardiectomy | doi = 10.3181/00379727-10-16| last1 =Meltzer | first1 =S. J. }}</ref> A gastrectomy may be carried out because of gastric cancer or severe perforation of the stomach wall.
==History==
There were previously conflicting statements in the academic anatomy community<ref>[http://hopkins-gi.nts.jhu.edu/pages/latin/templates/index.cfm?pg=disease1&organ=1&disease=13&lang_id=1 Digestive Disease Library]. hopkins-gi.nts.jhu.edu</ref><ref>[http://www.physio.unr.edu/ICC/gallery/LES-1.htm Department of Physiology and Cell Biology]. physio.unr.edu</ref><ref>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1851864-overview Esophagogastroduodenoscopy]. [[eMedicine]]</ref> over whether the cardia is part of the stomach, part of the oesophagus or a distinct entity. Modern surgical and medical textbooks have agreed that "The gastric cardia is now clearly considered to be part of the stomach."<ref name="accessmedicine.com">Barrett KE (2006) [http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2307248 "Chapter 7. Esophageal Motility"] in ''Gastrointestinal Physiology''. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|0071104968}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sugarbaker|first1=David J.|last2=Bueno|first2=Raphael|last3=Krasna|first3=Mark J.|last4=Mentzer|first4=Steven J.|last5=Zellos|first5=Lambros|others=with Marcia Williams and Ann Adams|title=Adult chest surgery|date=2009|publisher=McGraw Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=0071434143|displayauthors=1}}</ref>
===Etymology===
The word ''stomach'' is derived from the [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|stomachus}}'' which is derived from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] word ''stomachos'' ({{lang|el|στόμαχος}}), ultimately from ''stoma'' ({{lang|el|στόμα}}), "mouth".<ref>{{cite book|author=Simpson, J. A. |title=The Oxford English dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic20imp |date=1989|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780198611868|edition=2nd|at=Stomach}}</ref> The words ''gastro-'' and ''gastric'' (meaning related to the stomach) are both derived from the Greek word ''gaster'' ({{lang|el|γαστήρ}}, meaning "belly"<ref>[http://classic.studylight.org/lex/grk/view.cgi?number=1064 gasth/r]. The New Testament Greek Lexicon</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gaster?r=75&src=ref&ch=dic gaster]. dictionary.reference.com</ref>).<ref>{{cite book|author=Simpson, J. A. |title=The Oxford English dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic20imp |date=1989|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780198611868|edition=2nd|at=Gastro, Gastric}}</ref>
-->
== Hewan ==
{|
|-
| [[Berkas:Mammalian Stomachs remake.png|jmpl|650px|pus|Perbandingan daerah kelenjar lambung dari beberapa spesies mamalia: [[kangguru]] (''kangaroo''); [[tikus]] (''mouse''); pemamah biak (''ruminant''); [[babi]] (''pig''); dibandingkan dengan manusia (''human''). Frekuensi kelenjar dapat bervariasi lebih halus antar daerah dibandingkan yang dilukiskan di sini. Tanda "asterisk" pada ''ruminant'' menunjukkan ''omasum'', yang tidak terdapat pada [[Tylopoda]] (Tylopoda juga mempunyai sejumlah kelenjar kardia yang terbuka ke ventral [[:en:Reticulum (anatomy)|reticulum]] dan [[:en:rumen|rumen]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvt_qSsLobUC&pg=PA350&lpg=PA350&dq=tylopoda+omasum|title=Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals|author=William O. Reece|isbn=978-0-7817-4333-4|year=2005}}</ref>) Banyak variasi lain dijumpai pada mamalia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnsweb.org/digestvertebrates/WWWEdStevensCDAnatomy.html |title=Digestive System of Vertebrates |author1=Finegan, Esther J. |author2=Stevens, C. Edward |lastauthoramp=yes |access-date=2018-01-18 |archive-date=2008-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201045413/http://www.cnsweb.org/digestvertebrates/WWWEdStevensCDAnatomy.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onemedicine.tuskegee.edu/DigestiveSystem/Stomach/Stomach_Ruminants.html|title=The anatomy of the digestive system|author=Khalil, Muhammad|work=onemedicine.tuskegee.edu|access-date=2018-01-18|archive-date=2010-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130085507/http://www.onemedicine.tuskegee.edu/DigestiveSystem/Stomach/Stomach_Ruminants.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>]]
| style="padding-left:1em;" |
;<span style="color:#E2E200;">Kuning</span>: [[Esofagus]]
;<span style="color:#00AD00;">Hijau</span>: [[:en:Glandular epithelium|Epitelium kelenjar]]
;<span style="color:#A700C3;">Ungu</span>: [[:en:Cardiac gland|Kelenjar kardia]]
;<span style="color:#C70000;">Merah</span>: [[:en:Gastric gland|Kelenjar lambung]]
;<span style="color:#247AFF;">Biru</span>: [[:en:Pyloric gland|Kelenjar pilorus]]
;<span style="color:#2A2AFF;">Biru tua</span>: [[Duodenum]]
|}
Meskipun bentuk dan ukuran lambung berbeda di antara hewan-hewan [[vertebrata]], posisi relatif pintu esofagus dan duodenum tetap relatif konstan. Akibatnya, organ ini selalu agak melengkung ke kiri sebelum melengkung kembali untuk bertemu dengan ''pyloric sphincter''. Namun, [[:en:lamprey|''lamprey'']], [[:en:hagfish|''hagfish'']], ''[[chimaera]], [[:en:lungfish|lungfish]]'', dan sejumlah ikan [[:en:teleost|teleost]] tidak mempunyai lambung sama sekali, dengan esofagus langsung terbuka ke [[anus]]. Semua hewan ini mengkonsumsi makanan yang hanya membutuhkan sedikit tempat penyimpanan, atau tanpa dicerna terlebih dahulu dengan cairan lambung, atau keduanya.<ref name=VB>{{cite book |author=Romer, Alfred Sherwood|author2=Parsons, Thomas S.|year=1977 |title=The Vertebrate Body |url=https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9|publisher=Holt-Saunders International |location= Philadelphia, PA|pages= [https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9/page/345 345]–349|isbn= 0-03-910284-X}}</ref>
<!--
The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands, and a posterior with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to [[mammal]]s, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in humans. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the oesophagus. [[Ruminant]]s, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with oesophageal mucosa.<ref name=VB/>
In [[bird]]s and [[crocodilian]]s, the stomach is divided into two regions. Anteriorly is a narrow tubular region, the [[proventriculus]], lined by fundic glands, and connecting the true stomach to the [[crop (anatomy)|crop]]. Beyond lies the powerful muscular [[gizzard]], lined by pyloric glands, and, in some species, containing stones that the animal swallows to help grind up food.<ref name=VB/>
In [[insect]]s there is also a crop. The insect stomach is called the ([[insect#Mid-gut|midgut]].
Informasi mengenai lambung dalam [[echinoderm]]s or [[mollusc]]s can be found under the respective articles.
-->
== Gambar tambahan ==
<gallery>
File:Greater omentum 2.jpg|Greater omentum dan lambung manusia
File:Stomach.jpg|Lambung manusia
Image:Gray532.png|Gambar lebih realistis, menunjukkan celiac artery dan cabang-cabangnya pada manusia; organ hati telah diangkat; lesser omentum dan lapisan anterior greater omentum diambil.
File:An open stomach.jpg|Otopsi lambung manusia. 2012 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología
File:Slide15ffff.JPG|Lambung manusia
File:Illu stomach2.jpg | Dinding gastrointestinal pada lambung manusia.
Image:Fundic gland polyposis0001.jpg|Gambar endoskopi [[:en:polyp (medicine)|polyposis]] kelenjar fundus manusia.
</gallery>
== Lihat pula ==
{{Commons}}
<!--* [[Gut flora]]
* [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]]-->
* [[Penghambat pompa proton]]
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/stomach ''Stomach'' (Lambung) pada Human Protein Atlas]
* [http://www.enotes.com/nursing-encyclopedia/stomach Artikel mengenai "Stomach" (Lambung) dalam Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health, pada enotes.com]
* [http://www.med.uiuc.edu/m1/biochemistry/TA%20reviews/sam/AminoAcids.htm Pencernaan protein dalam lambung atau tiyan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310213747/http://www.med.uiuc.edu/m1/biochemistry/TA%20reviews/sam/AminoAcids.htm |date=2007-03-10 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027033803/http://uk.geocities.com/bacterial_ed/bacteria_and_food.htm Situs dengan detail bagaimana pemamah biak mencerna makanan]
* [http://www.rahulgladwin.com/noteblog/gastroenterology/gastric-blood-supply.php Diagram medis suplai darah pada lambung]
{{sistem pencernaan}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Sistem pencernaan]]
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