Layanan media over-the-top: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Kudajambul (bicara | kontrib)
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
 
(19 revisi perantara oleh 7 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{Short description|Layanan pengiriman video melalui Internet alih-alih melalui operator multi-sistem}}
'''Layanan Over-The-Top''' (disingkat OTT) adalah layanan dengan konten berupa data, informasi atau multimedia yang berjalan melalui jaringan internet.<ref name="about" /> Bisa dikatakan juga layanan OTT adalah “menumpang” karena sifatnya yang beroperasi di atas jaringan internet milik sebuah operator telekomunikasi.<ref name="about" /> Beberapa contoh perusahaan yang beroperasi di layanan OTT adalah [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[Youtube]], [[Viber]], dan lain-lain.<ref name="about" /> Perusahaan-perusahaan layanan OTT seperti [[Whatsapp]] dan lainnya umumnya tidak memiliki bentuk kerjasama resmi dengan para [[penyelenggara telekomunikasi]].<ref name="about">{{en}} {{cite journal | author = About.com | title = What is OTT | url = http://voip.about.com/od/markettrends/a/What-Is-Ott.htm }} </ref>
{{more citations needed|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Kegunaanlain|OTT}}
Layanan media '''Over-The-Top''' ('''OTT''') atau '''platform streaming''' adalah layanan [[Media komunikasi|media]] yang ditawarkan [[Bisnis-ke-konsumen|langsung kepada penonton]] melalui [[Internet]]. OTT melewati platform [[televisi kabel]], [[siaran televisi]], dan [[televisi satelit]]; jenis perusahaan yang secara tradisional bertindak sebagai pengontrol atau distributor konten tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jarvey|first=Natalie|date=15 September 2017|title=Can CBS Change the Streaming Game With 'Star Trek: Discovery'?|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/can-cbs-change-streaming-game-star-trek-discovery-1037576|publisher=The Holywood Reporter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028043908/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/can-cbs-change-streaming-game-star-trek-discovery-1037576|archive-date=2017-10-28|access-date=27 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Ini juga telah digunakan untuk menggambarkan ponsel tanpa operator, yang dengannya semua komunikasi dibebankan sebagai data,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Weaver|first=Todd|date=1 August 2019|title=What a No-Carrier Phone Could Look Like|url=https://wp.puri.sm/posts/what-a-no-carrier-phone-could-look-like/|website=[[Purism (company)|Purism]]|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=2021-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130014615/https://wp.puri.sm/posts/what-a-no-carrier-phone-could-look-like/|dead-url=no}}</ref> menghindari [[Pasar monopolistik|persaingan monopolistik]], atau aplikasi untuk ponsel yang mengirimkan data dengan cara ini, termasuk keduanya yang menggantikan metode panggilan lainnya<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fitchard|first=Kevin|date=3 November 2014|title=Can you hear me now? Verizon, AT&T to make voice-over-LTE interoperable in 2015|url=https://gigaom.com/2014/11/03/can-you-hear-me-now-verizon-att-to-make-voice-over-lte-interoperable-in-2015/|website=gigaom.com|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=2020-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111203158/https://gigaom.com/2014/11/03/can-you-hear-me-now-verizon-att-to-make-voice-over-lte-interoperable-in-2015/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="horoscope2">{{Cite web|title=Why Startups Are Beating Carriers (Or The Curious Case Of The Premium SMS Horoscope Service & The Lack Of Customer Consent)|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/25/startups-beating-carriers/|website=TechCrunch|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=2020-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923070020/https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/25/startups-beating-carriers/|dead-url=no}}</ref> dan yang memperbarui perangkat lunak.<ref name="horoscope2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=February 26, 2014|title=A Closer Look At Blackphone, The Android Smartphone That Simplifies Privacy|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/26/close-look-at-blackphone/|website=TechCrunch|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=2020-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919200600/https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/26/close-look-at-blackphone/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|last=Tariq|first=Haseeb|title=Council Post: What Is OTT Advertising, And Why Is It A Trend?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescommunicationscouncil/2021/02/08/what-is-ott-advertising-and-why-is-it-a-trend/|website=Forbes|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=2022-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421040948/https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescommunicationscouncil/2021/02/08/what-is-ott-advertising-and-why-is-it-a-trend/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
Istilah ini paling identik dengan layanan berbasis [[:en:Subscription business model|langganan]] [[video sesuai permintaan]] (SVoD) yang menawarkan akses ke konten film dan televisi (termasuk serial yang sudah ada yang diperoleh dari produsen lain, serta konten asli yang diproduksi khusus untuk layanan tersebut).<ref name="auto4"/>
 
OTT juga mencakup gelombang layanan televisi "skinny" yang menawarkan akses ke siaran langsung [[saluran khusus]] bergaris, mirip dengan penyedia TV satelit atau kabel tradisional, tetapi dialirkan melalui [[Internet]] publik, daripada jaringan pribadi [[Platform tertutup|tertutup]] dengan peralatan berpemilik seperti [[Dekoder (televisi)|dekoder]].{{Citation-needed|date=March 2021}}
 
Layanan over-the-top biasanya diakses melalui situs web di [[komputer pribadi]], serta melalui [[Aplikasi seluler|aplikasi]] di [[perangkat seluler]] (seperti [[ponsel pintar]] dan [[Komputer tablet|tablet]]), [[pemutar media digital]] (termasuk [[konsol permainan]]), atau televisi dengan platform [[Televisi pintar|Smart TV]] terintegrasi.{{Citation-needed|date=March 2021}}
 
== Definisi ==
Pada tahun 2011, [[Komisi Radio-Televisi dan Telekomunikasi Kanada]] (CRTC), regulator telekomunikasi Kanada, menyatakan bahwa "menganggap bahwa akses Internet ke pemrograman independen dari fasilitas atau jaringan yang didedikasikan untuk pengirimannya (melalui, misalnya, kabel atau satelit) adalah fitur yang menentukan dari apa yang disebut layanan 'over-the-top'".<ref>{{Cite web|last=(CRTC)|first=Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|title=Results of the fact-finding exercise on the over-the-top programming services|url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications/reports/rp1110.htm#ftn2|website=www.crtc.gc.ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603162457/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications/reports/rp1110.htm#ftn2#ftn2|archive-date=2017-06-03|access-date=30 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Berbeda dengan sistem pengiriman video [[video sesuai permintaan]] yang ditawarkan oleh TV kabel dan [[Televisi protokol Internet|IPTV]], yang merupakan jaringan yang dikelola dengan ketat di mana saluran dapat diubah secara instan, beberapa layanan OTT seperti iTunes mengharuskan video diunduh terlebih dahulu dan kemudian diputar,<ref name="tnroVSE2">{{Cite book|last=Gibbon, David C., and Liu, Zhu|title=Introduction to Video Search Engines|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Federal Communications Commission (FCC)|page=251}}</ref> sementara yang lain Pemain OTT seperti [[Netflix]], [[Hulu]], [[Merak (layanan streaming)|Peacock]], [[Disney+]], [[HBO Max]], [[Discovery+]], [[Paramount+]], dan [[Prime Video|Amazon Prime Video]], menawarkan unduhan film yang mulai diputar sebelum unduhan selesai ([[Media penyiaran|siaran]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cansado|first=Jose Miguel|date=13 October 2008|title=Will Internet TV Kill IPTV?|url=http://disruptionmatters.com/2008/10/13/will-internet-tv-kill-iptv/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606123042/http://disruptionmatters.com/2008/10/13/will-internet-tv-kill-iptv/|archive-date=2017-06-06|access-date=30 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) [[Amerika Serikat]] mengkategorikan layanan OTT ke dalam dua kelompok: [[distributor pemrograman video multisaluran]] (MVPD); dan [[Layanan Over-The-Top|distributor video online]] (OVD).<ref name="FCC17th20162">{{Cite report|last=FCC|date=6 May 2016|title=Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming [Seventeenth Report; MB Docket No. 15-158; DA 16-510]|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Federal Communications Commission (FCC)|pages=4417–4587|url=https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-16-510A1_Rcd.pdf|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026075525/https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-16-510A1_Rcd.pdf|archivedate=2016-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=FCC Officially Launches OVD Definition NPRM|url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/washington/fcc-officially-launches-ovd-definition-nprm/136544|website=Broadcasting & Cable|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819093215/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/washington/fcc-officially-launches-ovd-definition-nprm/136544|archive-date=2017-08-19|access-date=2018-03-22|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
MVPD virtual mencakup berbagai layanan seperti [[DirecTV Stream]], [[FuboTV]], [[Sling TV]], [[Hulu|Hulu + Live TV]], dan [[YouTube TV]].
 
FCC mendefinisikan OVD sebagai:<ref name="FCC17th2016">{{Cite report|last=FCC|date=6 May 2016|title=Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming [Seventeenth Report; MB Docket No. 15-158; DA 16-510]|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Federal Communications Commission (FCC)|pages=4417–4587|url=https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-16-510A1_Rcd.pdf|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026075525/https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-16-510A1_Rcd.pdf|archivedate=2016-10-26}}</ref>
{{Quote|any entity that provides video programming by means of the Internet or other Internet Protocol (IP)-based transmission path where the transmission path is provided by a person other than the OVD. An OVD does not include an MVPD inside its MVPD footprint or an MVPD to the extent it is offering online video programming as a component of an MVPD subscription to customers whose homes are inside its MVPD footprint.}}
 
== Latar belakang ==
Dalam [[penyiaran]], ''konten over-the-top (OTT)'' yaitu audio, video, dan konten media lainnya yang dikirimkan melalui Internet, tanpa keterlibatan [[Operator multi-sistem|operator sistem ganda]] (MSO) dalam kontrol atau distribusi konten. Penyedia Internet mungkin mengetahui isi paket [[Protokol Internet]] (IP) tetapi tidak bertanggung jawab atas, atau tidak dapat mengontrol, kemampuan melihat, hak cipta, dan/atau redistribusi konten lainnya. Model ini kontras dengan pembelian atau penyewaan konten video atau audio dari [[penyedia jasa Internet]] (ISP), seperti [[televisi berlangganan]], [[video sesuai permintaan]], dan dari televisi protokol internet (IPTV).<ref>IPTV is the delivery of television content using signals based on the logical Internet protocol (IP), rather than through traditional terrestrial, satellite signal, and cable television formats.</ref> OTT mengacu pada konten dari pihak ketiga yang dikirimkan ke pengguna akhir, dengan ISP hanya mengangkut paket IP.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hansell|first=Saul|date=3 March 2009|title=Time Warner Goes Over the Top|url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/03/jeff-bewkes-goes-over-the-top/|website=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710232313/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/03/jeff-bewkes-goes-over-the-top/|archive-date=2011-07-10|access-date=21 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 November 2009|title=Over-the-Top Video and Content Delivery Networks Will Transform Video-On-Demand Provisioning|url=http://www.ecnmag.com/News/2009/11/Over-the-Top-Video-and-Content-Delivery-Networks-Will-Transform-Video-On-Demand-Provisioning/|website=Electronic Component News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305082324/http://www.ecnmag.com/News/2009/11/Over-the-Top-Video-and-Content-Delivery-Networks-Will-Transform-Video-On-Demand-Provisioning/|archive-date=5 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 December 2010|title=Why 2011 Is Being Called The Year Of "The Cable Cut"|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/what-will-it-take-to-make-over-the-top-video-successful-2010-12|website=Business Insider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403042433/http://www.businessinsider.com/what-will-it-take-to-make-over-the-top-video-successful-2010-12|archive-date=2016-04-03|access-date=21 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 December 2010|title=Who Is Playing The OTT Game And How To Win It|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-playing-the-ott-game-and-how-to-win-it-2010-12|website=Business Insider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403052256/http://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-playing-the-ott-game-and-how-to-win-it-2010-12|archive-date=2016-04-03|access-date=21 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== Kontroversi layanan OTT di Indonesia ==
Layanan OTT menuai kontroversi bagi perusahaan telekomunikasi di Indonesia hingga dipada tahun 2014 Beberapa kalangan seperti pemerintah Indonesia berniat untuk membentuk peraturan mengenai batasan para pemain OTT.<ref name="selular.id" /> Pemerintah Indonesia juga berniat untuk menetapkan pajak bagi pemain OTT.<ref name="selular.id" /> Alasannya, para operator merugi karena jasa SMS atau telepon semakin jarang digunakan, pelanggan lebih sering berkomunikasi via jaringan data.<ref name="selular.id">{{en}} {{cite journal | author=Taba|first=Abdul Salam|date=1 Seluler Majalah OnlineDesember 2014|year=2014| title = Kontroversi Layanan OTT | url =http://selular.id/insight/2014/12/kontroversi-layanan-ott/|journal=Kontroversi Layanan OTT|access-date=2015-02-28|archive-date=2015-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403092814/http://selular.id/insight/2014/12/kontroversi-layanan-ott/|dead-url=no}} </ref> Lain pendapat mengatakan, operator dan penyelenggara OTT semestinya bersinergi meningkatkan pelayanan di ranah konten digital.<ref name="liputan6" /> Selain itu, beberapa asosiasi seperti [[Asosiasi Telekomunikasi Seluler Indonesia|ATSI ]] (Asosiasi Telekomunikasi Seluruh IndonesiaATSI) menganjurkan para operator untuk mengembangkan layanan OTT masing-masing.<ref name="liputan6">{{cite news|last=Ningrum|first=Dewi Widya|date=2012-12-21|title=Layanan OTT Ancam Operator Merugi Rp. 555 Triliun|url= https://tekno.liputan6.com/read/472245/layanan-ott-ancam-operator-merugi-rp-555-triliun| titledead-url= Layanan OTT Ancam Operator Merugi Rpno|work=Liputan6|publisher=Liputan6|archive-url=https://web. archive.org/web/20130111093604/http://tekno.liputan6.com/read/472245/layanan-ott-ancam-operator-merugi-rp-555 Triliun-triliun| publisherarchive-date= [[Liputan 6]]2013-01-11| access-date= 2015-02-28}}</ref>
 
== Jenis konten ==
{{expand section | deskripsi menyeluruh yang bersumber dari jenis konten OTT yang saat ini ditransmisikan | small = no|date=December 2016}}
'''Televisi OTT''', biasanya disebut [[Televisi Internet|televisi online, televisi internet atau siaran televisi]], tetap menjadi konten OTT paling populer. Sinyal ini diterima melalui Internet atau melalui jaringan telepon seluler, sebagai lawan dari menerima sinyal televisi dari siaran terestrial atau satelit. Distributor video mengontrol akses melalui aplikasi, dongle OTT terpisah, atau box yang terhubung ke telepon, PC, atau perangkat smart TV. Pada pertengahan 2017, 58 persen rumah tangga Amerika Serikat akan mengakses satu di bulan tertentu, dan pendapatan iklan dari saluran OTT melebihi dari plug-in browser web.
 
Rekor pengguna serentak yang menonton acara OTT ditetapkan pada 18,6 juta oleh platform siaran video India [[Disney]], [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]].<ref>Manish Singh; [https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/12/hotstar-disneys-indian-streaming-service-sets-new-global-record-for-live-viewership/Hotstar, Disney’s Indian streaming service, sets new global record for live viewership] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705234030/https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/12/hotstar-disneys-indian-streaming-service-sets-new-global-record-for-live-viewership/ |date=2022-07-05 }}, Techcrunch, 12 May 2019 (retrieved 12 May 2019).</ref>
 
'''Pesan OTT''' didefinisikan sebagai layanan [[pesan instan]] atau [[obrolan daring]] yang disediakan oleh pihak ketiga, sebagai alternatif layanan [[pesan teks]] yang disediakan oleh [[operator jaringan seluler]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 May 2013|title=Chart of the Day: Mobile Messaging|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-of-the-day-mobile-messaging-2013-5|website=Business Insider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222070154/http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-of-the-day-mobile-messaging-2013-5|archive-date=2014-02-22|access-date=10 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Maytom|first=Tim|date=4 August 2014|title=Over-The-Top Messaging Apps Overtake SMS Messaging|url=http://mobilemarketingmagazine.com/over-the-top-messaging-overtakes-sms|website=Mobile Marketing Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907085209/http://mobilemarketingmagazine.com/over-the-top-messaging-overtakes-sms|archive-date=2015-09-07|access-date=28 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Contohnya adalah aplikasi seluler milik [[Meta Platforms|Meta]] [[WhatsApp]], yang berfungsi untuk menggantikan pesan teks pada ponsel pintar yang terhubung ke Internet.<ref name="wsj20140220">{{Cite news|last=Albergotti|first=Reed|last2=MacMillan|first2=Douglas|last3=Rusli|first3=Evelyn|date=20 February 2014|title=Facebook's $18 Billion Deal Sets High Bar|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref name="Parmy Olsen">{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Leena|date=4 September 2015|title=WhatsApp hits 900 million users|url=http://fortune.com/2015/09/04/whatsapp-900-million-users/|website=Fortune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128054624/http://fortune.com/2015/09/04/whatsapp-900-million-users/|archive-date=2016-01-28|access-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Penyedia pesan OTT lainnya termasuk [[Viber]], [[WeChat]], iMessage, [[Skype]], [[Telegram (aplikasi)|Telegram]] dan yang sekarang sudah tidak ada [[Allo|Google Allo]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 Oct 2016|title=Apps Roundup: Best Messaging Apps|url=http://www.tomsguide.com/us/pictures-story/654-best-messaging-apps.html|website=Tom's Guide|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214102110/http://www.tomsguide.com/us/pictures-story/654-best-messaging-apps.html|archive-date=2017-02-14|access-date=2017-02-14|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
'''Panggilan suara OTT''', biasanya disebut [[Voice over IP|VoIP]], kemampuan, misalnya, seperti yang disediakan oleh [[FaceTime]], [[Skype]], [[Viber]], [[WhatsApp]], [[WeChat]], dan [[Zoom (perangkat lunak)|Zoom]] menggunakan protokol komunikasi internet terbuka untuk menggantikan dan terkadang meningkatkan layanan yang dikendalikan operator yang ada yang ditawarkan oleh operator telepon seluler.{{Citation-needed|date=December 2016}}
 
== Mode akses ==
Konsumen dapat mengakses konten OTT melalui perangkat yang [[Akses internet|terhubung ke Internet]] seperti [[Ponsel cerdas|ponsel]] (termasuk perangkat seluler [[Android (sistem operasi)|Android]] dan [[iOS]]), smart TV (seperti [[Google TV]], Roku TV, dan [[LG Electronics]] 'Channel Plus),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roettgers, Janko|date=8 January 2016|title=LG's New TVs Mix Streaming Channels from Buzzfeed, GQ & Vogue with Traditional Networks|url=https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/lgs-webos-internet-tv-channels-1201675137/|journal=Variety|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203122444/http://variety.com/2016/digital/news/lgs-webos-internet-tv-channels-1201675137/|archive-date=2017-02-03|access-date=26 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dekoder (televisi)|dekoder]] (seperti seperti [[Apple TV]], Nvidia Shield, Fire TV, dan Roku ), [[konsol permainan]] (seperti [[PlayStation 4]], [[Wii U]], [[Xbox One]], [[PlayStation 5]], dan [[Xbox Series X dan Series S|Xbox Series X/S]]), [[Komputer tablet|tablet]], serta komputer desktop dan laptop. Pada 2019, pengguna [[Android (sistem operasi)|Android]] dan [[iOS]] mencapai lebih dari 45% dari total penonton siaran konten OTT, sementara 39% pengguna menggunakan web untuk mengakses konten OTT.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=James|date=2019-01-24|title=OTT Content: What We Learned From 1.1 Million Subscribers|url=https://www.uscreen.tv/blog/ott-content-trends/|website=Uscreen|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-01|archive-date=2020-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102100301/https://www.uscreen.tv/blog/ott-content-trends/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-adopts-15th-report-video-competition-0|title=FCC Adopts 15th Report On Video Competition|work=[[U.S. Federal Communications Commission]]|date=22 July 2013|access-date=7 March 2014}} Announcement of release Report.
* {{cite web|url=http://www.payott.tv/2011/03/11/user-interface-holds-the-key-to-ott-success/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618155638/http://www.payott.tv/2011/03/11/user-interface-holds-the-key-to-ott-success/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2011|title=User Interface Holds the Key to OTT Success|work=Pay OTT TV|date=11 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2016}}
 
{{CATV USA}}
==Rujukan==
{{Authority control}}
<references />
 
[[Kategori: Telekomunikasi]]