Melioidosis: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Klorinasi air|Klorinasi]] pasokan air yang tidak memadai dikaitkan dengan wabah ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' di Australia Utara dan Barat. Bakteri ini juga ditemukan dalam pasokan air yang tidak diklorinasi di pedesaan Thailand. Cairan pengairan yang terkontaminasi dengan ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' dikaitkan dengan infeksi luka [[infeksi nosokomial|nosokomial]] di rumah sakit.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> BasedBerdasarkan on[[pengurutan thekeseluruhan wholegenom]] genomebakteri sequencing of the bacteriaini, humansmanusia maymungkin playberperan adalam role in movingmemindahkan ''B.&nbsp;Burkholderia pseudomallei'' fromdari satu tempat placeke totempat placelain.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baker A, Pearson T, Price EP, Dale J, Keim P, Hornstra H, Greenhill A, Padilla G, Warner J | display-authors = 6 | title = Molecular phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei from a remote region of Papua New Guinea | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = e18343 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21483841 | pmc = 3069084 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0018343 | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...618343B | doi-access = free }} {{open access}}</ref>

AdditionalUnsur elementstambahan ofdari thesistem immuneimun systemdiaktifkan are activated by the hostoleh [[toll-likereseptor mirip receptortol]]s suchinang asseperti TLR2, TLR4, anddan TLR5 thatyang recognize themengenali [[pathogen-associatedpola molecularmolekul patternterkait patogen|conservedbagian-bagian piece]]sbakteri ofini theyang bacteriaterlindung suchdari kerusakan]] asseperti LPS anddan flagellaflagela. ThisAktivasi activationini resultsmenghasilkan in the production ofproduksi [[cytokinesitokin]]s such asseperti [[interleukin 1 beta]] (IL-1β) anddan [[interleukin -18]] (IL-18). IL-18 increases IFN production through [[natural killer cell]]s, while IL-1beta reduces the IFN production. These immune molecules drive the recruitment of other immune cells such as [[neutrophil]]s, [[dendritic cell]]s, [[B cell]]s, and [[T cell]]s to the site of infection. T cells seem to be particularly important for controlling ''B. pseudomallei''; T cell numbers are increased in survivors, and low T cell numbers are associated with a high risk of death from melioidosis. Despite this, HIV infection is not a risk factor for melioidosis. Although macrophages show deregulated [[cytokine]] responses in individuals with HIV infection, bacterial internalization and intracellular killing are still effective. People infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' develop antibodies against the bacteria, and people who live in endemic areas tend to have antibodies in their blood that recognize ''B. pseudomallei'', but the effectiveness of these antibodies at preventing melioidosis is unclear.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/>