Melioidosis: Perbedaan antara revisi

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[[Berkas:Immunofluorescent-stained sample of guinea pig tissue leads to positive diagnosis of melioidosis.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Immunofluorescent microscopy showing the presence of ''B. pseudomallei''.]]
[[Berkas:Latex agglutination test positive for melioidosis.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Right-most slide showing positive latex agglutination for melioidosis]]
Kultur bakteri adalah diagnosis definitif melioidosis. ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' tidak pernah menjadi bagian dari flora manusia. Oleh karena itu, setiap pertumbuhan bakteri adalah diagnostik melioidosis. Kultur darah adalah sampel yang paling umum untuk diagnosis karena bakteri dapat dideteksi dalam darah pada 50% hingga 60% kasus melioidosis. Sampel lain seperti tenggorokan, usap dubur, nanah dari bisul, dan dahak juga dapat digunakan untuk kultur. Ketika bakteri ini tidak tumbuh dari orang yang diduga kuat menderita melioidosis, kultur berulang harus dilakukan karena kultur berikutnya dapat menjadi positif.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' dapat ditumbuhkan pada agar darah domba, [[agar MacConkey]], [[media Ashdown]] (mengandung [[gentamisin]]),<ref name="Joost 2018"/> atau kaldu Ashdown (mengandung [[kolistin]]).<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Cawan agar untuk melioidosis harus diinkubasi pada suhu 37°C di udara dan diperiksa selama empat hari berturut-turut.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Pada cawan agar, ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' membentuk koloni yang berkrim dan [[hemolisis (mikrobiologi)|nonhemolitik]] setelah diinkubasi selama dua hari. Setelah diinkubasi selama empat hari, koloni bakteri tampak kering dan berkerut.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Koloni ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' yang ditumbuhkan pada media Francis (modifikasi media Ashdown dengan konsentrasi gentamisin ditingkatkan menjadi 8 mg/l) berwarna kuning. ForUntuk laboratorieslaboratorium locatedyang outsideberlokasi endemicdi areasluar daerah endemik, agar selektif ''[[Burkholderia cepacia]]'' selectiveatau agar orselektif ''[[Pseudomonas]]'' selectivedapat agardigunakan canjika be used ifmedia Ashdown's mediumtidak is not availabletersedia.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> ItPenting isuntuk importanttidak notsalah misinterpretpenafsiran thebahwa bacterialpertumbuhan growthbakteri assebagai ''[[Pseudomonas]]'' oratau ''[[Bacillus]]'' spp. OtherAlat biochemicalpemeriksaan screeningbiokimia toolslainnya canjuga alsodapat bedigunakan used foruntuk detectingmendeteksi ''B.Burkholderia pseudomallei'', including thetermasuk [[analyticalindeks profileprofil indexanalitis|alay biokimia API 20NE oratau 20E biochemical kit]] combinedyang withdipadukan dengan pewarnaan Gram stain, [[oxidaseuji testoksidase]], typicalciri-ciri growthpertumbuhan characteristicsyang khas, anddan resistanceresistensi toterhadap certainantibiotik antibioticstertentu ofdari thebakteri bacteriatersebut.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Molecular methods such as [[16S rDNA]] probes and [[polymerase chain reaction]] can also be used to detect ''B. pseudomallei'' in culture, but they are only available in research and reference laboratories.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> General blood tests in people with melioidosis show low white blood cell counts (indicates infection), raised liver enzymes, increased [[bilirubin]] levels (indicates liver dysfunction), and raised urea and creatinine levels (indicates kidney dysfunction). [[Hypoglycemia|Low blood glucose]] and [[acidosis]] predicts a poorer prognosis in those with melioidosis. However, other tests such as [[C-reactive protein]] and [[procalcitonin]] levels are not reliable in predicting the severity of melioidosis infection.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/>
 
General blood tests in people with melioidosis show low white blood cell counts (indicates infection), raised liver enzymes, increased [[bilirubin]] levels (indicates liver dysfunction), and raised urea and creatinine levels (indicates kidney dysfunction). [[Hypoglycemia|Low blood glucose]] and [[acidosis]] predicts a poorer prognosis in those with melioidosis. However, other tests such as [[C-reactive protein]] and [[procalcitonin]] levels are not reliable in predicting the severity of melioidosis infection.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/>
 
By microscopy, ''B. pseudomallei'' is seen as Gram-negative and rod-shaped, with a bipolar staining similar in appearance to a safety pin. Bacteria can sometimes be seen directly in clinical samples from infected people, but identification by light microscopy is neither [[Sensitivity and specificity|specific nor sensitive]]. [[Immunofluorescence microscopy]] is highly specific for detecting bacteria directly from clinical specimens, but has less than 50% sensitivity.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> A lateral flow immunoassay has been developed but not extensively evaluated.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> An increasing number of laboratories use [[Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization]] <!-- (MALDI-TOF) --> mass spectrometry to identify the bacteria accurately.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/>