Melioidosis: Perbedaan antara revisi

Melioidosis ialah penyakit endemik di beberapa bagian Asia Tenggara (termasuk Thailand,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hinjoy S, Hantrakun V, Kongyu S, Kaewrakmuk J, Wangrangsimakul T, Jitsuronk S, Saengchun W, Bhengsri S, Akarachotpong T, Thamthitiwat S, Sangwichian O, Anunnatsiri S, Sermswan RW, Lertmemongkolchai G, Tharinjaroen CS, Preechasuth K, Udpaun R, Chuensombut P, Waranyasirikul N, Anudit C, Narenpitak S, Jutrakul Y, Teparrukkul P, Teerawattanasook N, Thanvisej K, Suphan A, Sukbut P, Ploddi K, Sirichotirat P, Chiewchanyon B, Rukseree K, Hongsuwan M, Wongsuwan G, Sunthornsut P, Wuthiekanun V, Sachaphimukh S, Wannapinij P, Chierakul W, Chewapreecha C, Thaipadungpanit J, Chantratita N, Korbsrisate S, Taunyok A, Dunachie S, Palittapongarnpim P, Sirisinha S, Kitphati R, Iamsirithaworn S, Chaowagul W, Chetchotisak P, Whistler T, Wongratanacheewin S, Limmathurotsakul D | display-authors = 6 | title = Melioidosis in Thailand: Present and Future | journal = Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 38 | date = 8 April 2018 | pmid = 29725623 | pmc = 5928800 | doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed3020038 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Laos]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dance DA, Luangraj M, Rattanavong S, Sithivong N, Vongnalaysane O, Vongsouvath M, Newton PN | title = Melioidosis in the Lao People's Democratic Republic | journal = Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 21 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 30274419 | pmc = 6136615 | doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed3010021 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Singapura,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sim SH, Ong CE, Gan YH, Wang D, Koh VW, Tan YK, Wong MS, Chew JS, Ling SF, Tan BZ, Ye AZ, Bay PC, Wong WK, Fernandez CJ, Xie S, Jayarajah P, Tahar T, Oh PY, Luz S, Chien JM, Tan TT, Chai LY, Fisher D, Liu Y, Loh JJ, Tan GG | display-authors = 6 | title = Melioidosis in Singapore: Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Perspectives | journal = Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 31 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 30274428 | pmc = 6136607 | doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed3010031 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Brunei Darussalam]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pande K, Abd Kadir KA, Asli R, Chong VH | title = Melioidosis in Brunei Darussalam | journal = Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 20 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 30274418 | pmc = 6136610 | doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed3010020 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Malaysia]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nathan S, Chieng S, Kingsley PV, Mohan A, Podin Y, Ooi MH, Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Vadivelu J, Daim S, How SH | display-authors = 6 | title = Melioidosis in Malaysia: Incidence, Clinical Challenges, and Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis | journal = Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 25 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 30274422 | pmc = 6136604 | doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed3010025 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Myanmar]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Win MM, Ashley EA, Zin KN, Aung MT, Swe MM, Ling CL, Nosten F, Thein WM, Zaw NN, Aung MY, Tun KM, Dance DA, Smithuis FM | display-authors = 6 | title = Melioidosis in Myanmar | journal = Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 28 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 30274425 | pmc = 6136617 | doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed3010028 | doi-access = free }}</ref> dan Vietnam<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Trinh TT, Nguyen LD, Nguyen TV, Tran CX, Le AV, Nguyen HV, Assig K, Lichtenegger S, Wagner GE, Do CD, Steinmetz I | display-authors = 6 | title = Melioidosis in Vietnam: Recently Improved Recognition but still an Uncertain Disease Burden after Almost a Century of Reporting | journal = Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 39 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 30274435 | pmc = 6073866 | doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed3020039 | doi-access = free }}</ref>), selatan Cina,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zheng X, Xia Q, Xia L, Li W | title = Endemic Melioidosis in Southern China: Past and Present | journal = Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 39 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30823573 | pmc = 6473618 | doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed4010039 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Taiwan,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hsueh PT, Huang WT, Hsueh HK, Chen YL, Chen YS | title = Transmission Modes of Melioidosis in Taiwan | journal = Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 26 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 30274423 | pmc = 6136622 | doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed3010026 | doi-access = free }}</ref> dan utara Australia.<ref name="Smith 2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith S, Hanson J, Currie BJ | title = Melioidosis: An Australian Perspective | journal = Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 27 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 30274424 | pmc = 6136632 | doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed3010027 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Curah hujan yang tinggi dapat memperluas penyebaran melioidosis hingga tengah Australia.<ref name="Smith 2018"/> India,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mukhopadhyay C, Shaw T, Varghese GM, Dance DA | title = Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan) | journal = Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 51 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 30274447 | pmc = 6073985 | doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed3020051 | doi-access = free }}</ref> dan kasus sporadis di Amerika Selatan.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rolim DB, Lima RX, Ribeiro AK, Colares RM, Lima LD, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Montúfar FE, Dance DA | display-authors = 6 | title = Melioidosis in South America | journal = Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 60 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 30274456 | pmc = 6073846 | doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed3020060 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Beban sebenarnya dari melioidosis di Afrika dan Timur Tengah tetap tidak diketahui karena rendahnya jumlah data. Ada 24 negara Afrika dan tiga negara Timur Tengah yang diperkirakan menjadi daerah endemik melioidosis, tetapi tidak satu kasus pun dilaporkan dari mereka.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steinmetz I, Wagner GE, Kanyala E, Sawadogo M, Soumeya H, Teferi M, Andargie E, Yeshitela B, Yaba Atsé-Achi L, Sanogo M, Bonfoh B, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Pongombo Shongo C, Shongoya Pongombo M, Kasamba Ilunga E, Lichtenegger S, Assig K, May J, Bertherat E, Owusu M, Owusu-Dabo E, Adu-Sarkodie Y | display-authors = 6 | title = Melioidosis in Africa: Time to Uncover the True Disease Load | journal = Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 62 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 30274458 | pmc = 6073667 | doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed3020062 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Sebanyak 51 kasus melioidosis dilaporkan di Bangladesh sejak tahun 1961 hingga tahun 2017. Meskipun demikian, kurangnya kesadaran dan sumber daya menimbulkan rendahnya diagnosis penyakit di Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chowdhury FR, Jilani MS, Barai L, Rahman T, Saha MR, Amin MR, Fatema K, Islam KM, Faiz MA, Dunachie SJ, Dance DA | display-authors = 6 | title = Melioidosis in Bangladesh: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of Culture-Confirmed Cases | journal = Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 40 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 30274436 | pmc = 6073520 | doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed3020040 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Di Amerika Serikat, empat negara bagian masing-masing melaporkan satu kasus pada tahun 2021, dengan dua kasus di antaranya berakibat fatal, di antaranya pesakit yang tidak memiliki riwayat perjalanan ke luar negeri terkini. [[Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Amerika Serikat]] menemukan ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' dalam semprotan ruangan beraroma di sebuab rumah pesakit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/melioidosis/outbreak/2021/index.html |language=en |title=2021 Multistate outbreak of melioidosis |date=October 22, 2021 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases |author=Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2021-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023040313/https://www.cdc.gov/melioidosis/outbreak/2021/index.html |archive-date=2021-10-23}}</ref> Sebelumnya di Amerika Serikat, dua kasus lama (1950 dan 1971) dan tiga kasus baru (2010, 2011, 2013) dilaporkan di antara orang-orang yang tidak bepergian ke luar negeri. Terlepas dari penyelidikan yang luas, sumber melioidosis tidak pernah dikonfirmasi. Sebuah penjelasan yang mungkin adalah impor produk tanaman obat atau reptil eksotik dapat mengakibatkan masuknya melioidosis ke Amerika Serikat.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Di Eropa, lebih dari setengah kasus melioidosis adalah kasus impor asal Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Le Tohic S, Montana M, Koch L, Curti C, Vanelle P | title = A review of melioidosis cases imported into Europe | journal = European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases | volume = 38 | issue = 8 | pages = 1395–1408 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 30949898 | doi = 10.1007/s10096-019-03548-5 | s2cid = 96435767 }}</ref>

 

 

==History==

 

Prior to 1989, the standard treatment for acute melioidosis was a three-drug combination of chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, and doxycycline; this regimen is associated with a mortality rate of 80% and is no longer used unless no other alternatives are available.<ref name="CAZ">{{cite journal | vauthors = White NJ, Dance DA, Chaowagul W, Wattanagoon Y, Wuthiekanun V, Pitakwatchara N | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal = Lancet | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697–701 | date = September 1989 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X | s2cid = 28919574 }}</ref> All three drugs are bacteriostatic (they stop the bacterium from growing, but do not kill it) and the action of co-trimoxazole antagonizes both chloramphenicol and doxycycline.<ref name="Dance2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dance DA, Wuthiekanun V, Chaowagul W, White NJ | title = Interactions in vitro between agents used to treat melioidosis | journal = The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 311–6 | date = September 1989 | pmid = 2681117 | doi = 10.1093/jac/24.3.311 }}</ref> Aerosolised ''B. pseudomallei'' was first isolated in 1989.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In the same year, [[ceftazidime]] had been shown to reduce the risk of death of melioidosis from 74% to 37%.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' was previously classified as part of the genus ''Pseudomonas'' until 1992.<ref name="Stanton 1921"/> In 1992, the pathogen was formally named ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The name melioidosis is derived from the Greek ''melis'' (μηλις) meaning "a distemper of asses" with the suffixes -oid meaning "similar to" and -osis meaning "a condition", that is, a condition similar to glanders.<ref name="Stanton 1921">{{cite book|vauthors=Stanton AT, Fletcher W |chapter=Melioidosis, a new disease of the tropics|title=Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine: Transactions of the Fourth Congress|location=Batavia, Dutch East Indies|publisher=Javasche Boekhandel en Drukkerij|year=1921}}</ref> In 2002, ''B. pseudomallei'' was classified as a "category B agent". A live [[attenuated vaccine]] was developed in mice in the same year. In 2003, [[multilocus sequence typing]] for ''B. pseudomallei'' was developed. In 2012, ''B pseudomallei'' was classified as a "tier-1 select agent" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. In 2014, co-trimoxazole was established as the oral eradication therapy. In 2015, ''B. pseudomallei'' DNA was detected in filtered air using quantitative PCR.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2016, a statistical model was developed to predict the occurrence of global melioidosis per year. In 2017, [[whole genome sequencing]] suggested Australia as the early reservoir for melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/>

 

== Referensi ==